Polymorphism - chii? nemagene polymorphism

Genetic polymorphism - mamiriro umo mune siyana refu majini, asi kakawanda kupfuura kashoma kuitika Gene vemo zvinopfuura chimwe muzana. Kuramba akafanirwa kune dzose mutation majini, uyewo avo kugara recombination. Maererano nokutsvakurudza, masayendisiti vakaperekedza majini polymorphism kwakapararira, nekuti Gene anofambidzana kunogona mamiriyoni akawanda.

guru zvitengeswa

Kubva dzakawanda dzakatumirwa polymorphism napo yakanakisisa kwadzakabva chavagari nzvimbo itsva, uye iyi, dzidziso iri nokukurumidza zvikuru. An tinyatsonzwisisa uwandu polymorphic alleles vachishandisa chetsika nemagene nzira, hapana rinoshanda mukana. Izvi imhaka yokuti kuvapo imwe Gene ari genotype iri kuitwa kuyambuka vanhu kuti dzakasiyana phenotypic maitiro yakajeka genome. Kana uchiziva zvakawanda sei imwe vemo vanoumba vanhu vane phenotypes zvakasiyana, zvinovawo zvinobvira kuisa kuwanda alleles chokuita paumbwe unhu.

Ayakaita?

Dzinza rako vakatanga kuwanda munyika 60-ies wekupedzisira remakore, panguva iyoyo akatanga kushandiswa electrophoresis kwemapurotini kana makemikari zviri gel, izvo akabvumira tinosarudza majini polymorphism. Chii nzira ichi? Zviri kuburikidza Chinokonzera kufamba kwemapurotini mu wemagetsi mumunda, iyo kunoenderana kukura zvifambiswe mapuroteni, ayo configuration, uye mambure vachengetwe akasiyana zvikamu gel. Zvadaro, zvichienderana nzvimbo uye uwandu mavara kuti akazviratidza akatakurwa kuona chiratidzo fuma. Kuongorora puroteni polymorphism vemo, zvinokosha kuti tiongorore anenge 20 kana kupfuura loci. Zvadaro, achishandisa kwemasvomhu nzira kunotemwa nenhamba alleles, uye nhamba homo- uye heterozygotes. Maererano zvidzidzo, mamwe majini angava monomorphic, uye vamwe - zvikuru polymorphous.

mhando polymorphism

Pfungwa polymorphism zvikuru pahupamhi, chinosanganisira Transitional uye mwero Bhaibheri. It zvinoenderana kukosha majini vanosarudza uye dzinongoitika selection, izvo anoisa kumanikidza vanhu. Uyezve, unogona kuva zviratidzo uye mashoko okutodza.

Gene uye chromosomal polymorphism

Gene polymorphism anoratidzwa mumuviri alleles vanopfuura mumwe muenzaniso mukuru anogona kuva ropa ichi. Chromosomal anomiririra kusiyana mukati okutodza kuti kunoitika nokuda aberrations. Munguva heterochromatin Munzvimbo pane misiyano. Pasina zvokurwara inotungamirira Kuvhiringidza kana kuparadzwa kunotouraya dzakadaro kwavakarerekera.

iitike polymorphism

Kuchinja polymorphism kunoitika apo vakawanda yokutsiva allele, izvo kamwe aiva zvatinosiita, mumwe kuti anopa ayo akaripfeka anochinjika chikuru (anonziwo vakawanda allelism). Kana siyana chinotungamirwa kuchinja mune chikamu genotypes, richiwanika nokuda shanduka, uye nesimba rayo rinoitwa. Chiitiko kuti maindasitiri michina inogona kuva muenzaniso wakanaka, izvo zvaizobatsira Transitional polymorphism. Chii zvinoratidza shavishavi nyore kuti kukura indasitiri yachinja mapapiro ayo chena iri murima. Fani iyi yakatanga kuonekwa England, apo vanopfuura 80 mhando kungozvifunga peppered chitemamachira pakati akacheneruka ruomba ruvara akava rima, kokutanga vakaona pashure 1848 muna Manchester chokuita nokukurumidza kuvandudzika indasitiri. Nechekare muna 1895, vanopfuura 95% of moths wawana rima ruvara wamapapiro. Kuchinja kwakadaro chokuita chokwadi kuti muti hunde dzacho akava zvikuru smoky uye yakajeka shavishavi nyore uye blackbirds Robin. Changes zvaitika tichiregeredza of mutant alleles melanistic.

akadzikama polymorphism

Shoko rokuti "polymorphism mwero" unoratidza kusavapo chero nhamba kusuduruka ratios akasiyana siyana vemo genotypes kuti akatsiga pane zvinhu zviri dzinogarisana. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kubva chizvarwa nhamba inoramba chete asi dzingasiyana zvishoma mukati pamamiriro ukoshi, inova dzose. In tichienzanisa kuchinja, pakati nepakati polymorphism - chii? Iye kuchikonzerwa kunofambira mberi shanduka kwacho. I. I. Shmalgauzen muna 1940 akamupa zita zvakanyatsoenzana heteromorphism.

MUENZANISO akadzikama polymorphism

Muenzaniso wakanaka nepakati polymorphism angava pamberi pavo maviri mhuka dzakawanda nomudzimai mumwe. Izvi imhaka yokuti vane yakaenzana anyatsosarudza zvaizomunakira. The reshiyo wavo mukati imwe chete nevanhu nguva dzose dzakaenzana. Kana paine vanhu barika reshiyo zvokusarudza vose varume navakadzi kungakanganiswa, umo kana vamiririri chete pabonde zvinogona kana zvachose kuparadzwa kana kubviswa kubva kubereka yakakura kupfuura vasikana.

