Kunyanyisa kune ... Zvikonzero, zviratidzo, mhando uye pfungwa yekunyanyisa. Nzira dzokurwa nadzo uye kudzivirira kwekunyengera

Dambudziko rekumanikidzira rakakanganisa nyika dzakawanda. Chiitiko chekusarura chisimba chinotora nguva yakareba uye inotyisa. Hondo yekare yevanhu vakawanda yakatungamirira kumasangano evanhu vakavhengana umo ruvara rweganda romunhu, rwenyika, rwechitendero kana rudzi rwomunhu rwakagadzirisa mutemo wake. Asi nanhasi, pakati pezvikonzero zvinokonzera kunyanya kunetseka, pane kuwedzera kwakasimba mumhosva dzinokonzerwa nechisimba chinokonzerwa nekusawirirana kwemadzinza, zvechitendero, uye kusarudzi. Kurwisana nekumanikidzira kunokosha zvikuru. Nokuti huwandu hwekutsvaga uye rusarura kune vahedheni vanowanzotora huwandu hwemagariro evanhu, uye kuuraya kwakasiyana-siyana uye zviitiko zvekubatwa zvisina kunaka zvinokonzera kunetseka pamusoro pekukura kwechisimba chinoparadza munzanga. Kupesana nekunyanyisa kune imwe yemabasa makuru ehurumende ipi zvayo. Ichi ndicho chivimbo chekuchengeteka kwake.

Pfungwa ye "kupesana"

Iyi pfungwa inobatana zvikuru nekudarika. Kunyanyisa kuve kuzvipira kune mafungiro uye zvematongerwe enyika kune zviito zvakanyanya mukuona uye kusarudzwa kwemaitiro mamwechete ekuzadzisa zvimwe zvinangwa. Izwi rinoreva mukushandura "kuguma", "kutsvaga", "kushamisa", "kunyanya". Kunyanyisa kune imwe nguva inopesana nevanhu varipo, zvivako uye masangano, vachiedza kuputsa kusimba kwavo, kuisa mvura kuti vaite zvinangwa zvavo. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitwa nechisimba. Kunyanyisa hakusi kungoregererwa kwemitemo yakawanda inogamuchirwa, mitemo, mitemo, asiwo kuipa kwehutano hwevanhu.

Mamiriro ekunyengera

Kunyatsoteerera kune zviito zvakakosha uye maonero zvinogoneka chero ipi zvayo yehupenyu hwevanhu vose. Mhosva imwe neimwe ihwo huwandu hwehutsika hwemagariro evanhu, mararamiro akaoma ekurwisana kwevanhu, nzira yokubuda nayo, asi hatitauri kuti kuparwa kwemhosva kunopisa. Nemhaka yokuti pfungwa idzi dzakasiyana. Kunyanyisa kunofanira kunzwisiswa sezviri pachena zvakajeka. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanotsanangura zvinopesana nechisimba sechibatanidzwa, kuzvipira kune zviito zvakanyanya uye maonero (kazhinji mune zvematongerwo enyika). Vanocherechedza kuti kupedzisira kunoratidzika muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu hwehupenyu: zvematongerwe enyika, hukama hweterethnic uye hune interethnic, hupenyu hwechitendero, nzvimbo yezvakatipoteredza, unyanzvi, mimhanzi, mabhuku, nezvimwewo.

Ndiani anonyanyisa?

Izwi rokuti "mhirizhonga" rinowanzobatanidzwa nemunhu anoshandisa uye anodzivirira chisimba kupesana nemitemo inowanzogamuchirwa yevanhu. Dzimwe nguva vanhu vanonzi vanhu vanoedza kuisa kuda kwavo munzanga kuburikidza nemubatsiro wekumanikidzira, asi kwete sehurumende kana huwandu hwebumbiro remitemo. Panewo mamwe maonero, maererano nekudzvinyirira kusati kuripo uye kwete nguva dzose ikozvino, iyo inoratidzwa nechisimba chinokonzera. Somuenzaniso, muongorori wechiChirungu mubasa rake anotaura kuti kurwisana kwechisimba (satyagraha) yeMahatma Gandhi muIndia muenzaniso wehutsva hutsva hwekunyengera. Nokudaro, kupedzisira kunogona kuonekwa senzira yekutsoropodza zvikuru mitemo yepamutemo, asiwo mitemo yevanhu - mitemo yehutsika yakagadzwa.

