Levin Kurt: Biography, mapikicha, kubudirira, kuedza. munda Dzidziso Kurt Lewin zvishoma

Kurt Lewin - wepfungwa, upenyu nyaya uye zvayakawana izvo zvakakodzerwa kutarisirwa. Uyu murume akaisa mweya wake chinhu kuti nyika zvishoma Kinder, waidzora noukama dzinomuka akasiyana mumagariro mumapoka. Aiva humanist wechokwadi.

Kurt Lewin: Biography

kwepfungwa Future akaberekwa September 2, 1890 mu Mogilno, yaiva pamusoro munharaunda Prussian enyika Posen (zvino munharaunda Poland). Pakuzvarwa, mumwe mukomana anonzi Tsadek. Asi zita iri Prussia haana zvinogona kuzoipa. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, mukomana akapiwa yechipiri zita - Kurt.

Jaya haaigona tariro yenguva yemberi inofadza iri kure province. Zvisinei, muna 1905 mhuri yake akasiya guta rake chizvarwa uye vakatamira Berlin. Kurt akapinda Medical rorusununguko wepaYunivhesiti Freiburg, vakapinda hurukuro dziri zvipenyu paYunivhesiti Munich.

mabasa nesayenzi

With Hondo Yenyika II, Lewin ndashanda muuto reGermany. Ikoko akaita zvinoshamisa yake yokutanga. Future Masayendisiti akawana kuti vanhu maonero enyika kunobva pachido kuti boka uye zvakatipoteredza, izvo zvinonzi chokuita. Nokudaro, muongorori nomuenzaniso kuziva kuti masoja inokurukurwa tsvina mugomba pokugara, uye kunyange kubudirira patsangadzi - nharaunda rufu. Saka, Levin akakwanisa kuti omumwe varwi zvenyika rakasiyana mafungiro vanhu munguva yorugare. Uyezve, kuchinja pfungwa kuitika munhengo vose vemunharaunda.

Vakagamuchira Pandaishanyira vakuvara Levin Kurt muchiuto, izvo chakaita kuti arambe achishanda ari chinyorwa chake paYunivhesiti Berlin.

Pakutanga Levin muzvinhu maitiro zvepfungwa. Asi nokufamba kwenguva, vamwe tsvakurudzo wake achinja mirayiridzo yavo kurutivi Gestalt zvepfungwa. Izvi zvakapa mukana wokushanda vamiririri akadaro pachikoro ichi, sezvo Maks Vertgeymer uye Wolfgang Köhler.

Muna 1933, Levin Kurt akatuma England, apo nokukurumidza akatamira kuUnited States. Panguva iyo kwaiva nomusangano pamwe musayendisiti Eric Trist, uyo akanga mwoyo tsvakurudzo pamusoro Kurt panguva yake basa muchiuto.

Izvi zvisati zvaitika, Levin kwemwedzi mitanhatu akashanda se purofesa Stanford, ipapo akaenda Cornell University. Nokukurumidza Curt akagadzwa Director Muzinda Group Dynamics panguva Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

1946 akatanga Levina zvinouraya. Akabvunzwa kuti kuwana nzira kuti anogona kukunda dzechitendero uye rusaruraganda kufungira. Kurt akatora kuedza, izvo vaizova anozivikanwa se "boka kurapa." kubudirira kwakadaro vava chinhu chinokosha mu mujinga National Training Laboratory.

Pakapera Hondo Yenyika II, Kurt akadzidza mupfungwa kunaya vaimbova vasungwa yevasungwa.

Kurt Lewin akafa February 12, 1947 Massachusetts. Iye akavigwa musayendisiti akakurumbira munyika yake. rufu rwake kwakaitika nokukurumidza pashure pakuvhurwa muzinda kudzidzisazve vatungamiriri venyika. Zvinosuruvarisa Kurt aisagona kurarama kusvikira nguva kuzadziswa zviroto zvavo.

