Medical Parasitology: Definition, chirwere, utachiona hwacho kupatsanura

nyika yedu yakanaka uye zvikuru siyana. Zviuru upenyu siyana yemura kunaka kwaro, simba, mano kurarama uye mamwe nemamwe zvinhu. Asi, zvinosuruvarisa pane chiedza kuva zvachose kukwezva uye akasiyana chete pakuti vanorarama tichiregeredza nezvimwe zvisikwa. It tupukanana. Medical Parasitology anoshanda nevaya vari ngozi utano hwevanhu uye upenyu.

Zvakaoma kunyange kufungidzira kuti vangani vavo pane munyika. Ichi uye nemavhairasi, uye utachiona, uye hunokuvadza, uye makonye, uye tumbuyu, uye nyore - miriyoni shoma rudzi, uye vakawanda vavo vari zvakawanda kana zvishoma kukwanisa kukuvadza. Kuziva hworudzii tupukanana kwaigara murume uye anomupa dambudziko, pane chinokosha zvokurapa uye kutsvakurudza masangano, somuenzaniso, muMoscow ndiye Institute of Parasitology uye Tropical Medicine ainzi Martsinovsky. Ivo kuitisa Tsvakurudza kuziva tupukanana uye taurira kurapwa zvaizoitika.

Similar Masangano kuripo mumaguta makuru akawanda dzakabudirira munyika, nekuti utachiona hwacho arwise vanhu vemazera ose, madzinza, ethnicities uye nevanhukadzi, uye nenguva dzose. Sei kuziva kuti iwe wanga duku uye chipembenene vaurayi? Zvokuita uye kupi kuenda rubatsiro? Rega kuongorora.

Chii Parasitology?

Chokutanga, tora timboona mamwe mazwi. Vakawanda vavo - Parasitology. Chinonzi sainzi nehanya mukudzidza zvipenyu tupukanana, avo morphological zvinhu zvoupenyu, parasitism nhungamiro etiology, pathogenesis, uyewo kugadzirwa kwepurogiramu nzira kurwisa navo, uye kuwanikwa mishonga mitsva kurapa zvirwere kuti kukonzera. Chimwe chikuru nzvimbo nesayenzi, kushandisa zvipukanana yevanhu, munhu zvokurapa parasitology. Zvaraireva anogona kupa zvinotevera - ari chikamu mushonga kuti inodzidza marudzi ose pathogenic basa tupukanana - ivo kutapura munhu, inova chinokonzera chirwere sezvo zvaitika pane vane ngozi, sei kuvabata uye sei kuchengetedza pamusoro pavo.

Pane achiri wemhuka parasitology, izvo, pfungwa, zvimwechete somunhu zvokurapa, chete mhuka. Zvakasikwa, pane boka zvipenyu vanokwanisa kurova zvose vanhu nemhuka. Asi kakawanda kubudikidza shanduka zvigare dzakashandisa parasitic basa mune mumwe mhando wehondo, somuenzaniso, chete shiri kana chete muvanhu, kana chete nemhuka inodziya-ropa rechiJudha chairo. Naizvozvo, pane zvikamu zviviri Parasitology, mumwe icho chine Micro-zvipenyu zviduku zvinokonzera zvirwere muvanhu, vamwe - mhuka.

Sections Kurapwa Parasitology

tupukanana Army kwete chete rakawanda, asi anewo zviso zhinji. Mumwe nomumwe mhando ine yayo, yaingowanikwa iye chete zvinoitwa muupenyu uye yakasiyana chaizvo zvokurwara. Kuti zviite basa masayendisiti uye zvimwe kusiyanisa kutsvakurudza kuti vaite, mune zvokurapa parasitology akataura nyaya dzakawanda, aifarira chete mamwe upenyu siyana:

- protozoology;

- arachnoentomology;

- Helminthology.

Inokosha: zviratidzo chirwere, anokonzerwa vamiririri chero zvikamu izvi kazhinji akafanana zviratidzo hosha haina chokuita infestation, saka pasina miedzo yakakodzera anogona kupiwa mishonga, izvo haanamati zvakanaka mugumisiro. Kubvisa mukana chirwere, vanofanira kubatwa muna Medical Center of Parasitology (kana iripo mumusha), kana kuti imwe nzvimbo utano munyaya nechirwere pamusoro parasitic zvirwere.

