Python - chii? High-chechetere zvirongwa mutauro

Python munhu mukuru-pamwero mutauro nokudenga, izvo zvinogona kuratidzwa uye midzi. Iye Somuenzaniso, ndiye akaita mafomu sechekushandisa kunyora macro. Python zvinoita zvine sarudzo vakawanda zvirongwa mabasa, zvikuru nezvidiki, uye kwete saka zvakanaka kuti vashomanana kadambari mabasa.

Kupi kunofanira I kushandisa?

Python rakanakira mabasa anoda nokukurumidza kukura. It inotsigira vakawanda zvirongwa paradigms, zvakanaka kuti zvirongwa kuti zvinoda kunzwisisa. Uye kuvapo muzvizhinji ane Mabhokisi uye modules kunopa mukana wokushandiswa uye anoponesa nguva.

Guido Van Rossum - Python musiki, mubayiro nomutsa munharaunda musoro "akanaka mudzvinyiriri upenyu." Mukupera kwema1980, Guido aifarira zvinhu zvimwe mitauro zvirongwa, asi hapana nomumwe wavo aiva zvose zvinhu aizoda kuva. Kunyanya, mutauro aifanira zvinotevera unhu.

scripting Language

The chinyorwa chinhu chirongwa unomhanya zvimwe zvirongwa. Scripting mitauro dziri akakodzera nokukurumidza kukura uye prototyping, nokuti kukunda zvakanaka kuchinjwa mashoko kubva chimwe chazvo mumwe uye uderedze programmer kubva izvi anotambudza zvinhu zvakafanana ndangariro zvakanaka.

mushandisi munharaunda anoda kudana Python simba zvirongwa mutauro.

The indentation kuti muzvikwata zvisina tsarukano pamusoro dzaishandisa

Python inorondedzera mashoko enzvimbo iyoyo boka tichibatsirwa padding. rimwe boka kwakadaro anonzi bumbiro nechigumbuso. Mune mimwe mitauro, rinoshandisa yakasiyana nemarongerwo kana nyora. Somuenzaniso, chiratidzo C rinoreva kutanga chiratidzo uye {} - kuguma kutevedzana mirayiridzo. Pamberi indentation anonzi tsika dzakanaka nendimi, asi mumwe yokutanga iyo kuchengeta indentation simba inopiwa, aiva Python. Chii anopa? Indent kunoita bumbiro wako nyore kuverenga uye zvinoda zvishoma bumbiro kutigumbura mazita kutanga kwavo uye pakupedzisira, uye nyora mavanga, izvo zvinogona nokusaziva kusiyiwa. izvi zvose zvinotungamirira zvikanganiso vashoma.

The Mhando mukuru-chechetere Data

Computers vanounganidza mashoko muzvikamu uye zeros, asi vanhu vanofanira kuva dzakaoma siyana, akadai wenyaya. About mutauro hunotsigira mashoko akaoma, achiti kuti inotsigira mhando mukuru-chechetere Data. Mhando idzi mashoko zviri nyore kuti ishande. Somuenzaniso, muna Python mutsetse inogona akatsemura, batanidza, kushandura yokumusoro kana yakaderera mhosva, vanogona kutsvaka uye t. D. The mukuru-pamwero Data mhando dzakadai mazita uye mumaduramazwi, izvo zvinogona kuchengetwa uye mamwe mashoko ane zvakawanda functionality, pane mimwe mitauro.

extensibility

Extensible zvirongwa mutauro inogona kuwedzerwa. mitauro ava simba chaizvo, nokuti kuwedzererwa vave vakakodzera nokuda siyana mafomu uye uchishandisa enyika. Extensions anogona kuwedzera mashoko mhando kana pfungwa, modules uye plugins. The mutauro Python iri kuwedzerwa nenzira dzakawanda. The chikuru boka programmers kushanda pariri anoshandura uye kuvandudzwa, uye mazana nevamwe modules akanyorwa nokuda kwezvinangwa chaizvo.

