Legend mepu. Zviratidzo zvinooneka tsaukana mepu

Map - a kwakaderedza muenzaniso panyika (nyika yose kana munhu chikamu) kuvakwa nokushandisa grid maitiro uye yakananga zviratidzo. Pavari ichakurukurwa munyaya ino. Ndezvipi zviratidzo mepu? Uye vangani mhando vanobvumirana?

Map uye kukosha

Map - muenzaniso diki panyika ine kwemasvomhu hwaro. Zviri, panguva imwecheteyo, uye mudziyo, uye mugumisiro basa geographer uye mutsvakurudzi. Geographical mepu dzinoita misoro kudzidza nzvimbo uye zvinoshandiswa sectors vazhinji upfumi. Panguva iyoyo vanofanira kunge chaiwo, yakadzama uye yakajeka.

Geographical mepu dzinoiswa:

• pakafunuka;
• miganhu nhau;
• gutsikana;
• kugadzwa.

Vanogona kuva dzakaoma uye Category, large- uye madiki, dzidzo, zvesayenzi, dzidzo uye nzvimbo.

Kana bhuku rinoumbwa tsamba nemashoko, Nzvimbo mepu - anokosha vatambi. Uye verenga nemazvo pasina mepu kana zano nzvimbo hazvitomboiti. Ndezvipi zviratidzo mepu? Uye sei vanotarisa? Ngationei pamwe.

Sei zviratidzo mepu

Makomo, masango, misha uye migwagwa - zvinhu zvose izvi vanoratidza pamepu vachibatsirwa zvimwe zviratidzo. Izvi zvingava mitsetse, Dziine mitsetse, geometric zvitarisiko kana nyore vanodhirowa. Pakunzi zviratidzo mepu zvinogonawo kuitwa tichibatsirwa ruvara kana shading. Text Labels anoshandiswawo zvikuru kwose kwose.

Zviratidzo nenzvimbo CT T anomiririra kwegadziriro yakarongerwa hwakajeka zviratidzo izvo kushandiswa kuratidza ose zvinhu, zviitiko, pezvakaitwa, uye unhu - Qualitative uye quantitative. Kakawanda, ino inonzi mepu ngano.

Legend mepu vanofanira nyore kuverenga. Ichi chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvinodiwa, izvo runosvika kune pakuvaka chero makadhi. Vanofanira kuonekwa zvakanaka kubudikidza ziso uye nyore kuyeuka. Ndokusaka zviratidzo zvizhinji nowenyika maonero ichifananidzwa vavo zvidzidzo kana zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, chiratidzo rinoratidza paneshongwe Musara kana dombo zviri yakafanana izvi zvinhu.

Zviratidzo mumuviri tsaukana mepu uye avo kupatsanura

In zvose Mapping zviratidzo inogona kupatsanurwa muzvikwata huru ina:

1. Scale.
2. Scaleless.
3. Linear.
4. Tsananguro.

Scale (kana polygonal gandiwa) zviratidzo inoshandiswa kuratidza kwenguva zvinhu, chimiro uye chimiro kuti kungaratidzwa nedanda rechikero zano chaiwo kana mepu. Izvi zvinosanganisira minda mazita, masango, mafuro, dzomumaguta nharaunda, uye zvichingodaro. N. The miganhu dzakadaro kunogona kuratidzwa hwakasimba kana chipitipiti-dzaiva dzakapararira mitsetse.

Kana chinhu chiri chokwadi zvakare mupfupi, saka kuti rinogona kwakunoitwa mepu pamwero, ipapo kushandiswa pakafunuka zviratidzo. Dzinomirira vakaparadzana miti, matombo, mahwindimiri, smokestacks, machechi, dzemamongi uye t. D.

Linear zviratidzo mepu akashandiswa kushanda mikuru, njanji, administrative miganhu, simba mitsetse uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakafanana. Rinotsanangura zviratidzo zvinopa zvimwe characterization imwe chinhu. Zvinogona zvose siginicha nemisha, nyanza, njanji dzemapurisa, uye dzimwe graphical zvinhu (eg museve inotaridza mirayiridzo kuyerera yorwizi).

Sezvo mepu anonyorwa namagariro uye migwagwa?

On pamwero mukuru mepu uye zvirongwa nzvimbo nemisha ifananidzwe detailed sezvinobvira. Panguva iyoyowo kuramba dzavo chimiro uye hunhu kuronga, akasimbisa chikuru mumigwagwa, nzira, dzinoungana, uyewo dzimwe dzimba huru. Vakasaina maguta, ave mutemo, kuitwa nemabhii makuru, kumisha nemisha - yezasi nyaya. The Schriftgröße kunoenderana nenhamba vagari imwe nzvimbo.

Road zimbabwe - chinhu chinokosha chero hwakadzama mepu. Naizvozvo, zvakakosha kuti kuratidza kupfuura kwakakwana uye hwakadzama. Railroads pamusoro topographic mepu kazhinji kumiririra zvachose zvose (gobvu mitsetse vatema), zvichiratidza uwandu glycols vane pfupi dashes. Uye kuratidza yemapurisa pachikuva (rectangles), mabhiriji, tunnels uye nzvimbo, uye dzimwe nguva - pakufamba dumba uye semaphores.

On mepu vanomiririra uye mugwagwa motokari yenzira: nomugwagwa, mukuru, zvomunharaunda pasi, dondo uye munda migwagwa. Uyezve migwagwa yakagadzirwa anowanzoshandurwa kupendwa orange.

Sezvo mepu anonyorwa zvitunha mvura?

Rivers, nyanza, madziva, nzizi, nehova uye zvitubu - izvi zvose zvinenge rinoshandisirwa topographic mepu. At chikero ichi zvinoenderana kwayo mvura yksityiskohta kuratidza chinhu nharaunda kupiwa.

Madhamu contours, madziva, reservoirs pamepu zvinomiririra zvitema mitsetse, uye zvinhu zviri chitsvuku mutema. Kana rikashandiswa nzizi anoratidza dzavo upamhi nokudzika mu meters (uchishandisa chikamu), uye kuerera mirayiridzo (achishandisa miseve).

Wells, namatsime matsime chitubu vanopemberera chaizvo pose zviratidzo. Wetlands zvinomiririra pfupi chinjikira nokurohwa mutema.

Sezvo mepu inoratidza Nzvimbo uye zvinomera?

Yava Kuda topographic mepu vanoratidza anonzi gandiwa mitsetse. Ava chaiyo mitsetse unobva pfungwa pamwe serimwe. Uchibatsirwa wavo, unogona kuwana imwe pfungwa nezvokuva panyika, kuti steepness pakati neyemitenusirwa, kuvapo siyana kuzorodzwa pasi. Horizontal kazhinji zvinomiririra shava kana pfumbu.

Zvinenge chero uchida mepu unogona kuona "kusvibisa" uye "bhandi" munyoro. It - masango. Maererano chikero zviratidzo uyewo rinogona kurondedzerwa, riri dondo - coniferous, Deciduous kana kusanganisa. Dzimwe nguva, apo unogona kuwana mashoko mumhu uye pakukora hunde dzacho dziri musango, uyewo avhareji kure pakati pemiti.

Vamwe akajeka zvinhu pamusoro topographic mepu inomiririra nemiti, Mafuro, mapindu, musango, netsanga m. P.