Makirasi IP-kero. IP-kero mukirasi A, B, C

IP - iri dzakati, iro rinoshandiswa zvikuru duku richikurukura mano mbiri yose mashoko Network. IP-kero - rakasiyana identifier kuti imwe raiva pedyo nebundu (mudziyo), dzinounzwa kuna imwe network.

Kutsikisa IP-kero

Address anotarira akafanana 32-vachitova nhamba iri zvinobva 0 kusvika 4294967295. Izvi zvinoreva kuti panyika Internet ingasanganisira anopfuura mabhiriyoni 4 nemamwe kero zvachose zvivako. Kana zvinyorwa kero iri binary kana grade chimiro, rinoita dzavo kusagadzikana mune nomusoro wavo kana kugadzira. Naizvozvo, kuti ndirarame kunyora kero izvi, kwakasarudzwa dzekuputsa kero yakazara kupinda octets mana (8-yati nhamba), akaparadzaniswa pedyo dot. Somuenzaniso: kero dziri Hex sokunge S0290612, achinyora IP-kero vachatarira sezvinoita 192.41.6.18. Panyaya iyi, kero yepasisa - uyu zeros mana, uye kufadza - mapoka mana 255. The mukuru nzvimbo (munhu riri kuruboshwe mapoka manhamba divi kubva chero panoparadzana pfungwa) rwaigara kero nharaunda, nharaunda gotwe (kurudyi kubva chete kupesana pfungwa ) rinoratidza uwandu inowanikwa pamusoro pemambure. Nzvimbo muganhu pakati hondo uye nemambure chikamu kunoenderana nenhamba nematomhu kuti vakaendeswa nemambure nhamba yakasiyana, kuparadzana chinhu octet muganhu (pfungwa pakati pavo) chete uye anobvumira kuti chaunoti makirasi IP-kero.

Class womuenzaniso kero

Emakore anoverengeka kero vari rwakakamukana 5 makirasi. It anofa panguva, weboka anonzi kugadzirisa polnoklassovoy. Makirasi IP-kero dzinonzi earufabheti kubva A kuna E. Makirasi A kuna E kuti tikwanise tsanangurai identifiers kuti 128 network vane mamiriyoni 16 samambure interfaces nerimwe, 16.384 samambure Namano zviuru 64 uye 2 mamiriyoni network pamwe 256 interfaces. IP anotsanangura network Classes D inotibatsira multicasting, umo mashoko omumasherufu vanotumirwa kune vakawanda wehondo panguva imwe chete. Kero kuti vane kutanga matomu 1111 zvakachengeterwa kushandiswa ramangwana.

Pasi tafura IP-kero. Makirasi anotsanangurwa nomunyori mukuru kero nematomhu.

kirasi A

IP-kero mukirasi A vari dzinoratidzwa kutungamirira razero ikakuruma uye masere ikakuruma kero Kukura kuva pemambure. Zvakanyorwa dziri:

Nokudaro, vakawanda Kirasi A network inogona 2 ^7, asi mumwe nomumwe wavo ave kero inosvika ^{24 February} mano. Sezvo vachitova kero rokutanga 0, ipapo zvose IP-kero mukirasi A achava mukuru-murayiro octet zvinobva 0 kusvika 127, izvo, uyezve, vachava pomumbure uye nhamba. Panyaya iyi, zero kero uye 127 zvakachengeterwa zvebhizimisi kero, saka havagoni kushandisa. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, nhamba chaiyo Zvinokonzerwa A network vakaenzana 126.

Pasi raiva pedyo nebundu kero mukirasi A samambure basa 3 bytes (kana 24 matomu). Simple kukarukureta inoratidza kuti zvinokwanisika kuti aise 16777216 binary mubatanidzwa (inowanikwa kero). Sezvo kero wakaumbwa zvachose kuti Kwemagandanga Achishandisa Kombiyuta, vari kushandiswa, ipapo boka A samambure nhamba ipfupi kuti 16.777.214 kero.

Classes B uye C

The chikuru runoratidza neboka B IP-kero ichava kukosha vaviri rinonyatsooneka matomu akaenzana 10. Ukuru nemambure chikamu akaenzana 16 matomu. Pamanyorerwo nemambure riri sezvinotevera:

Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, mukuru nhamba mukirasi B samambure kunogona 2 ¹⁴ (16384) pamwe kukero nzvimbo musi February ¹⁶ neimwe. IP-kero mukirasi B kutanga panguva zvinobva 128 kusvika 191. Zviri zvakakurumbira naro unogona kuona pomumbure kunofanira kirasi kuti. bytes vaviri, varehwa kero network izvi, kubvisa razero uye rinoumbwa vamapoka kero anogona kuwanda nodes akaenzana 65.534.