Medical protozoology

Remubatanidzwa rokuti "protozoology" rinoumbwa matatu nyore, izvo muchiGiriki zvinoreva zvinotevera: "TINORWA" - wokutanga "Zoo" - mhuka uye "logy" --siyana kushandurwa zviri pamusoro chinhu, achidzidzisa. Ndizvo chikamu Medical Parasitology protozoology mubasa mukudzidza parasitic upenyu siyana kuti kumuka pakati yokutanga munyika. Vose vasina-celled majemusi - amoeba anozivikanwa kubva kuchikoro uye nezvimwe ciliates. Vazhinji vavo vanogara zvakatipoteredza, pasina anokonzera isu dambudziko, asi dzimwe nhengo dzeboka kuti dzakashandisa kurarama mamwe zvinenge. Paakangosvika munhu, vachadana nayo parasitic kana, mune mamwe mashoko, parasitic zvirwere. tusingaoneki izvi ngozi dzinosanganisira:

1. notupukanana. miganhu dzavo 0.5 mm zvichidzika, uye muviri dzichichinja chimiro bulging uye kudhonza zvimwe kwendangariro. zvisikwa izvi zviduku, kamwe yevanhu ura, zvichikonzera zvinotyisa chirwere amebiasis vakabata "vanokudzwa" nzvimbo yechipiri munyika tichitarisa hunofa kubva invasive pathologies. In murume, mhando wandei parasitic amoebae. Manyoka (Entamoeba histolytica) anokonzera nemanyoka, nyore Acanthamoeba keratitis mhando chinokurwadzai amebic, uye vanoverengeka notupukanana kukonzera amoebic encephalitis. Kwevanorwara nokudya zvokudya kana mvura ine amebic chikofu uyewo pedyo kuonana keriya yavo. Kamwe ari muura uye chakaunzwa rusvingo rwaro, amoeba neropa vakatakudzwa pamusoro womunhu nomuviri iiswe ake dzimwe nhengo, kazhinji zviri chiropa uye mamwe maronda akaumba amebiasis.

2. flagellates. Sezvo zita rinoreva, izvi zviri nyore vakatamira achishandisa cilia, flagella nezvimwe zvakafanana masangano. Medical Parasitology uye parasitic zvirwere zvine chokuita, hazvinei kuti zvinenge mhando haana zvakurukurwa. Zvikurukuru, flagellate Trichomonas vaginalis anoita trichomoniasis urogenital hwakazara mbereko, uye zviitiko apo vachirwara, pamuviri, trichomoniasis anogona zvikonzere kubva kwepamuviri. Trichomonas, kusafanana nedzimwe tupukanana zhinji vanogara chete munhu, uye vari pachishandiswa pedyo kuonana (kurara). Other vakakurumbira vamiririri flagellates - nhengo genus Leishmania, Gambian trypanosome chinokonzera African trypanosomiasis chinouraya. Trypanosomes ndokuwarira pamusoro tsetse nhunzi. In munhu, utachiona hwacho kune muuropi. mabasa avo vari kukanganisa anenge zvose muviri enyika. Achiripo sporozoans, kupfuura ngozi iyo anonzi Taxoplasma gandi, zvichikonzera toxoplasmosis.

3. The ciliates. Pakati pavo vane kwete chete shangu, asiwo Balantidium coli, iyo yakarova ura kunotungamirira kurwara balanthidiasis. Utachiwana intestinal balantidiumom inogona kubva mhuka nokudya navo kutekeshera yakakwana kubika nyama, uye unoparadza zvokudya uye mvura kubva chisvetasimba cysts.

Medical arachnoentomology

MuchiGiriki, "arachnis" - mumwe dandemutande. Saizvozvowo, arachnoentomology - yokurapa parasitology vaiita arachnids uye arthropods zvavo, parasitic vanhu. tupukanana zvose izvi akazarura zvinopfuura hafu yemiriyoni. Vangave kwenguva (vakarwisa nokunwa ropa wacho kuruboshwe) uye zvachose (kugara akuvara kubva pakuberekwa kwake kusvikira rufu). ngozi Great boka iri tupukanana ndicho chikonzero kuti kutambudzika kwazvo, uye kazhinji zvinouraya invasive chirwere. Saka, tiri paakavapa mites encephalitis, relapsing fivha, chirwere cheLyme, scabies, inda kutiunzira denda, typhus, bedbugs - Chagas chirwere, umhutu - marariya, utachiona hwechigwadara, yero fivha. Panewo zvimwe zvipembenene ngozi vari tupukanana - neinda, Mhesvi dzinoparadzira, bhiza nhunzi, matanda inda. Uyezve, pane hurongwa rezvipembenene hombe, tupukanana zvakasikwa vasiri, asi kutakura chirwere ane ngozi. It inobhururuka, mapete, zvipembenene siyana.