kuturikira

Zvichishandurwa mitauro anoteererwa zvakananga kubva kupi romutemo rakanyorwa nevanhu, uye zvirongwa akanyorwa akaanyora mitauro akadai C ++, anofanira kushandurirwa muchina yekubvuma. Zvichishandurwa mitauro dziri nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva, sezvo shanduro kunoitika pamusoro nhunzi, asi kunyora uye debugging zvirongwa zviri nokukurumidza nokuti hapana chikonzero kumirira kuvakwa compiler. Ndivo nyore kutakura pamusoro kune platforms siyana.

Mumwe anogona gakava kana Python akadudzira kana kunyora mutauro. Kunyange zvazvo munzira dzakawanda iye anoita zvichishandurwa, asati auraya bumbiro iri rakanyorwa (sezvaakaita Java), uye vazhinji yenhengo dzayo dziri kumhanya ari akurumidze yacho muchina, sezvazvakanyorwa muna C.

Guido akatanga kunyora Python panguva Christmas mazororo muna 1989, uye pamusoro rakatevera gore, akapedza mutauro kwakavakirwa inofambiswa vavo. Voruzhinji akaona mugumisiro, muna February 1991, apo akanga aisa mune rimwe Newsgroups dze Usenet.

Python For Beginners

Kuti kutanga zvirongwa kunyora muna Python, unofanira kuisa nayo. Mushanduro Python 2.7 uye Python 3.5, pane zvinokosha kusiyana, nokuda izvo mapurogiramu zvakanyorwa mazviri, haawirirani.

In makombiyuta, "McIntosh" mutauro uri pre-akagadzwa, uye kunoenderana shanduro uchishandisa hurongwa zera. Under Windows vangafanira yokugadza Python. Installation pasuru mafaira zvinogona kusarudzwa panzvimbo python.org nzvimbo.

Two nzira kudyidzana

Chimwe zvikonzero nyore, iyo inozivikanwa zvirongwa Python, ndiko kuti zvinouya namaturusi kuti akubatsire kuva, nyora uye zvirongwa debug.

In dyidzana rudzi, mirayiro vakapinda pamusoro rwonzi panguva, rinenge kufanana uchishandisa maitiro (goko) anogamuchira mirayiro kubva murayiro mutsetse. Unogonawo kusika mapfupi multi-chirongwa kana kuti kupinza bumbiro kubva murugwaro faira kana pakuvara Python modules. For beginners, zvichaita zvinobatsira kuziva kuti vatambi muoti kunosanganisira chaizvo rubatsiro hurongwa. Uyu mukana nzira kudzidza zvirongwa mutauro zvinhu.

Simbe budiriro mamiriro ezvinhu kunosanganisira vatambi rudzi uye nematurusi kunyora uye zvirongwa run, uyewo mazita Tracking hurongwa. Svikiro yakanyorwa Python, uye unoratidza kwakakura yaibvira mutauro.

dyidzana muoti

Pano unogona kuita zvinenge chinhu chinogona kuitwa chirongwa, kunyange nyora multiline romutemo. nzira iyi inogona kuva:

• sandbox nokuti njodzi kuedza;
• zvakatipoteredza, vachibvumira kuti kudzidza zvirongwa Python;
• chishandiso yokuwana uye kugadzirisa zvikanganiso.

Yeuka kuti kuponesa akapinda nenzira vatambi muoti hazvibviri. Kuti aite izvi, kutevedzera bumbiro uye kunyora kunoita faira.

Dyidzana nzira inogona kushandiswa senzira karukureta, konzera rwezuva worongera tsika variables. Unogonawo kutenga modules, mashandiro, kana zvikamu zvirongwa kuvaedza. Zvinobatsira vaedze Python zvinhu pasina kunyora mapurogiramu refu uye zvirongwa debug kuburikidza importing zvikamu imwe panguva.