Chero IP-kero ari Kirasi C kunotangira zvinobva 192 kusvika 223, pamwe pomumbure nhamba inoremekedzwa vatatu vaitungamira octet. Schematically kero ane zvinotevera mamiriro:

Three matomu vokutanga ndivo 110, 24-ikakuruma Network mugove. Nhamba huru network mukirasi iyi ^{21 February} (ndiko 2,097,152 mambure). Pasi raiva pedyo nebundu kero iri IP-kero mukirasi C network 1 byte, ndizvo 254 wehondo.

Zvimwe samambure makirasi

In D uye E makirasi zvinosanganisira samambure pamwe soro octet kupfuura 224. kero idzi zvakachengeterwa unokudzwa akadai Somuenzaniso, multicasting - kupararira datagrams kumapoka chaiyo nodes mu pemambure.

Kirasi D siyana inoshandiswa nokuda kutumira omumasherufu uye nhema zvinobva 224.0.0.0 kuna 239.255.255.255. Last kirasi E anochengeterwa kushandiswa ramangwana. Chinosanganisira kero 240.0.0.0 kuna 255.255.255.255. Naizvozvo, kana musingadi kuti zvinetso kugadzirisa, zvinokurudzirwa kwete kutora IP-kero neeSultan izvi.

Reserved IP-kero

Pane kero kuti haagoni kupiwa kune mano, chero IP-nezvayo. Tools IP-kero vane chinangwa chaicho. Somuenzaniso, kana nemambure kero rine zeros, zvinoreva kuti raiva pedyo nebundu inoreva ichangobuda rezvebonde kana chimwe chidimbu. Kana zvose zviyero - ndiko kuti kero kuti nhepfenyuro omumasherufu tsamba.

Mukirasi A, pane chaiwo maviri vakazvitsaurira samambure pamwe nhamba 0 uye 127. The kero razero rinoshandiswa sezvo default nzira, uye 127 inoratidza kugadzirisa inozviitira (the loopback inowanikwa). Somuenzaniso, Mabatirwo IP 127.0.0.1 zvinoreva kuti raiva pedyo nebundu anotaura chete roga pasina kuenda datagrams ari date svikiro. Nokuti senga rukoko kubatana haasi rakasiyana kubatana pamwe kure nehondo, saka imwe kero loopback inowanzoshandiswa yokuedza Network software.

Kutsanangura samambure IDs uye hondo

Kuziva IP-Kero mudziyo panyaya apo pane mubvunzo kuda kuziva kuti kirasi IP-kero, ipapo anongoti kutarisa octet yacho kero wokutanga. Kana 1 kusvika 126, kirasi iyi A samambure, kubvira 128 kusvika 191 - Iboka B network, kubvira 192 kusvika 223 - Network kirasi C.

Kuziva nemambure arangarirwe kuti A kirasi ndiyo pokutangira nhamba iri IP-kero kuti B - kutanga maviri nhamba C - kutanga nhamba nhatu. Vamwe vari identifiers samambure interfaces (nodes). Somuenzaniso, IP-kero iri kero 139.17.54.23 kirasi B, sezvo nhamba yokutanga - 139 - kupfuura 128 uye asingasviki 191. Naizvozvo, nemambure identifier akaenzana 139.17.0.0, raiva pedyo nebundu identifier - 54,23.

subnet

Achibatsirwa routers uye mabhiriji vane mukana kuwedzera samambure wako nokuwedzera zvikamu maro, kana kuiganhura vachiita subnet duku nokuchinja pemambure ID. Muchiitiko ichi wakatorwa subnet chifukidzo chinoratidza izvo chidimbu IP-kero richashandiswa sechinhu identifier pamusoro subnet itsva. Kana IDs ndiwo chete, unogona kugumisa kuti nodes ndezvaJehovha chete subnet, zvikasadaro vachava nenzira yakasiyana subnet uye router vanofanira kubatanidza navo.

IP-kero makirasi yakagadzirirwa kuti munhu umwe nhamba dzakadaro uye rinorondedzerwa pachine. By default, sangano rinogona dhipuroya chete chete samambure ine nhamba samambure-zvakabatana namano. Pane imwe nomumbure identifier uye vanoverengeka nodes ndine mutemo maererano pemambure kirasi. With vakawanda nodes samambure vachava pasi bandwidth, nekuti kunyange chipi nhepfenyuro waivako vachawira.

subnet masiki

Kuti vagovane ID, unofanira kushandisa subnet Mask - muenzaniso zvinobatsira kusiyanisa pomumbure ID kubva raiva pedyo nebundu identifiers muna IP-kero. Classes IP-kero haarambi zvehurumende pamusoro subnet chifukidzo. Mask externally anotarira kufanana kero - mapoka mana nhamba kubva 0 kusvika 255. In iyi, pakutanga pane vazhinji vavo zviduku. Somuenzaniso, 255.255.248.0 - ichi ndicho chakarurama subnet chifukidzo, 255.248.255.0 - zvakaipa. Mask 255.255.255.0 inorondedzera kutanga octets vatatu IP-kero sezvo subnet ID.