Medical helminthology

Pakati munhu chisvetasimba chidukuduku kwete chete, asi zvikuru guru, zvakakwana chaioneka akashama ziso, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange munhu yakakura. It honye nehonye, uye nehonye nesayenzi. Gore negore utachiona ose mugari yedu wechipiri, uye kuRussia, maererano tsvakurudzo, helminthiasis anotambura 99% vemo. Saka zvakaoma kuona kukosha kwebasa iri mubasa zvokurapa parasitology, achiponesa vagari edu kubva chirwere ichi. Helminths abate kwete vaya vasingadi kuteerera ruoko utsanana, kana kudya asina kushambwa michero nemiriwo chete, asiwo avo vanodya undercooked nyama ndiro zvipfuwo, yehuku, hove, kunwa mvura untreated.

Kunyange netsaona kubata anogona Somuenzaniso, ikavamedza pamwechete inotakura chikafu svosve helminth mazana kana cysts. Pane boka honye (dzinonzi vokukurukura) vanopinda muviri wacho kuburikidza yakasimba ganda. Medical Parasitology, Helminthology zvikurukuru, asingatadzi chete Kusiyanisa kwazvakaita nehonye, asi kudzidza kwavo kukura zvinogara, somunhu boka revanhu ndiye hondo, uye nokuda mumwe - zvenguva.

Zvinokoshawo kudzidza sei uye chii padanho chiitiko ari chisvetasimba anogona zvinopfuura munhu, vamwe mhuka inova zvenguva hondo, uye sei munhu basa iri chokuita neizvi. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya nokuda flatworms. Somuenzaniso, nokuti ari bovine tapeworm, inomera mumuviri womunhu kusvika 10 metres kureba, zviri zvipfuwo, kuti nyama yenguruve tapeworm - nguruve, nokuti rwakafara tapeworm - hove.

nematodes

Saka akadana roundworms, izvo zvinowanikwa muzvinhu zvakasikwa uye rinorondedzera 24.000 marudzi. Sezvineiwo, kwete vose vari parasitic munhu, asi avo vari mubishi yemhindumupindu vakasarudza vanhu vanokonzera nesu zvikuru kutaurirwa chirwere - nematodes. The kuzivikanwa zvikuru pakati vanhu nematodes - ndiwo pinworms, inova makonye kupfuura kwakapararira vana pose uye kukonzera chirwere enterobiosis. Pinworms kurarama chete murume (ari dumbu), chirwere kunoitika kuburikidza nemaoko akasviba, asina kushambwa michero uye miriwo, wakaisvonaka uye zvemumba, anoshandiswa murwere.

Doctor parasitologist nyore kuona pinworm infestation kare pamusoro chete mamirire chiratidzo - yakanyanya kuvaviwa ari horo, nekuti ndipo makonye mazai. Kuti vawisire kuvaviwa, ivo secrete chaiyo acid. Murwere anotanga kuzora mafuta nzvimbo, uye mazai mune izvi kuwira mumaoko ake, uye ipapo mumuromo, mbatya, matoyi - pose. In kwezvakatipoteredza vanorarama nguva refu, saka chinotevera akuvara kana iye hakubvisi maoko, vanogona kugadzirisa pinworm nyore mumuviri yavo. Chimwe mumiririri inozivikanwa pamusoro nematode roundworm vari kukonzera ascariasis. Ivowo kurarama chete munhu, asi panguva dzakasiyana zvokukura ayo kukura, nekukuteyai mumapapu kana muura. Panobva chirwere hazvisi zvakare chete munhu anorwara, uye chirwere chikonzero ndiyo kushayikwa utsanana.