Shanda paIndaneti

Pashure Python run mune chirwere hwindo achiratidza ruzivo pamusoro ano chirongwa shanduro, musi kwayo issuance, mamwe mazano kuti humwe chiito uye kukokwa kupinda >>>.

Kushanda munzvimbo vatambi rudzi, kupinda murayiro kana okuti, achizviendesa kupinda kiyi.

Python anodudzira mazano uye sei kana vataipa kunoda mhinduro, kana muturikiri haanzwisisi naye.

Zvinotevera murayiro kuchaita kudhinda mutsetse. Sezvo zvokudhinda nzvimbo kusingajekeswi, goho anoenda chidzitiro.

• >>> anodhinda "Hello nyika!"
• Hello nyika!

mutsetse uyu chete ane purogiramu yose! The Python interactively rinopindura ose tambo yekubvuma akapinda nokutsikirira pasi kupinda kiyi, uye mugumisiro anooneka pasi.

View ruzivo pamusoro chinhu

In dyidzana nzira, pane nzira mbiri kuona mashoko pamusoro chinhu:

• akaisa chinhu (kana zita) uye muchisviniro Enter;
• kupinda anodhinda murayiro uye chinhu (kana zita) kutsikirira Enter.

Mugumisiro kunobva chinhu.

Vamwe date mhando (integer uye mazita, somuenzaniso), nzira idzi mbiri kubudisa imwe mugumisiro:

• >>> x = [3,2]
• >>> X
• [3, 2]
• >>> anodhinda X
• [3, 2]

Nokuti hungiso, mugumisiro yakatarwa pakati «anodhinda zita" murayiro siyanei kubva mugumisiro apiwa zita. Muchiitiko chokutanga, kukosha kuri Taridzamutauri, apo rechipiri - haamo:

• >>> x = "MyString"
• >>> X
• "MyString"
• >>> anodhinda X
• MyString

Kana zita rinoreva chezvakaipa remitemo (somuenzaniso, mashandiro, modules, kana kirasi Somuenzaniso), vachipinda zita ichapa ruzivo pamusoro mhando data, zita uye nzvimbo amatura.

Zvinotevera muenzaniso pave kirasi inonzi Message uye anoratidza ruzivo pamusoro

nayo:

• >>> kirasi Message:
• ... zvakaitika
• ...
• >>> Message
• >>> anodhinda Message
• __main __. mashoko

mitsetse

The Python mitsetse vari sequences pazvinhu. A tambo chaiwo zvinoumbwa nokupinda vatambi vari prices chete ( '), kaviri ( ") kana katatu (' 'kana" "") Taridzamutauri. In muenzaniso, mutengo akatumirwa shanduka X:

• >>> x = "MyString"

Python tambo ane wandei pakuvara zvinhu. Mumwe wavo ari kukwanisa kudzokera rako nomwoyo lowercase tsamba. nezvaanogona izvi vanozivikanwa se nzira. Kuzodana nzira iri chinhu, unofanira kushandisa dot nemarongerwo. Kureva, tapinda shanduka zita, iro hazvisi Munongedzo tambo chinhu, unofanira kuisa dot opareta, uye ipapo zita nzira uchiteverwa kuvhura nokuvhara mumabhuraketi (.):

• >>> x.lower ()
• "Mystring"

Unogona kugamuchira chikamu mutsetse kushandisa Indexing opareta yaJehovha [ini]. Indexing rinotanga pana zero, saka kuti va [0] rinodzokera hunhu rokutanga tambo, That [1] rinodzokera wechipiri, uye zvichingodaro:

• >>> X [0]
• 'M'
• >>> X [1]
• 'Y'

Tambo zvinoshanda sezvo vanhuwo mitsetse, uye ne "Unicode". Ivo kubudisa zvinotevera:

• kunyoresa shanduko (racho, rokumusoro, yakaderera, swapcase, zita);
• verenga (verenga);
• change yeEncoding (encode, nzwisisa);
• kunzvera uye kutsiva (kuwana, kutsiva, rfind, indekisi, rindex, kushandura);
• kutarisa mamiriro (startswith, endswith, isalnum, isalpha, isdigit, islower, isspace, istitle, isupper);
• aibatanidza uye vakaparadzana (kujoina, partition, rpartition, paradzanisa, splitlines);
• nemanyorerwo (pakati, ljust, lstrip, rstring, rjust, ubvise, zfill, expandtabs).