Youth extremism

Kuwedzerwa kwevechiduku muRussia - chinhu chinoshamisa, chinopesana neBrithani, mairi iyo yakaonekwa muma 50-60 yezana remakore rechi20. Izvi zvinotarisa kuti hazvikwanisi hutano hwekugadzirisa nyaya iyi mumabhuku epamutemo. Mune maonero edu, kune matambudziko akawanda asina kuongororwa ane chokuita nekutsvakurudza nekudzivirira zvemhosva dzechimiro chinopesana chinowanikwa nevechidiki mukati meboka. Kunyanyisa muhupenyu hwevechidiki kunoramba kuchiwedzera. Izvi, semuenzaniso, kufamba kwakadaro seganda, antifa.

Kuipa uye Kuvhiringidza

Kupisa mhosva kwechirango chinhu chisina mvumo, chisinei nehutano hwevanhu kana boka revanhu rinotarirwa kuita zvido zvavo (zvinangwa), zvichibva pane zvakanyanyisa pfungwa, zvematongerwo enyika uye mamwe maonero. Kutevera uku kunzwisisa, zvakanyatsotenderwa kutsigira kuti zvese utsotsi hwose chiratidzo chekunyengera. Kuipa kunoenderana nekuratidzwa kwezvikwata zvakasiyana-siyana hazvikwanisi kuongororwa zvizere pasina kuongorora kukanganisa kusina kunaka kwevanhu uye kushamwaridzana kwayo nekugadzirisa simba rehurumende uye hutano hwevanhu.

Racial-nationalist extremism

Sezvo zvidzidzo zvehupfumi hwechokwadi hunosimbisa, chimwe chezvinyanya kufanana ndechokuti nyika inopedzeresa. Sezvo mutemo, ichi chiratidzo chekuona kwakanyanya munharaunda uye pamusoro pekubatana pamwe kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana uye madzinza. Chimwe chezvikamu zvechinangwa chezvipikiso izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvinyorwa mumarudzi avo ose, uye kwete rudzi, sezvinowanzotaurwa muzvinyorwa, zvesayenzi nezvimwe zvinyorwa. Kuvhiringidzika kwakave kuchizivikanwa kuvanhu kubvira kare, sezvo simba pamusoro pevanhu vakakomberedza rakatanga kutora kubatsirwa kwezvinhu uye saka rakava chinhu chezvinangwa zvevanhu pachavo. Vakaedza kuzadzisa chinangwa chaidiwa neimwe nzira. Panguva imwecheteyo, vakanga vasina kuvhiringidzika nemitemo yetsika uye zvipingamupinyi, mitemo yakawanda inogamuchirwa, tsika, zvido zvevamwe vanhu. Ichi chinangwa nguva dzose uye nguva dzose chinonzwisisika nzira, uye vanhu vaifarira kune zviremera zvemasimba havana kumbomira kunyange vasati vashandisa zviito zvakashata uye zvechisimba, kusanganisira kuparadzwa, hurumende yakasununguka, hugandanga.