Mumwe muenzaniso aizova mapoka AB0 hurongwa ropa. Panyaya iyi, kakawanda rwevamwe genotypes vari vanhu vakasiyana angava akasiyana, asi pachigadziko ndima iyoyo kubva kumarudzi namarudzi, hazvina haachinji kusachinja-chinja kwayo. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, hapana genotype haana paanopfuura zvokusarudza pamusoro mumwe. Maererano nenhamba, varume vane boka rokutanga ropa vane wakakwirira upenyu hunotarisirwa kupfuura vamwe akasimba zvepabonde nevamwe mapoka ropa. On a ndima iyi, mukana peptic urikanwi chirwere 12 duodenal urikanwi pamberi boka rokutanga pamusoro, asi inogona Perforated, uye ichava chikonzero rufu kune kunonoka kubatsira.

nemagene zvakanyatsoenzana

embrittlement Izvi zvinogona kutyorwa ari vemo somugumisiro kunotouraya yomuka nomuzvarirwo, saka vanofanira kuva chairo chikamu uye muchizvarwa chimwe nechimwe. Ongororo dzakaratidza kuti polymorphisms majini ari hemostatic ino, decoding iyo anopa kunzwisisa shanduka kwacho kunoita kuti kuchinja izvi kana, Ukuwo, kunotadzisa zvikuru. Kana tikatevera nzira yacho mutant mutoo pamamiriro vakawanda, zvingadarowo kutonga kukosha kwayo kuti kwadzakabva. Zvinogona akaenzana mumwe kana mutation wokusarudza kwacho haina kunze, uye zvipingamupinyi kwayo kupararira ikoko.

Kazhinji anoratidza kuti kukosha asingasviki rimwe Gene, uye kana kukundikana mutants zvichiberekana zvachose zvinoburuka pasi 0. Kuchinja kunoita magene hakugadziri iri mhando Vanopedzwa parutivi mubishi dzinongoitika selection, asi izvi hazvirevi hazvibatanidzi kudzokororwa kuchinja mumwechete Gene kuti compensates kuti zvibviswe iro kuitwa vakasarudzwa. Ipapo zvakanyatsoenzana zvasvika, ari mutated majini anogona kuitika, kana, Ukuwo, kuti kunyangarika. Izvi zvinotungamirira yokufudza.

Muenzaniso kuti anogona maitiro zviri kuitika, - jeko sero kupererwa neropa. Panyaya iyi, chikuru mutated Gene ari homozygous ezvinhu kunoita kuti vachiri rufu nhengo. Heterozygous zvinenge vapone, asi ivo vari vade kuti chirwere nemarariya. Pakati Nepakati Gene polymorphism jeko sero kupererwa neropa kunogona kuonekwa mune kupararira Tropical zvirwere. Zvakadaro vanhu homozygotes (vanhu vane majini akafanana) zvinopedzwa, pamwe paine kusarudza vachifarira heterozygotes (hove pamwe magene zvakasiyana). Nokuda kusarudzwa zviri kuitika-siyana ari Gene mudziva vemo kuenda kuramba zvose chizvarwa genotypes, izvo zvinopa anochinjika nani nhengo kusvika dzinogarisana ezvinhu. Pamwe kuvapo nejeko-sero kupererwa neropa Gene mune vanhu dzevanhu, pane dzimwe mhando majini zvinoratidza mumwe polymorphism. Chii anopa? Mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu achava chinonakidza kuti heterosis.

Heterozygous kunotouraya uye polymorphisms

Heterozygous polymorphism hazvipi phenotypic zvachinja pamberi recessive mutation, kunyange kana vari inokuvadza. Asi pamusoro ndima chete kuti vanogona kuunganidza vari vemo yakakwirira nhanho kuti kusapfuudza anokuvadza hukuru kunotouraya.

Sine quá asiri wenyika shanduka kwacho

The shanduka kwacho kuri kuramba, uye ayo ezvinhu anofanira kuva polymorphism. Chii - anoratidza chenguva anochinjika kunosiyana nevanhu kuti zvakavapoteredza. Hetero zvipenyu kurarama mukati chete boka uve heterozygous ezvinhu uye vakapfuura nezvizvarwa kwemakore akawanda. On a ndima chete phenotypic okuti wavo haagoni kuva - tichiregeredza eumambo kuchengeterwa yokugara variability.

fibrinogen Gene

Kazhinji, vatsvakurudzi kubatwa fibrinogen Gene polymorphism sezvo vanekodzero ezvinhu kuti kukura ischemic sitiroko. Asi panguva kuoneke nyaya umo kuvabereki uye vawana zvinhu rinogona simba ravo pamusoro pokumuka chirwere. mhando iyi sitiroko hunotanga nokuda thrombosis pamusoro chepfungwa arteries, uye nokudzidza majini polymorphism pakati fibrinogen, unogona kunzwisisa zvakawanda pezvakaitwa kukanganisa kuti chirwere chinogona kudziviswa. Vachirondedzera magene kushanduka uye ropa nokukanganisika parameters pari havaratidzi kunzwisisa nemasayendisiti. Uyezve ongororo zvichakanganisa weboka chirwere, kuchinja vadzore kana kungoti kumunyevera vachiri padanho kukura.