Python: Lists

Kana Python hungiso mishoma zviratidzo, rinoronga chero mitemo vasingadaro. Ivo akarayira sequences pamusoro zvemasanga zvinhu, kusanganisira mamwe mazita. Uyezve, zvinoita here kuwedzera, zvinomuomera kuikanganwa uye kutsiva zvinhu zvayo. A nhamba zvinhu, paizova nezvitura befu mukati mativi mumabhuraketi, uye une Python mazita. Chii ichi chinomiririra, kuratidzwa pazasi - pano mienzaniso uye mashoko kuvhiyiwa navo:

• >>> zvigadziko = [ 'A', 'C', 'G', 'T']
• >>> zvingoro
• [ 'A', 'C', 'G', 'T']
• >>> bases.append ( 'U')
• >>> zvingoro
• [ 'A', 'C', 'G', 'T', 'U']
• >>> bases.reverse ()
• >>> zvingoro
• [ 'U', 'T', 'G', 'C', 'A']
• >>> zvigadziko [0]
• 'U'
• >>> zvigadziko [1]
• 'T'
• >>> bases.remove ( 'U')
• >>> zvingoro
• [ 'T', 'G', 'C', 'A']
• >>> bases.sort ()
• >>> zvingoro
• [ 'A', 'C', 'G', 'T']

In muenzaniso uyu, zvakanzi zvakasikwa mazita nomumwe vatambi. Zvino rakawedzerwa kuguma chinhu rakatarisana zvarayirwa okunze, zvinhu rakatorwa ne nzvimbo indekisi yavo dzadzimwa maatomu akafanana zvine ukoshi 'U' uye kufambira zvinhu akabudiswa. Kubvisa chinhu kubva pamazita zvinoratidza mamiriro ezvinhu apo tisisiri () nzira kupa mamwe mashoko, kureva kukosha kuti zvinofanira kubviswa.

Kuwedzera nzira dzakafanana tisisiri (), Python ine chimwe zvakafanana inonzi ushande. Musiyano chete pakati mashandiro uye nzira ndechokuti wokutanga haasi chokuita imwe chinhu.

Python: shanda

Mabasa kuvhiya imwe kana kupfuura tsika, uye mudzokere mugumisiro. nhamba Large vavo yakavakwa Python. Mienzaniso pakuvara mabasa:

• Len () - anodzoka nhamba zvinhu zviri kutevedzana;
• DIR () - anodzoka mazita hungiso yokumiririra unhu chinhu;
• Pamazita () - anodzoka mazita matsva initialized kubva dzimwe kutevedzana.
• >>> rubatsiro (denderedzwa)
• Batsirai akavakira-mu basa kumativi:
• denderedzwa (...)
• kumativi (nhamba [, ndigits]) -> zvinoyangarara pfungwa nhamba

Zvinogonekawo kutsanangura kwako mabasa.