Historical background

Kunyanyisa kwakambovapo kubva pakuvapo kwesangano rakarongeka. Mumazuva akasiyana akaonekwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Kunyanya, muGreece yeGreece mahedheni yakaratidzwa nenzira yekusawirirana kune vamwe vanhu. Nokudaro, mumabasa evanozivikanwi vekare vazivi vechiGiriki Aristotle naPlato, kushandiswa kwezita rokuti "chibharo" ("barbarus") kana kuti "vagari vehurumende" pamusoro pevanhu vanovakidzana vanoonekwa. Izvi vakazviratidza kusaremekedza kwavari. VaRoma vakashandisa zita iri kune vanhu vose vasiri vemuGiriki kana vasiri maRoma, asi pakuguma kweMambo weRoma shoko rokuti "mutorwa" raishandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu emarudzi akasiyana-siyana eGermany. Izvo zvakafanana zvakaonekwa muChina yekare, apo vavakidzani veMambo weChechi vainge vakaonekwa semasango uye ane utsinye vemamwe marudzi. Zvokupedzisira zvakanzi "zvokudya" ("vanowanikwa" uye "imbwa") kana kuti "aya" ("vanhu vana").

Nyanzvi mundima dzezvemagariro evanhu uye mitemo inotenda kuti zvikonzero zvinokonzerwa nekunyanyisa zviri muhutano hwevanhu. Yakasimuka panguva yekuumbwa kwetemotiodhi. Zvisinei, kupedzisira kwemazuva ano muRussia kunogadziriswa nehuwandu hwemagariro evanhu, vezvemitemo, vezvematongerwe enyika, vechitendero, hutungamiri, hupfumi uye humwe hutano hunoitika mune imwe nzvimbo nzvimbo yepakati pezana remakore rapfuura. Kuongororwa kwebhuku rinokosha pamusoro pechinetso ichi kunoratidza kuti mune chero mamiriro ezvinhu, kusagadzirisa kune zvakasiyana zvakasiyana zvevanhu uye zvemhosva. Mukuwedzera, kukanganisa, sezvinoitwa nenyaya dzose dzevanhu, zvinoratidzirwa nekusiyana kwezvakaitika.

Zvinenge zvose zvirongwa uye mutinies, izvo zvakapfuma mumhuri nepamusoro pepasi rose, zvinomirirwa, maererano nemutemo wezvino iye zvino uye hurumende yehutano huripo, zvisingasviki kunze kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemapoka evapanduki avo vaitsvaga kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvematongerwo enyika. Asi panguva imwe chete maiva nemapoka emapoka evanhu-okutsvaga kwekushungurudzika kweudzvinyiriri, kuparadza uye kurwisana kunomunhu wacho, uye kwaive kunewo masangano ekutsvaga mhosva. Pfungwa yokuti mumakore ekuma1920 yakaronga uipi (zvichida mumutauro waro wemazuva ano) haina kuitika, haigoni kuonekwa seyakarurama. Mushure mezvose, zvidzidzo zvezvakaitika kare zvinoratidza kuvapo kwebazi ramagadzirirwo emapoka evanhu, semuenzaniso, mu-pre-revolutionary uye Odessa vehurumende hondo nguva, uye zvinoratidzwa kuti mabasa evanhu ava mapoka emagandanga aiva ehupenyu uye zviratidzo zve simba (pamwe nebasa reGubernatorial neFrance). Kunyanyisa uye utsotsi zvakabatana. Vapambi vemhosva chete vanowanzobatsirwa nezvinhu zvenyama kana simba, uye vanopisa mhosva vanodzivirira zvezvematongerwe enyika, zvechitendero kana zvemarudzi, izvo zvisingatauri chido chekunyama.

Kupomerwa mhosva muSoviet Union semutungamiri wesangano rinopesana muRussia

Mumakore makumi maviri ezana remakore rapfuura, panguva yekushandiswa nehutungamiri hweSoviet Union yezvinodaro New Economic Policy (NEP), mapoka evapanduki akarongeka zvikuru mumamiriro ehupfumi. Vachifukidza mabasa avo, vakazviita pasi pekukanganiswa kwekambani-makambani uye zvimwe zvivako zvemari zvakafanana. Uipi huripo hwakangodaro hwakadzorera hutungamiri hwavo mushure mekutora kwakasimba kwakaitwa nehurumende nechinangwa chekuregedzerwa kwambotaurwa kwekuparadza nokuuraya.