Diagnostics

Sezvinogona kuoneka kubva apa, vanhu tupukanana, pane mazana, uye mumwe nomumwe ane pachake peculiarities ayo. Kuti asimbise yakarurama chirwere chiremba parasitologist hazvo anounganidza nhoroondo:

- anojekesa ezvinhu pasi iyo chirwere kunge zvakaitika (muupenyu murwere, basa rake, kana ari pazororo, somuenzaniso, musango kana munyika kakawanda matenda parasitic zvirwere);

- kuvapo kana kusavapo kuonana murwere chete akasiyana mapoka mhuka, nezvimwewo);

- Zviratidzo of chirwere (kana paine kuvaviwa, mapundu, zviratidzo kudhaka, simba, kupererwa neropa).

A inokosha muchinangwa nechirwere akaita rabhoritari nemiedzo. Vane zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga. Direct ndiko kuziva mazai, mazana kana zvimwe zvipenyu zviri tupukanana ari munhu uyezve nendove (faeces, sputum, weti). basa iri riri kuitwa parasitology rabhoritari apo murwere ane zvakaitika zvinhu yakachena chete yokutsvakurudza. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe mhando nehonye dzinogona kuwanikwa mutsvina yadzo, hapana paya pane maminitsi 20 pashure bowel sangano.

Kana iwe unganidza zvinhu yakachena kwakaoma kana zvisingaiti (somuenzaniso, kana utachiona hwacho vari chiropa, uropi), ubudise zvisina kunanga nemiedzo. Aonekwa muropa murwere chaizvo antibodies zvinoberekwa muviri kudzivirira infestation.

mabatiro

Parasitology Medical kugadzirira kuparadzwa mumuviri womunhu tupukanana inopa zvikuru siyana. A chete mumiririri, yachengetwa kubva kwose uye mhando chirwere, haako. Saka, kurapwa kunofanira chete kugadza vanachiremba uye chete pashure yakarurama kuongorora chirwere. To musi, yakatanga zvigadzirwa, kusanganisira ayo nhengo mebendazole, diethylcarbamazine, levamisole, piperazine adipate uye zvimwe zvinhu. Mumwe nomumwe wavo anogona kuparadza chete vamwe mhando tupukanana. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvakadai bovine cheni panguva chirwere, kurapwa rinoitwa surgically.

Veterinary parasitology

Chikamu ichi chinokosha kwete chete vanhu vane dzinovaraidza, asi nokuda mumwe nomumwe wedu, sezvo kunyange vaya zvachose hapana uye kwete kuonana nemhuka zvinogona kubata utachiona nokudya nyama, hove, kana kuti kuva mamiriro zvipembenene ikaruma. Veterinary Parasitology anogadziriswa akasiyana chaizvo siyana mabasa:

- anoongorora dzinovaraidza kuvapo vose anozivikanwa pakarepo tupukanana;

- unobereka kurapwa;

- zvinoita kuti zvitoro havana kuwana utachiona nyama, mukaka, nezvimwe zvinogadzirwa mhuka, uyewo hove uye zvomugungwa, tichaongorora vapenyu uye nemhuka akafa, uye panyaya chirwirangwe nechisimba vasabatwa hunoronga kupatsanura varwere wongoramba.

dziviriro

Kuti varege kutambudzika kubva mhando dzakawanda tupukanana, kusvikira zuva, zvakakwana akagadzira mushonga. Vanofanira kuiswa, kusiya pazororo kana kuti basa iri Latin America, Africa nedzimwe nharaunda inogarwa chaicho Tupukanana (vachikisana yenhata, tsetse nhunzi, uye vamwe) anogona kukonzera zvirwere ngozi. Nokuti kubaya vanofanira kuonana Institute of Parasitology chero yezvokurapa nesangano musha wake, vaiita basa iri. Nokuti vagari kumatunhu apo zvirwere zviri kakawanda panomuka anokonzerwa parasitic nezvipembenene (akadai tick nezvipembenene encephalitis ndiyo Urals, Siberia uye Far East), uye vaya vari kuenda kumatunhu aya zvachose kana vagari venguva duku mvumo, sezvo zvaida kubaya.

Chinhu chinokosha ari kudzivirira invasive zvirwere anodya chete nekusimba utsanana rokuongorora zvigadzirwa. Mukuwedzera, regai kushandisa mvura kubva mvura pasina kufashaira.

Asi Chikurukuru, nyore zvikamu zvose vokuparidzira achishandisa kudzivisa Kurwisa ndiye utsanana, maoko kureva kugeza, michero, miriwo, uye zvakakwana kubika nyama, hove, mukaka.