Kunyora uye zivo nevaIjipiti vekare. Zvokukura mutauro kukura. Kushanduka Medicine uye Science

The Budiriro rakamuka mumahombekombe aNairi makore anopfuura 4,000 apfuura, akachengeta yakawanda zvakavanzika. Akanaka ezvinhu munharaunda, munyoro okunze vakabatsira kuti mangwanani chaizvo kukura matavi siyana nesayenzi uye nounyanzvi. Kunyora uye zivo vaIjipiti vekare - nyaya tsvakurudzo nemasayendisiti akawanda munyika. The muMagwaro nhamba hwakawanda huripo vokutanga vakasikwa kumativi 3000 BC. e., pashure vakashanduka uye zvivako ounyanzvi uye nhoroondo. Zvakanaka, tarisa navo muudzame uye vachanzwisisa nezvinoitwa zvakavanzika akasiya mararamiro ekare.

General Dzidziso mutauro uye unyanzvi

All mashoko tine nhasi pamusoro muIjipiti yekare, vakawana somugumisiro matongo Zvakafukunurwa. magwaro Various akagadzirira kwakawanikwa mitauro akafa. Vaiita achiongorora zvaive emakore. Dzaiva mashoko pamusoro zvose zvoupenyu mugadziriro yebudiriro ichi, kutangira mitemo uye basa chechi, tichipedzisira kubika Quick. Zvakaratidza kuti kunyora uye ruzivo avaEgipita vekare, izvo tinogona kudzidza zvakabatanidzwa ikozvino zvakabatana. Decrypting girama vanhu, tichakwanisa kuzarura zvakawanda zvayo zvakavanzika. Nokuti nhoroondo kunyora isu kutanga kupatsanura kuva zvina huru nguva.

First kumwedzi: yekare

Ancient Egyptian kunyora akazviratidza pre-dynastic nguva, apo hurumende pachayo haina kunyange kuvapo. Zvisinei, vamwari uye vapristi vanhu ava vaiva chinhu chitsvene uye inviolable nguva dzose, uye tinoonga pfungwa idzi "Ishe wenyika," vaEgipita aumba ravo rokutanga kunyora hurongwa. Yekare muIjipiti yekare yakanga yakasiyana chaizvo kubva Chinese ano kana Japanese. mifananidzo vakanga mavara aya (nhasi tinovaona monochromatic nokuda mugumisiro unokuvadza nguva), iyo anofananidzwa zvinhu, zviitiko, vanhu. Muchidimbu, vanhu vakanga kudhirowa zvavakaona, zvishoma kurerutsa zvinhu. Kunyora vatambi aigona kuva chero mirayiridzo - kodzero akasiya kana ndiEzekieri, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange kubva kumusoro kusvikira pasi. The chikuru ndechokuti mugumisiro wakanaka.

Period Two: ieratika

Yaitonga vaGiriki weEgipita hunonyatsobatana Greece uye hweRoma. Kuwedzera kupanana rechiuto unyanzvi, mitauro kuitwa kwakaitika. Kunyora uye zivo vaIjipiti vekare systematized kuburikidza arufabheti vaibva Europe yekare. Paiva wokutanga rudzi kurzive kunyora - ieratika. Zvadaro mutauro uyu mutsva chaiko rakanga kuwanika chete dzemauto munzanga, uye paainyora magwaro matsvene uye zvinyorwa zvemitemo.

Danho rechitatu okukura: demotic

Panguva kwezana eras kuitwa kwakaitika vanhu yeIjipiti yekare. It zvikazara navaArabhu wakakubudisai tsika dzavo, zvavanotenda, uye, chokwadi, mutauro. Pakati vose vanhu akaturikidzana zvakava akakurumbira vangasimudzira itsva mhando kunyora - demotic, izvo nechitarisiko chakafanana Arabic ano. Pairi uye anozivisa pachena magwaro, kugoverana mabhuku, nhoroondo dzeupenyu, uye memos. Asi ieratika achine tsamba yebasa munyika uye kushandiswa pakunamata uye utongi.

Period Chechina: Coptic

Iri ndiro yokupedzisira Danho kukura mutauro wekare vekuIjipiti uye manyorero, izvo kwakatsiva demotic. Kusiyana ayo vamutangira, kuti Coptic aiva arufabheti pachavo tsamba yacho, zvakasiyana zvamarudzi emashoko, chiperengo, kuwedzera mabhii uye namashoko por mutongo. Munzira dzakawanda, izvi zvakafanana mutauro wechiGiriki, asi ndezvenguva Afro-asiatic mutauro mhuri. Kunyora uye zivo vaIjipiti vekare, izvo chokuita kwokutanga yakareba, masayendisiti vaigona decipher chete kuburikidza Coptic kurzive. mutauro uyu zvikuru VaIjipiti vekare rakashandurwa magwaro nokupeta zvemadzitateguru avo. Kusvikira remakore rechi19, mutauro Coptic raishandiswa yokunamata, uye gare gare watopiwa rinorondedzerwa panhengo vakafa.

Pyramid - the dzigare mairi wezvakavanzika

Zivo vaIjipiti vekare vaiva hwaro nesayenzi yemazuva ano. Hapana dzomunyika saka haana mberi saizvozvi, uye chero venyika panguva iyoyo paiva kwete yemhando musha hurongwa. Zviri muzvinyorwa, zvakanga akachengetwa zvivako izvi, tinowana yokutanga pautano. Vanoudza sei kuporesa dzechimwe kukuvara uropi, kupendwa, chii nemiriwo zvirape isu kubva zvimwe zvirwere. VaEgipita aiziva chii nyeredzi dzokudenga, nei vanoonekwa usiku uye apo richanyangarika masikati. Mukuwedzera, vekare muIjipiti wemasvomhu - ndicho zvatinodzidza kuchikoro nhasi. Mavhoriyamu nemifananidzo, nhamba mukanyiwa uye parameters ose mukana wokuti vanhu vanga vane asingazivikanwi uye bara - zvakanzi yagadzirwa kunyatsoreva Mumupata murwizi.