Lamarck: Biography uye zvayakawana. Dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka uye ayo zvikanganiso

With rokuti "shanduka" Kazhinji chokuita nezita Charles Darwin. Zvisinei, mubvunzo wokuti matangiro uye kukura upenyu Panyika zvakashatirisa nevafungi kare. Mumwe masayendisiti vokutanga vakaedza kuzoumba dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka, aiva Lamarck. Biography musayendisiti rine zvakawanda zvimwe zvinonakidza zvinhu. Kuti uwane izvi, tichataura munyaya.

Zhan Lamark: Biography

Mugore 1744-metres muguta Bazante akaberekwa Zhan Lamark. Zvisinei, mhuri yake, uye akauya kubva mhuri paunhu revatongi, aiva murombo. Nokushayiwa mari vabereki kutumira mwanakomana wake kudzidza panguva wechechi yeRoma College. Zvikanzwikwa vaifungidzira kuti aizova mupristi. Hapana aifungidzira chii aizova Lamarck.

Biography musayendisiti ramangwana vakatendeuka yakasiyana mirayiridzo pashure pokufa kwababa vake. Akawisa kubva kukoreji uye akaenda kuhondo. Nechekare pa 23, akava mukuru. Muna 1772, pashure tichisiya basa, Zhan Batist Lamark anopinda chikoro chezvemishonga Parisian. In Paris, iye anowana bhotani, uye nguva uye zvidzidzo zvemhuka.

Kuburikidza kutsungirira uye tarenda, akakwanisa kutaura pachavo mune zvedzidzo yeChina. Fame kunounza ake mavhoriyumu matatu muunganidzwa rechiFrench kupatsanura zvinomera. Pashure paizvozvo, ari kushanda dzakaunganidzwa miti nokuti Royal Botanic Gardens. Muna 1783 vakava nhengo Paris Academy of Sciences.

Kufambira Mberi zvipenyu

Pashure kwebhuku rinonzi "French Flora" muna 1778 na Zhan Batist akava mumwe zvikuru masayendisiti ose botanists nguva yake. Bhuku yaiva rinokosha dichotomous tsanangudzo kuti nyore kutsvaka zvinomera zvinoshandiswa nguva yedu.

Atova kumbonyanya akura zera Profile kuchinja musayendisiti yesayenzi bhora. Akava purofesa panguva Museum of Natural History, apo akatanga kudzidzisa zvidzidzo zvemhuka. Panguva ino, Lamarck anonyatsoteerera kuti Micro-zvinenge, zvipembenene nehonye.

Kuongorora hunhu hwavo, iye anotanga rokuti "invertebrates" uye runoparadzanisa vave makirasi gumi, kunyange zvazvo akanga apora maviri chete. Muna 1822 akabudisa bhuku rake rinonzi "Natural History of Invertebrates", umo iye anoratidza zvose zvakawanika ake rechinomwe.

Chokwadi, hazvirevi kutora zvose mbiri, iyo yakasiyana Lamarck. Biography of zvakasikwa, nyanzvi uye wemhuka ane vashoma vanoyeukwa zvinhu. Pamwe chete mutsvakurudzi German Gottfried Treviranus iye otaura ano rinoreva "zvipenyu" rokuti. Lamarck pave mabhuku pamusoro ekunze uye zvakasikwa, hydrogeology uye vanoziva basa murume.

Zoologie Philosophy

basa rake guru, "The Uzivi pamusoro Zoologie", Zhan Batist Lamark rinobudisa muna 1809. Mairi musayendisiti riri coherent uye anoruka dzidziso dzidziso zvipenyu. Maererano naye, chinyakare upenyu akasimuka kubva inorganic nyaya, uye ipapo kutanga nokukurumidza pakukura.

Akaramba ndewoupenyu hwose kwemarudzi, tichifunga kuti mumwe nomumwe wavo vanowanzotanga kuchinja. Maererano naye, muviri wose anova kubva nyore kuti zvakaoma, vachipfuura "mumatanho" yemhindumupindu kubva ciliates mhuka. Uyewo, mukati kunenge vari inoumbwa kusawirirana uye matavi, izvo zvinoratidzwa sezvo genera uye mhuka.

In dzidziso yake, iye akasarudzwa mitemo inokosha maviri:

• Murairo muviri uye neuprazhneniya.
• Murairo nhaka vawana unhu.

Lamarck aidavira kuti miti nemhuka zvakachinja pasi pokudzora kwezvakatipoteredza. Kuti ajairane nemamiriro ekunze, ivhu, kugadzirwa kwezvokudya nzira uye zvakafanana. D. Kuva zvipenyu kana kurovedza muviri (kushandisa kana kwete kushandisa) dzimwe nhengo. Panguva iyi zviremera anogona kushandura chitarisiko uye basa, uye kuchinja aya chakasvitswa nevazukuru. Somuenzaniso, iye anotaura wetwiza pamutsipa elongation, uye kutsvaka moles upofu.

Zvikanganiso mu pfungwa

maonero Lamarck akaita kukakavadzana zhinji uye zvakawanda mashoko. kubvuma kwake variability kwazvakaita uye avo zvishoma nezvishoma kuomesa chinotsigirwa nesayenzi nhasi. Aivawo chikamu kodzero, mukuronga mutemo vatevedzere kurovedza.

Zvisinei, pane yakakanganiswa zvinodavirwa muchitendero dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka Lamarck. Sayenzi yemazuva ano akapikisa kutaura kwake kuti upenyu mberi samozarozhdatsya pamusoro inorganic kwezvakatipoteredza. Naiyewo akakanganisa panoongororwa zvinokonzera uye nenheyo nhaka. Saka, Lamarck aidavira kuti zvose upenyu hunochinja nokuda kwake chokuziva nehavi kukwana uye vawana unhu zvechokwadi nhaka mwana.

Kuedza Avgusta Veysmana disproved izvozvo. Scientific makonzo miswe vakatema uye wakazvichengeta kwezvizvarwa 20. Kuchinja havana kukanganisa vana. Gare gare, akanga vakagumisa kuti unhu hutsva nhaka chete kana mugumisiro nemagene mutation.