Mamiriro ehupenyu: mitemo yehupenyu

Organizmennaya mamiriro, iyo maitiro ayo achakurukurwa munyaya ino, yakasiyana zvakanyanya nevamwe vose. Chii chakakosha pamusoro pacho? Ngatinzwisise pamwechete.

Organic Habitat: Zviratidzo

Zvisikwa zvinorarama mukati menyu zvinorarama hazvirevi pane kuvapo kwechiedza uye kugadzirwa kwegasi yemhepo. Zvinhu zvakasikwa zvinokonzerwa nazvo, zvinopesana nguva dzose. Zviratidzo zvakadai zvinosanganisira, somuenzaniso, kutonhora, simba, humidity, makemikari. Nzvimbo yehupenyu inosanganisira nzvimbo isina kukwana.

Pane pfungwa yokuti zvisikwa zvinorarama mukati kana kune vamwe, zvinounza kukuvadza kunokonzerwa, kupedza, zvinokonzera zvirwere zvakakomba uye kunyange rufu rwevaenzi. Dzimwe nguva izvi hazvisi pasina chikonzero. Semuenzaniso, gomba rakaputika yenguruve tapeworm, kuparadzanisa mukati memuviri womunhu, rinotungamirira mukuvhiringidzwa kwenheyo yekutya uye kurasikirwa kwekuziva. Asi iyo amoebae, inogara mukati mechiri mukati memudumbu wechitsvuku chehuni, inopisa cellulose uye inopa nzira yekupa mutevedzeri.

Nzvimbo dzakanaka dzehupenyu hwemhuka ndezvokugara kwenguva dzose kwezvokudya, kuwanikwa kwayo uye fomu iri nyore. Chinhu chakaipa chakavhara nzvimbo ine nzvimbo shoma. Izvi zvinonyanya kuwedzera muzinga wemakwikwi. Ndicho chikonzero mhombwe huru dzechirwere dzinowanzowanikwa muhupenyu hwemhuka mune imwe chete. Kushayikwa kwe okisijeni kunewo zvakaoma zvikuru. Izvi zvinotungamirira pakuchinja kwemarudzi akawanda kusvika kune anaerobic metabolism.

Chii chinonzi symbiosis

Nzvimbo yehupenyu inosanganisira marudzi akasiyana ekubatana kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana. Vose zvavo vanonzi imwe plov - symbiosis. Inogona kumiririrwa nemhando dzakasiyana siyana. Saka, nechisungo chechimbiosis, zvipenyu hazvikwanise kuvapo pasina mumwe nomumwe. Semuenzaniso, mushwa ayo ari chikamu chetabhenakeri yakashata haagoni kurarama pasina magirasi e cyanobacterial. Optional symbiosis inguva pfupi. Zvisikwa zvakadaro zvinogona kurarama pamwe chete uye zvakasiyana. Mhando dzakawanda dzemashizha emvura dzinochenesa zviyero zvehove kubva kumapasisita pamwe chete pamwe chete nguva. Mushure mezvo vanobva vasuruvara uye vanogara vari voga. Chero zvazvingava, hukama hwekudya huri pamwoyo wehukama hwose hwechibvumirano.

Zvisikwa zvipenyu

Nokuda kwezvirimwa, mhuka, fungi uye mabhakitiriya anodyisa uye anorarama achibhadhara vamwe, chikuru ndechekugara kwenyama. Mienzaniso yehukama hwakadaro inowanikwa mumasikirwo kakawanda. Vamwe vavo vanoparadzanisa pamuviri wemuiti. Izvo ndevanga, mite, utsi, leeches. Vamwewo vanoshandisa zvipenyu semusha. Iri boka rinobatanidza kuputika, rubhoni uye flatworms. Kune hupenyu munzvimbo dzakadaro, vane huwandu hwekuchinja. Nokudaro, ketani ine nhengo dzakashamwaridzana dzinoshamwaridzana, dzinotarirwa mumatumbo emukati wemuiti. Izvi zvipembenene hazvina gadziriro yavo yekudya. Nenzira yemhando yekubereka nayo, iyo inonzi hermaphrodites, inovabvumira kutungamira mararamiro akabatanidzwa.

Zvikamu zve commensalism

Nzvimbo yehupenyu yakakodzerwa nemakwenzi. Ichokwadi, zvipenyu izvi zvinoshandisa chete zvakasara zvezvokudya, zvigadzirwa zvehupenyu kana kuti muridzi wekugara, pasina kumubatsira kuti awedzere kukuvadza. Inogona kuzviratidza mumhando yekugara kana kupona. Muenzaniso wekusiyanisa kwekutanga ndiyo shiri yakashinga zvikuru plover, iyo inobudisa zvakasara zvezvokudya zvinobva mumeno emakona. Kizhdomanstvo inoshandisa zvakanaka mumararamiro ayo ehove yakachena yemvura gorchak, ichiisa mazai ayo mumucheka wehomwe yemasukisi.

Mutualistic relationships

Nzvimbo yehupenyu yekutendana inopa zvipo ivo pachavo uye kune vanogara. Flagellar protozoa mudumbu re termites inonyatsochengetedzwa kubva pamusana pemagariro asina kunaka ezvakatipoteredza uye inogadzirwa nemiti yakagadzirirwa. Mukuita kudaro, vanobudisa micherechedzo inoputsa maitiro akaoma emakhahydrates. Mutualistic ihu hukama hwegungwa anemones nehove dzinopinza. Muchiitiko ichi, chimiro chekuvanda uye kuchengetedzwa kwakachengeteka. Mukutsinhana nehove, mhuka yacho inosunungurwa kubva pane zvakasara zvezvokudya. Nodule bhakteriya, iri pamidzi yemashizha, inogamuchira kubva kune zvinhu zvakasikwa. Ivo pachavo vanogadzirisa nitrogen yepasi uye vanoiendesa kune imwe nyika inowanikwa kune mbeu.

Saka, humwe hutsika hwehupenyu hwemhuka hunoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu ezvakatipoteredza uye rusununguko rwusarudzo kubva kwavari. Kunyanya, izvi zvinoshanda kune zvipenyu zvinogara mukati mevamwe. Zvichienderana nehutano hwekubatana kwezvokudya muhupenyu hwemhuka, zvinhu zvipenyu zvinogona kuita sendima, commensals kana kubatana.