Kupatsanura mashoko mari. Chii parameters inoshandiswa nokuda kupatsanura mashoko zvinhu

In redu remakore makombiyuta nzvimbo inokosha muupenyu vanhu anotora pfungwa mashoko. Rashandiswa ino padariro kwevanhu pakukura parameters kuti kupatsanura mashoko mari siyana chaizvo. Ndokusaka unogona kuwana mhando dzakawanda kupatsanura mashoko Data kupinda makirasi uye mapoka. Zvisinei, ruzhinji kupatsanura pakati munyika mashoko pfuma chero nzira kuparadzana anongoda chete. Musiyano kungava chete mune dzimwe zvimiso nzira apo mamwe mashoko zvinhu (vaIri) anogona kupiwa chero boka iri kuzviitira chikonzero.

Pfungwa ruzivo zvinhu zvavo kupatsanura (zvinhu mhando)

Kana kutarira pfungwa mashoko uye mashoko zvinhu zviri Mupfungwa yakazara mashoko aya, vanogona kuva vanhu somunhu mhando mashoko pamusoro nyika, achitora nzvimbo mauri kurongedza, vanhu, zvinhu, zviitiko, mananara, chokwadi, uye zvichingodaro. E., Pasinei chimiro zvokuratidzira, munhu anogamuchira uye ipapo anoratidza mupfungwa dzako.

Saizvozvowo, mashoko zvekuvaka anoonekwa kuti gwaro mafaira kana magwaro akatorwa choga, izvo mudura dzazvinogara hurongwa (Data mabhanga, internet, mumaraibhurari, nheyo, yamabhuku, anobatanidza, etc.).

Kupatsanura mashoko zvinhu rinoitwa nokushandisa zvimwe zvinokosha zvinodiwa kana unhu kuti kubvumira kugoverana R & D pamusoro mashoma makirasi guru, uye kupfuura zvose, nokuda mwero Kuwanikwa: yakazaruka (pachena), akadzivira (dzisina kuwana), zvemunhu. Asi nzira idzi R & D weboka dzinokosha marudzi havasi.

Types mashoko zvinhu zvavo kupatsanura

In kupfuura dzimwe musimboti, weboka mapoka anogona kuitwa kufungisisa zvimwe zvinodiwa. Chokutanga, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa pano kuti panguva ino padariro kukura vanhu pfungwa mashoko, kana MI, ari zvakabatana chaizvo pamwe mapepa (anonzi muvhidhiyo ruzivo). Zvinonzwisiswa kuti chero mhando mashoko akanyorwa kana kuchengetwerwa imwe mhando nhau (yokudhinda, kombiyuta nhau, servers, kukurukurirana migero, uye zvichingodaro. D.).

Uyezve, wakaparadzaniswa akashandisa parameters zvakadaro kupatsanura mashoko zvinhu sezvo nokupesana kwavo mu mira uye famba.

The huru mirayiridzo iri kupatsanura pakati R & D

Kana isu nezvazvo huru mirayiridzo iri R & D nokupesana mukati makirasi maererano vamwe nzira, unogona kusangana yakawanda pfungwa dzakasiyana.

Zvisinei, pakati vose nhandare pamusoro izvo classifies mashoko zvinhu, unogona kusarudza inokosha:

• pakusikwa mabviro;
• pamusoro mwero kuwana;
• nokuti chinangwa chahwo;
• nokuda nzira mharidzo uye mhando keriya;
• muchimiro muridzi;
• nokuda nzira sangano uye okuchengetera;
• gutsikana;
• pamusoro mutauro National uye miganhu kana nenzvimbo hwaro;
• padanho kugona, uye zvichingodaro. d.

Kirasi pakukura zvose chiratidzo zvirimo. Izvi zvichakurukurwa munyaya yoga. Funga zvimwe zvikamu.

Pakati zvinotisimbisa rakasikwa vaIri tisiyanise nesekondari. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuparadzana yepamutemo uye zvisiri pamutemo (undocumented) mashoko ari kudzora tichitarisa pamutemo dzemunharaunda.

The Kupesana kunobva mapindiro anogona kuva pachena kana muchivande mashoko Restricted kuwana (somuenzaniso, hurumende, utility, yezvokutengeserana zvakavanzika kana pachavo mashoko).