Kupera kwekuchinja kwehupfumi mumakore ekuma1920 nekupera kwema1930 kwakatangazve kutonga kwehuwandu hwemhosva hwakarongeka. Nguva imwechete iyo inoratidzwa nekumuka kwechiitiko chemhosva che "mbavha-mumwene", uye nesayenzi uye nhau dzemashoko vanotaura mafungiro akasiyana-siyana pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwayo - kubva pakubuda kwemazvirokwazvo kurongedza zvisikwa nehurumende kuchengetedzwa kwenyika munzvimbo dzekuregererwa kwechisununguko nechinangwa chekupa kusinganisa kune zvingaita sangano revasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika uye kuvadzora . Munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri uye mumakore apfuura-hondo, pakanga paine kuwedzera kwechipiri kwehutongerwo hwehutano hwakarongeka nenzira yechibharo. Muzvidzidzo zvezesayenzi, izvo zvinoratidza kuti utsotsi hwakarongeka hausi chinhu chitsva chevanhu, zvinonzi nezvekuonekwa kwahwo muma1950 ... Kurwisana nemakwikwi, mauto ehondo akabatanidzwa, zvikwata zvakakosha zvekurwisana nehurumende zvakagadzirirwa mukati mezvematongerwo enyika , Iyo yakabudirira kuburikidza kusvika pakati pemakore ekuma50, apo uwandu hwekumhanyira pamusana pehutano hwakaoma hwakatorwa nehurumende hwakaderera zvikuru, uye mapoka acho akadzimwa.

Nokukurumidza kwaive nemashoko pamusoro pekuparara kwehupombwe pasi pehurumende uye kuregererwa kwevashandi vezvigadzirwa zvemhosva uye mhirizhonga muUSSR. Izvozvo zvakapedzisira zvichinyanya kuparadzirwa kwemhosva yeSoviet era, chaizvoizvo, zvakavanza kupedzisira kupera kwemaitiro ehutano hwakarongeka hwehuwandu hwezvemhosva, kuoneka, pamusoro pemamiriro ekudengenyeka kwehukama hwehupfumi hwehutongerwo hwehupfumi, hupfumi kana, sezvazvaizivikanwa kare sevasayendisiti, "economic-mercenary" maitiro.

Kufamba kwevechiduku muUnited States uye USSR

Mumakore makumi matanhatu ezana remakore rechi20. MuUnited States pakasimuka musangano hutsva hwevechidiki, unofambidzana zvikuru nemapoka emimhanzi. Kunyanyisa muhupenyu hwevechidiki kwave kuri kubvisa kubva panguva iyoyo. Nhengo dzeboka idzva dzainzi mazvipi, kana kuti "vana vemaruva." Mukupera kwema 70 - kutanga kwema 80 zvechiitiko chakafanana chinoitika muU.SR. Hippies muUnited States yakaratidza kuva simba rakajeka panguva yekurwa nevanodzoka zvakare uye vanochengetedza. Kusiyana neAmerica "maruva vana" avo vakapikisa, vakarwisana nehondo yakanga iri kuitika muVietnam, maSoppi aSoviet akarwisana nehurumende yekuzvidzivirira kwenyika. Kusiyana nehurongwa hwesimba, vechiduku veSoviet vakazvigadzira ivo pachavo. Kubvira pakati pemakore 1970, kufamba kwechi hiki muUnited States kwakaramba.

Sangano revechidiki muU.SR, chaizvoizvo, rakava tateguru wevose vakatevera vechidiki mafambiro, kusanganisira vakanganisa.