MARARAMIRO yokutanga "Field pfungwa"

Nezvekugadzirwa munda dzidziso yakanga kuchinjwa nebudiriro sayenzi chaiwo, akadai wefizikisi uye masvomhu. Panguva iyoyowo kufarira Levin zvepfungwa, umo iye akatsvaka kuita zvimwe kururama. Saka, zvinokosha zvikuru kuwanikwa Levin kwakatanga yepashure pehondo, imwe pfungwa yetsvakurudzo. Kusvikira panguva iyoyo, yakanga vakafunga kuti zvepfungwa zvachose zvaisaenderana pfungwa, nokuti sayenzi iyi inobva izvi zvinhu, sezvo mweya, manzwiro, hunhu. Muchidimbu, zvakanzi vaidavira kuti zvepfungwa hwakada chokuita chokwadi kuti hazvigoni akadzidza nemaikorosikopu.

Field dzidziso Lewin (pfupi)

Zvisinei, Levin akaenda negwara, pokushandisa anonyengera vane kamera yakavanzwa. Panguva kuedza avo, masayendisiti akaisa muedzo mumba apo paiva zvinhu siyana: bhuku, bhero, penzura uye zvakafanana. Mumwe munhu anotanga kubudisa zvinhu chero evanhu. Asi kudana bhero - zvakanga zvakafanana vose.

kuedza Kurt Lewin kwakaita kuti titi munhu asina chinangwa zvinokonzerwa nezvinenge zvaitika. zvidzidzo zvose zvakanga zvagara zvinowanika mumabasa akadaro, izvo zvaizoita kusundira navo sezvo zvinhu pachavo. Kubva izvi vakatevera kuti vanhu dislodged yavo yekushandisa zvakatipoteredza rakanyatsojeka nyore kudzora. Pashure pezvose, hapana vechikamu pamusoro kuedza haritsvaki kutora penzura kana mabhero. Saka, zvinhu vanofurirwa zvinodiwa nevanhu kuti wepfungwa sokureva mhando simba mhosva, afunge bvunzo voltage. Ezvinhu akadaro akasunda munhu iyeye, waiva zvavanogona.

Saka, munda dzidziso Kurt Lewin, pfupiso uko akapa dzako munyaya yaiva dudziro yepakutanga maitiro evanhu. Nemhaka yake, yakanga zvakaratidza kuti yakatarwa zvinoitwa kunobva zvachose pamusoro dzakananga mashoko ane yaivapo munda.

Specificity dzidziso Kurt Lewin

Psychological kudzidza maitiro evanhu airarama akatevedzana zvinhu:

1. Maitiro zvinofanira vakaongorora mu yechinangwa zvinonyatsorehwa ezvinhu.
2. Munhu neimwe ezvinhu anomiririrwa mathematically.
3. Maitiro vanoumba chete chiitiko chaicho. Chii chakaitika kare kana zvichaitika mune ramangwana, akachinja chete zvishoma murwiyo yeminda.
4. Zvakafanana Pakutanga, maitiro haisi nguva dzose kutsamwisa chete zvikonzero.

Masayendisiti rokuti "dzedzinza Kuzivikanwa" wakatangwa. Kurt Lewin, pikicha izvo unogona kuona munyaya, vaiona kuti unhu wacho haagoni kuva nokuda hunhu murume kana ake kurerwa. Zvisinei, zvose izvi zvichikosha chaiye. Izvi zvinoreva kuti maitiro ndiwo mugumisiro nekuita pakati wacho uye mamiriro ezvinhu.