In earmarking kazhinji kuziva zvinotevera mashoko mari :

• pachako;
• chepamusoro;
• mabhizimisi pfuma;
• vezvenhau;
• urongwa;
• dzidzo;
• zvetsika nemagariro;
• pfuma masangano nemasangano;
• mabasa, uye mabasa;
• Entertainment;
• mutambo;
• varaidzo;
• Bulletin mapuranga;
• Software uye nhau kuchengetwa, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Zvino ngationei parameters inoshandiswa nokuda kupatsanura mashoko zvinhu nokuda nzira zvokuratidzira.

Kazhinji, izvi zvinosanganisira pfungwa dzakaoma makopi (mabhuku, mapepanhau, magazini mashinopechatnye zvinyorwa), rinobva uye yemagetsi (digitaalinen) nhau (ekuteerera, video, Photographic uye firimu, chiine disks, bvisika ndangariro mano, kombiyuta dzakaoma Zvifambiso) uye nzira kutaurirana (redhiyo, TV, Indaneti).

Pakati anokudzwa pachake (private, chepamusoro), mamiriro matunhu neminisiparati, yeUnited, vadyi (seboka), rudzi pfuma.

Pakuurayiwa sangano uye kuchengetera mashoko zvinhu kupatsanura iri pamwe akarondedzera mhando vezvenhau (anodhinda uye digitaalinen Vezvenhau), uye anopa pfungwa mumaraibhurari, nheyo, yamabhuku, Databases, gwaro mafaira uye zvoga nezvimiro.

With National-miganhu yomumwe, ndinofunga, zvose zviri pachena, asi maererano ukuru kugona weboka unoitwa pahwaro zvevhiki nokuti vakawanda kana nyanzvi user.

Types nyaya dziri pfungwa R & D

Panyaya R & D masangano, pano kunongova huru nhatu:

• zvizvarwa kana ndeyedu vanhu;
• sangano;
• nhengo ehurumende simba zvese.

Kupatsanura pakati gutsikana

Funga chikamu kupfuura vaIri nokuparadzirwa - kugutsikana - muenzaniso kupatsanura mashoko mari dzakananga zvinodiwa. Kazhinji, inosanganisira zvinotevera mapoka:

• Category uye nesayenzi mabhuku;
• kumashure mashoko;
• kushambadza;
• nhau;
• Bibliographic bhuku.

Kana iwe tarisa izvi zvinhu zviri zvishoma yakakura somuenzaniso, mumwe weboka:

• Bhizimisi ruzivo (dzezvoupfumi, mari, zvokutengeserana, bhizimisi, nhamba);
• socio-enyika uye mashoko zviri pamutemo;
• nesayenzi uye michina ruzivo;
• nevatengi nezvimwe nhau;
• zvemagetsi kwema;
• Computing uye kukurukurirana.

Sezvingatarisirwa, chero kupatsanura mashoko zvinhu akapa nhasi kugoverwa R & D dzakananga chikonzero angave akasiyana nevamwe saicho. Zvisinei, panguva iyoyo tiri kufarira zvemagetsi mashoko.

The Mhando chikuru zvigadzirwa mashoko

Kupatsanura mashoko zvinhu (kombiyuta zvakananga ichi pfungwa) muna vakawanda nyaya kunosanganisira mhando huru mbiri vaIri chokuratidza modes mashandisiro:

• paIndaneti - mbune gwaro Server nomukombiyuta nemambure;
• is - kushandisa magwaro, Databases, kana zvimedu ayo ari muchimiro emakopi zvikuru mashoko kubva Server, kuchengetwerwa zvemagetsi.

Mupfungwa, electronic mashoko kupatsanura iri fananei kuparadzana zvirimo, asi Kuwedzera pane Software musika Profile:

• rokutengesa Software;
• software yepachena (freeware), kusanganisira yakazaruka-tsime zvigadzirwa (GNU GPL rezinesi);
• shareware (shareware).

Somunhu mberi Uyezve, zvimwe zvinyorwa zvinoratidza nemauto mashoko mabasa uye basa.

Pfungwa zvigadzirwa gwaro

Gwaro iri mhando kakawanda vanoziva nezvayo mashoko inopiwa zvemagetsi chimiro, kuti maonero izvo yemagetsi uye kadambari hurongwa uye nokuda yedzimudzangara - pakukurukurirana uye network nematurusi.

Izvi mhando mashoko anogona achimiririrwa vakaparadzana mafaira, Databases, uye arrays kana zvoga hurongwa. Uyezve, zvikuru kukosha ndiyo pamutemo zvinoumba kushandiswa pamutemo nevamwe magwaro, advertising uye advertising enyika, uyewo kudzivirira mashoko chero sandara uye mhando kuwana.