Nguva yePost-Soviet

Mhirizhonga inotevera yekupandukira hutsinye yakarongeka yakarondedzerwa mundima yenzvimbo yeSoviet shure kwekupera kwezana remakore rechi20. Pamusana pekuzivikanwa kwevanhu vanoita zvehutano uye kushanduka kwevanhu. Izvi zvaive zvakakonzerwa nezvinhu zvakadai sekusunungurwa kwenhamba yakawanda yevasungwa, kuparadzwa kwemapurisa ekare emapurisa, nhamba shomanana uye nepamusoro-soro hwehutano hwezvitsva , kupera kwenzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika, kuongororwa kwehutano hwehutano hwevanhu, uye kusagadzikana kwevanhu. Racket uye mhirizhonga yakatsvaga sangano. Pamwe neizvi, kufamba kwakasiyana-siyana kwevechiduku kwakatanga kuoneka: anarchists, vashandi vesimbi, rappers, nezvimwe zvakadaro. Chitendero chezvematongerwe enyika uye zvezvematongerwo enyika zvakapararira mune zvidzidzo zvehurumende zvehurumende. Hondo kuChechnya yakanyanya kuwedzera mamiriro acho ezvinhu. Chitendero chezvematongerwo enyika uye zvezvematongerwo enyika chakatanga kusimudzira mapoka akawanda emagandanga eIslam. Sekuita kwevanhu, hutsika dzakasiyana-siyana hwemarudzi hunokanganisa hutsika hweSlavic hwakatanga kuonekwa: skinheads, maBolshevik emarudzi, vemarudzi, nezvimwewo. Kune izvi zvose, kuwedzera, chikwata uye rudo rwejeri zvakavhenganiswa. Mushure mechinguva, kurwisana nefascist kukanganisa kunotanga kukura muvanhu. Sangano rokuti "Antifa" rinooneka. Uyezve kune kuchinja kwemasangano evhiriki emakwikwi ebhola mu "madiki" mapoka. Mafungiro uye mazano ehurumende iyi yakakweretwa muBrithani (pamwe chete nevarimi veavo vanenge vose mabhodhi ebhola munyika). Kubva pakati pemakore makumi mapfumbamwe nemakumi mashanu, kuwedzera kwechikwata chevanhu vane hutano hwakatanga kuve nekunyengera. Kurongwa kwemapoka evapanduki vakapinda munguva yekukurumidza kukura. Yakanaka yezvigadzirwa zvemichina uye nhumbi, kusimba kwehukama hwepasi pose pakati peTSO neOCG kwakaita kuti mapurisa ave asina kugadzikana navo. Zvimwe zvinokonzera kusagadzikana uye kusungwa kwema1900 zvinosanganiswa nehupfumi hwevanhu, zvematongerwe enyika uye zvehondo. Kuratidzwa kwakadaro kwakakura kwekumanikidzika uye kumhanyisa muhukuru hwenyika yakamanikidza hurumende yehurumende kutora mamwe matanho.

Makore zviuru zviviri

Muzana remakore rechi20. Mamiriro ezvinhu ari kuchinja nekutangira kwematambudziko emagariro. Nzira dzekare dzezvematongerwe enyika dzisina kukodzera. Chokutanga, izvi zvinoreva kudzorerwa kwavo, kubudirira uye kuchinja kune maitiro matsva. Vane masimba vakakwanisa kubvisa mhirizhonga ndokutanga kutora matanho ekudzivirira kupisa simba, kunyanya kufamba kweIslam. Mumakore gumi apfuura vakashinga vakapinda maperembudzi, vadzivisi vavo - "Antifa", nyika. Movement "ultras" yakawana kunyange kukurumidza kukuru. Kupikisana nekunyanyisa kune rumwe rutivi rwehurumende kwainyanya kunetseka nemasangano emagandanga eIslam uye kuparwa kwemhosva. Izvi zvinonzwisisika, sezvo zvaimirira dambudziko guru. Nokudaro, kudzivirira kukanganisa hakuve kwakakanganisa kufamba kwevechiSlavic. Panguva imwecheteyo, dambudziko rezvematongerwe enyika rinotungamirira pakuumbwa kwekukurudzira. Anokurudzira zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushora zvivako, izvo zvinoshandiswa zvishoma, zvinangwa zvekukwezva vanhu kune dzimwe pfungwa nematambudziko emagariro evanhu. Pano inzvimbo inotungamirira inotambidzwa nekupikisa, kwete kupikisa. Mukupindura, masangano ehurumende-inoonekwa. Iko kunewo mutengo wemagetsi.