Kana mazano ane zvebhizimisi Network segmentation kunoda kuti IP-Achitaura rinorongwa nemazvo. Makirasi IP-kero, kwoita zvikamu achishandisa zvifukidziro, haagoni chete kuwedzera nhamba makombiyuta pamusoro pomumbure, asiwo kuronga maitiro ayo. kirasi imwe neimwe ine kero kunge pemambure kubudikidza default.

hapana default chifukidzo rinowanzoshandiswa mamwe subnets uye munhu. Somuenzaniso, IP-kero 170.15.1.120 anogona kushandisa subnet chifukidzo 255.255.255.0 kuti pomumbure ID 170.15.1.0, haumanikidzwi kushandisa subnet kunge 255.255.0.0 pamwe ID 170.15.0.0, unova default. Izvi zvinobvumira kuti Makakamura kumbova sangano Zvinokonzerwa B samambure pamwe ID 170.15.0.0 subnets vachishandisa Masiki siyana.

Kukarukureta pamusoro subnets parameters

Pashure subnet Kurongwa imwe neimwe-software inowanikwa Network dzakati kuchaita kuitisa ongororo yakaitwa IP-kero kushandisa subnet chifukidzo kuziva subnet kero. Pane vaviri nyore zvokuimba kuti pakuverenga kufadza nhamba subnets uye wehondo pamusoro pomumbure:

• 2 ^{(Nhamba matomu zvakaenzana mumwe masiki)} - 2 = vakawanda subnets;
• 2 ^{(nhamba zeros vari subnet Mask)} - 2 = kunonyanyisa nhamba mano ari subnet.

Somuenzaniso, tora kero akaenzana 182.16.52.10 pamwe chifukidzo 255.255.224.0. Mask mu binary anotarira seizvi: 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000. Kutonga nezvinooneka wokutanga octet, naizvozvo pomumbure ndowenyika kirasi B, isu funga rwechitatu norwechina octets. zvidzidzo zvitatu namatatu zeros kupinda nzira uye vawane 23-2 = 6 subnets uye 213 - 2 = 8190 wehondo.

Kana kushandisa mureza rezvebonde kirasi B sechinhu chokuzvivanza 255.255.255.0 65534 samambure angave zvakabatanidzwa namano. Kana subnet kero byte ane nzvimbo izere raiva pedyo nebundu, ipapo uwandu kunofambidzana mano nerimwe subnetwork ipfupi kusvika 254. Kana zvakakodzera kusapfuudza nhamba mano zvinogona matambudziko kugadziriswa vachigurisira munda subnet Mask kero kana kuwedzera imwe kero yechipiri kuna router inowanikwa. Asi iyi, kuderedza zvichibvira network chichachengetwa.

Kana ukaronga subnets vari mukirasi C network, ziva kuti sarudzo ichava vashomashoma, pamwe akasununguka octet imwe chete. Kana kusefa razero uye nhepfenyuro kero zvingangoguma rakasikwa nemhando ina zvakanakisisa nzira subnets: mumwe subnet kugara naHama 253, vaviri subnet 125 wehondo mana subnets musi 61 hondo subnets vasere 29 wehondo. Zvimwe dzakasiyana pamusoro partition achaita matambudziko hwokutiparadza uye dzeredhiyo kana chete chikonzero kuzvuzvungudza dzemaitirwe kuti kugadzirisa pakati wehondo.

Kuumba subnet mukirasi B network iri nyore, sezvo rusununguko rwokusarudza. The default subnet chifukidzo riri 255.255.0.0, apo kurishandisa kuwana 65534 hondo. Paaisika Masiki pasi zvavo subnet kero vari dzinounzwa kubva kuruboshwe untagged matomu 3 uye 4 octets. Inogona hwokurara nokuda kukarukureta ari Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri rezvebonde nenhamba 32, 64, 96, 128, 160 uye 192.

Kirasi A samambure ane guru chaizvo nhamba kero, kuti izvo zvinoita kusika munhu subnet. Nokuti kushandiswa subnet Masiki zvinogona kushandiswa kusvika 32 matomu. Uchishandisa pamusoro payakavakirwa, tinogona kuona kufadza nhamba subnets kuti zvinogona kusvika 254. Panguva iyoyo iri hondo kero iri 16 matomu, zvinonzi zvinoita kubatanidza 65534 nodes.

Chokwadi, ichi ndicho anofungidzirwa Masvomhu chete. Paaisika sectors uye subnetting zvakafanira kufunga zvakawanda zvikonzero, zviri novimba zvatinoda uye zvavakanga vachida kuita pamwero.