User-rinotsanangurwa mabasa

Muitiro pakusika yayo Python-shanda kwakadaro. The mutsetse wokutanga inotanga guru def, uchiteverwa mashandiro zita uye musingaitirani nharo (kutarisirwa chiyamuro tsika) akanyudzwa muzvikomberedzo, uye inoguma ane muura. mirayiro hunotevedzana vanoumba muviri mashandiro uye anofanira inotangira nechomukati. Kana mhinduro iri pakutanga mashandiro muviri, zvinova chikamu chacho mapepa. The wokupedzisira mutsetse mashandiro akadzorera mugumisiro:

• >>> def transcribe (DNA):
• ... "" "Dzorera DNA tambo sezvo RNA tambo." ""
• ... kudzokera dna.replace ( 'T', 'U')
• ...
• >>> transcribe ( 'CCGGAAGAGCTTACTTAG')
• 'CCGGAAGAGCUUACUUAG'

Muenzaniso uyu wakasikwa basa rinonzi transcribe, iyo anotarisira tambo rinomiririra DNA kutevedzana. kutsiva () nzira anodzoka kopi yepakutanga tambo pamwe nokuwanikwa vose mumwe hunhu kune mumwe. Three zvikonzero remitemo vanobvumirwa transcribe DNA kupinda RNA. The Ivan Kuchin basa iri sezvinotevera:

• >>> def kuzvishandura (s):
• ... "" "Musadzorera kutevedzana tambo nekwekupedzesera." ""
• ... tsamba = Pamazita (s)
• ... letters.reverse ()
• ... kudzokera '' .join (tsamba)
• ...
• >>> achachinja ( 'CCGGAAGAGCTTACTTAG')
• 'GATTCATTCGAGAAGGCC'

Reverse basa anotora tambo, pave mazita anoritsanangura, uye kushandura kurongeka kwayo. Zvino unofanira kuita neizvi. The chinhu ine kubatana () nzira, iyo anosanganisa list, unonyatsoruramisa nechimwe chinhu tambo ukoshi. Sezvo separator harudikanwi, nzira inoshandiswa musi mutsetse anomirirwa apostrophes zviviri ( '' kana "").

maduramazwi

A Dictionary Python - chii? Rine kubatsira chete sechinhu kwakajairika bepa duramazwi. Kunoitawo kuti nokukurumidza kuwana aida ukoshi (tsanangudzo) chokuita kiyi (shoko). Maduramazwi vari akanyudzwa kufamba ndakaisa simbi mumakumbo uye vakaparadzana nevanhu nezvitura befu zvine kutevedzana kwezviitiko zvinokosha ukoshi yezvinoita. Maduramazwi hadzina akarayira. Asi, duramazwi zvinokosheswa anowanikwa kuburikidza kiyi yavo, kwete nzvimbo yavo.

• >>> basecomplement = { 'A': 'T', 'C': 'G', 'T': 'A', 'G': 'C'}
• >>> basecomplement.keys ()
• [ 'A', 'C', 'T', 'G']
• >>> basecomplement.values ()
• [ 'T', 'G', 'A', 'C']
• >>> basecomplement [ 'A']
• 'T'

makirasi

Kuti kusika pachako zvinhu zvenyu, unofanira kuona rudzi muenzaniso anonzi kirasi. In Python, izvi nokuda opareta kirasi, vakatevera nezita uye muura. Muviri kirasi tsananguro rine zvivako uye nzira kuti zvichava kuwanikwa Zviitiko zvose zvinhu kwakavakirwa kirasi iyi.

zvakwakanakira

Most zvirongwa Mitauro kupa mushandisi-ushamwari features, asi hapana ane mubatanidzwa zvimunakire uye zvivako zvaipiwa Python akadaro. Ndezvipi zvinobatsira izvi? Heano mamwe acho:

• Language inogona revatema kupinda dzimwe chikumbira uye akashandisa kusika macro. Somuenzaniso, muna Paint Shop Pro 8 kana kuti gare gare, ndiwo mutauro scripting.
• Python vakasununguka kuti kushandiswa uye kugoverwa, pamusoro commercial hwaro kana kwete.
• Language ane simba kubudiswa nezvaanogona, uye tsvakurudzo chinyorwa rinoshandiswa mafomu uchishanda akawanda acho mashoko.
• Zvinokwanisika kusika Apps makuru asina kutarisa startup zvirongwa.
• Python inotsigira vachindiedza uye debugging kwemunhu modules uye zvirongwa yose.