World Trends

Munyika yakakura pemitongo rwokufamba zvainanga kuchinja pfungwa dzevanhu. Saka ikozvino kunongova huru nhatu kufamba kwakadaro: Anti-globalists, neoanarhisty uye vanoona. Anti-globalists - separatist kufamba kusunungurwa National uye Kuchengetedzwa dzemadzinza yokusiyana. Neoanarhisty nyasha kuramba centralized hurumende midziyo kubva pasi, uye kutonga kwenzanga pamusoro mamiriro. Dzezvakatipoteredza, sezvo Chirungu aiongorora enyika pepfungwa John Shvartsmantel, - sangano dzakanangana nekugadzirisa mumwe matambudziko - tipone. It ndehwokuti kudzidzisa uye kutsoropodzwa anthropocentrism, vakagamuchira soro pamwero huchangotanga maindasitiri nzanga iyo munhu postulated sezvo mukuru ari zvakasikwa. kufamba izvi anogona kuita nenzira mbiri: kuva ramangwana superideologiya kana nhete-kwezvakatipoteredza kufamba. Pakurwisa hurumende anotora nguva yakawanda nesimba kubva zvose munyika njere masangano uye vatevedzere mutemo.

Mhando magariro masangano

Kusiyanisa pakati magariro munharaunda uye mhosva nokushamwaridzana zvisapinda munhu uye kodzero vemo, zvinofanira kuva pamusoro zvinotevera chikonzero.

1) Anokanganisa Magariro kufamba kusikirwa chinangwa kwemhosva, uye anovandudza hurongwa uye / kana kuti mamiriro kuurayiwa kwavo.

Chinangwa nemutadzi kushamwaridzana pacharo chisimba vemo, zvichiita zvakaipa utano hwavo, chido chacho kuramba kuzadzikisa mabasa avo ehurumende kana kuita zvimwe pamutemo mabasa.

2) Anokanganisa Magariro munharaunda akasikwa kuti chiduku kana nepakati mhosva.

Kusanganisa mhosva mabasa chokuita mhosva severities zvose.

3) The mwero kufamba vakasikwa nepfungwa kugadzirira mhosva ane mwero hunhu maererano nedzinza, enyika, zvechitendero kana nenyika kuvengana.

Kuvapo motifs izvi kunodiwa, ari STRUCTURAL zviri hurumende munharaunda. Evasingatombonamati tsotsi Kusonganirana ingangoumbwa nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, izvo vasiri kutsoropodza.

zvabuda

Saka, Paaipedzisa kutaura, tinogona kugumisa kuti ano hurumende - mumwe inoparadza mananara. Zvinokanganisawo kwete chete yeruramisiro, asiwo zvavo kuti mafungiro uye upenyu. Nokuti vazhinji vaida kuchinja kuitwa nhasi anenge zvikamu zvose ehurumende, rinorema pangozi hurumende inomira nenzira kubudirira. Saka, chero tsvakurudzo munharaunda iyi hakusi kuti vamwe, akangouya vachiedza kuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu uye kunzwisisa Fani iyi, uye Ukuwo - kukura inoshanda matanho neutralize ari kuratidzwa kunaka chokubuda zvikuru ngozi. Kutadzisa hurumende vezvitendero zvose (kusanganisira aifarira-hurumende) ndiyo kiyi kubudirira kukura chero vanhu. Chero kufamba iyi mhando kutanga. Vachinyunyuta Kana muvanhu anowedzera zvikuru mukanyiwa pamusoro pemitongo nevanovhota, muchadenga muchidziisa kukwira mariri. The chidzoke masangano evanhu - iri rinotevera pachikuva. Kutaura zvazviri, mumwe vharafu unoshanda munzanga. Kureva, nenzira iyi makakatanwa ari Reset. Zvisinei, pane imwe chikumbaridzozve, iro rinoteverwa pasocial kuputika. Pakurwisa hurumende haafaniri kuvimba chete pamusoro simba. Avanotarisira kupa chete kwekanguva kushanda.