Kupatsanura mashoko paIndaneti

Kupatsanura zvigadzirwa mashoko zvinhu zvaizova zvachose kukwana kana asina aitaurawo Indaneti, nekuti nhasi ruzhinji zvigadzirwa magwaro zvinowanikwa imomo.

Heano zvinokosha zvinodiwa:

• mharidzo (padandemutande mapeji, mashoko, uye faira servers, Databases, Newsgroups);
• mitauro uye miganhu hwaro;
• kugutsikana uye t. d.

Mhando Internet zvinhu

Types uye kupatsanura mashoko edzidzo zvinhu ari rokudzidzisa kwacho inokurukurwa yakakwana akadzama. Zvisinei, unogona kuunza mamwe kuwedzera zvinosanganisira kuparadzira R & D kupinda makirasi pfungwa dzimwe mhando paIndaneti mari.

Kazhinji, pakati nzira ndedzinotevera:

• uye dzichipfekeka kukwana zvirimo;
• nheyo nekuita pamwe inodzidzisa (anodzidzisa, dyidzana);
• ukuru Accessibility.

The zviri nzvimbo dziri rakapararira pamusoro diki (muchidimbu peji nezvinhu ruzivo), dzepaIndaneti (mapeji pachake), promotional nzvimbo (okushambadza kwenhumbi uye mabasa), zvemagetsi zvitoro uye mabasa, informational nzvimbo imwe dingindira, padandemutande nezvikumbaridzo (guru pfuma kana Indaneti -soobschestva), yemakambani mahofisi (kushandisa michina makambani), mabhizimisi Kutarisira hurongwa, Integrated internet uye intranet (nechinzwano kwokunze rezvebonde).

In kubata pamwe inodzidzisa kusiyanisa marudzi ava R & D, sezvo mashoko (zines, nhau, terevhizheni, redhiyo), kushanda (paIndaneti raibhurari uye Database okuchengetera Software vachikwanisa kukopa, kutsvaka injini), yakananga-kukurukurirana (network, Internet -soobschestva), varaidzo (mitambo, mumhanzi, mavhidhiyo, majee uye zvichingodaro. d.), vezvokutengeserana (paIndaneti chete akabhadhara mabasa uye paIndaneti zvitoro), vaIri mharidzo kushambadza.

Kana isu kutaura ukuru Accessibility, chokuratidza ichi zvinoita kuti tikwanise kuudza R & D pamusoro voruzhinji (yakazaruka vanoshandisa zvose pasina chaakasiya), intranet (kumichina kungopfeka mudonzvo chero sangano mukati intranet), nemamwe-Network (kuiswa paIndaneti, asi kukwanisa ine vashoma vanoshandisa ).

Information Services

Pakupedzisira, tinofanira kuva pamusoro ruzivo mabasa. Panzvimbo yokutanga muchikwata ichi emit zvekushandisa yokutsvaka uye processing ruzivo, achivaratidza pamusoro chikumbiro chero gwaro uye ruzivo chekuchengeta.

Chinonyanya kukosha chikamu wechipiri kupa mabasa kuti kushandisa Indaneti, Databases uye ais, pamusoro Indaneti kana network uye kutaurirana mashoko, uyewo pamusoro pokushandiswa e-mail uye nemitambo basa (paumbwe mapeji pachake).

vaIri kudzivirirwa

Uye, sezviri pachena chero R & D zvinofanira kuchengetedzwa panguva chikuru sandara, uye zvachose hapana musiyano vanopinda hworudzii kuti, uye pasinei svikiro umo akachengetwa.

Uyezve, pasi kudzivirira kunogona kunzwisiswa uye zviri pamutemo chinoumba (Copyright mutemo, kutyora, advertising), uye chirongwa zvinoreva muchimiro antivirus Software kana firewall (firewalls - Software kana "simbi"), kuti cryptographic mashoko encryption zvemichina kana kubatana uye zvichingodaro. .

mhedziso

Sezvinogona kuoneka kubva apa, kupatsanura mashoko zvinhu zvinogona zvikuru zvizhinji, kunyanya kana iwe kufungawo kuwanda nzira dzakasiyana kuti ingashandiswa nechimwe. It anoenda pasina vachiti zvimwe kwakajairika kuparadzana TS kuti nhengo makirasi embodiments dzakasiyana zvingava zvakasiyana. Zvisinei, vakawanda vane zvose kufanana chaizvo uye vane zvizhinji zvakafanana. Pakupedzisira, vose nemakirasi R & D vakawanda zvine chokuita, uye ikapiwa chete chiduku chikamu zvose anogona kunzi, kana tsanangurai chero Kunyanya mhando vaIri.