Main kuzvidzora nzira

Levin Kurt, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, akadzidza kwesangano utariri nzira mumapoka. Maererano masayendisiti, vanogona kuva Classified, yakavakirwa utariri maitiro. Pane dzimwe zvitaera anokosha:

1. Anomanikidza. Man anonzwa utsinye pamusana simba mutungamiri kufurirwa boka.
2. Democratic Style ndiyo vagari kusimudzira maitiro maererano seboka urongwa, kufungisisa pfungwa mutungamiri.
3. Non-kukanganiswa. Musimboti zvidavado ichi iri yokuti sarudzo dzose dzinenge dzaitwa pasina kutora chikamu ari mutungamiri. It rinobatanidzwa weboka basa, chete kana akakumbira kuita kudaro. mutungamiriri akadaro Kashoma munhu kuchakurumbidzai.

Mabasa Kurt Lewin kwakaita tsvakurudzo centre

Muna 1944, Kurt Lewin akakwanisa kumisa munhu Center nokuti Study Group Dynamics panguva Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Panguva iyoyowo, iye akavateverera evasingatombonamati altruistic zvinangwa. Scientist zvose hwangu kutarisira kufarirwa munyika yose vanhu. Maererano naye, vanhu vose unoda gutsaruzhinji, kuti kupfavisa tsika dzavo. Batsirai kumisa Humanism Kurt Lewin vakaedza achiitisa boka kudzidzira.

The musayendisiti anogutsikana kuti kuchinja kwetsika muboka kuenda mumatanho akawanda:

• "Unfreezing";
• "Change";
• "A Ndinoda itsva."

"Defrost" mamiriro ezvinhu apo boka rakanga kunyimwa zvayo dzose upenyu uye kukosha pokutanga. Iyi, wasununguka kurasikirwa. Munyaya inotevera pachikuva, izvozvo proposes gadziriro itsva tsika uye chido, pashure pokugadzwa mamiriro izvo mapoka vanofanira kudzokera kuna "-oma".

Zviya, Levin ndiyo kusikwa itsva mhando kutaurirana pakati kwepfungwa uye ake nemhosva. Kazhinji kutaurirana kwakadaro yakafanana zvikuru chiremba hurukuro murwere. Kurt kwachinja zvachose nzira yokuvaka yokukurukurirana. kutaurirana wake wakange wakaita Kurukurirano pakati vadzidzi uye mapurofesa.

wepfungwa Kurt Lewin kuti kuedza

Research Center, vakasikwa Kurt Lewin, achishingaira aiitisa kudzidzira kuti mudonzvo akaitwa siyana. Somuenzaniso, basa wepfungwa yakanyorerwa Harwood Manufacturing Company aine chichemo kuti vashandi kuti kambani kwenguva refu nguva kudzidza pakusuma upi utsanzi, zvinoita kuti kuderedza unongotaura pamwero.

Kugadzirisa dambudziko Levin Kurt akatora vashandi vatatu boka uye akavapa basa:

• Boka rokutanga kusarudza sei zvinobudirira zvikuru kushanda yechinangwa itsva kwacho michina.
• Boka rechipiri aifanira kusarudza vamiririri wandei kuti akatumwa utungamiriri kuti vakurukure utsanzi.
• A boka rechitatu, zvinosanganisira vashandi uye mamaneja vanofanira kuitisa "nekungobvunza zviri mupfungwa dzevanhu" pamusoro pokumuka itsva rwokugadzira.

Somugumisiro kuedza kwayo vakawana kuti migumisiro yakanakisisa vanoonekwa pakupedzisira boka. Pashure paizvozvo, chekambani utariri akagashira kurumbidzwaka uku kubva akakurumbira wepfungwa.

vateveri musayendisiti

Kurt Lewin, nokubudirira izvo dzatakurukura, yakakurumbira zvikuru. Masayendisiti pasi pose kuva pfungwa dzake, kuva "munda pfungwa". Pakati vanhu vakaramba basa hunoshamisa kwepfungwa, - munyori dzidziso pamusoro zvishande dissonance, Leon Festinger, kwezvakatipoteredza zvepfungwa mutsvakurudzi Roger Barker kwezvakatipoteredza, uyewo havaoni kuti dzidziso kupedza yokurwisana uye Morton Doych Blum Zeigarnik.