Kunoitwa - a ... Ndechipi Kunoitwa: tsanangudzo

Shoko rokuti "Kunoitwa" yakatanga kushandiswa weRoma wenhau Josephus Jewish kwakatanga I remakore AD. Akashandisa shoko basa rake "Against Appiona" izvo nharo yakakurumbira yegirama iyoyo. Kunyange zvazvo Josephus aiva muRoma kudare uye kunyange akatora zita rake mukukudza mambo, aiziva chete mutauro wechiGiriki umo akanyora uye basa rake.

Nokudaro etymological nemidzi rokuti. Wokutanga hafu shoko rinoshandurwa kuti "Mwari", wechipiri - "pepeta". Saka, tinogona kugumisa kuti Kunoitwa - mufananidzo hurumende umo mutongi mukuru ane zvose ehurumende uye zvechitendero simba.

kunyatsogona

Kazhinji gavhuna anogamuchira chinzvimbo waMwari mutevedzeri mundima nayo anodzora. Asi ichi hachisi chete tsananguro. Mumwe kududzirwa rokuti zvinoreva kuti munhu wacho pachayo Mwari mukuru.

Kunoitwa - nzira dzekare uye gare gare Ages vanhu kutsanangura zvose. In maonero vanhu mumwe chitendero kwainge guru basa. Zvaikosha chaizvo kuti hapana simba haana kunganzi kana hazvina kupiwa mwari kana pantheon vanamwari zvakadyiwa vahedheni.

Kunoitwa, clericalism uye secularism

Pfungwa Kunoitwa hunonyatsobatana kuti clericalism. Izvi political kufamba mukati hurumende, izvo anoda kusimbisa kodzero uye kukosha kwevafundisi. By uye huru, Kunoitwa ndiyo inonyanya mwero clericalism. Izwi inowanzoshandiswa muirondedzere evanhu vemazuva ano, kusiyana tsika zvaiitika kare uye kuMiddle Ages. clericalism kuitwa nhasi haisi zvikuru achibatsirwa masangano ezvitendero (semuenzaniso, machechi), asi nokuda enyika zviridzwa - social kufamba uye mapati.

Kusiyana uku Muitiro pane vakomana chakajairika - secularism. Maererano nepfungwa iyi, hurumende uye zvechitendero masangano vanofanira zviripo voga kubva mumwe. Misimboti secularism enshrined mu mitemo uye emitemo pamusoro muzvizhinji rokunyika inoti, apo pasina chitendero chepamutemo. Chimwe chezvinhu unoshamisa uye kukosha mienzaniso pachake pfungwa izvi kwakaitika pakarepo mushure 1917 chimurenga, apo Bolsheviks vakauya simba kunyimwa chechi pfuma uye kuparadzanisa kubva muboka revatungamiriri. Muvambi pfungwa secularism runoonekwa kuna Epicurus, uyo ari ake zvokutsamwa kwouzivi nharo vashumiri kunamata vanamwari vechiGiriki vekare.

mienzaniso theocracies

Kunoitwa First ainzi mamiriro wevaJudha, kana izwi akapinda Iosif Flavy kutsanangura simba vanhu vake. Zvisinei, nenguva isati yavapo umambo chete nokutonga dzechitendero. Kwakadaro kwakanga umambo muEgipita, apo waFarao rokuremekedza kwaireva gavhuna Mwari panyika. A zvakafanana kunogona kuwanikwa hweRoma, apo madzimambo vakaziva vanamwari. Vazhinji vavo - ndiko munyika umambo. Zvawanyora anopfuurira Islamic caliphs, uyo vaiona musoro Sunni vaMuslim zvose.

Islamic Kunoitwa

Zvimwewo Kunoitwa wechiMuzirimu dzinoratidzwa ngwariro chaiyo kuzadzika mitemo yaMwari. Sharia mitemo kusimuka Korani, dzinoshanda vose. Chokutanga, States akadaro makadanirwa Caliphate. Chokutanga izvi rakavakwa muprofita Muhammad muna VII. Pashure paizvozvo, vatsivi vake akawedzera simba Islam kuMiddle East, North Africa uye kunyange Spain.

Zvisinei, kubvira ipapo rave nguva refu. Kunyange zvakadaro, somuenzaniso, muna Iran uye Saudi Arabia achine matare ose inobva Koran mitemo. The nevaPezhiya ndivo Shiites uye avo musoro yechitendero ane kodzero pane purezidhendi. Somuenzaniso, ibasa yakawanda vashumiri vane, kusanganisira avo anokonzera National kudzivirira.

In Saudi Arabia, zvematongerwo muchimiro hurumende ndiyo mutsivi of Caliphate. The mambo ane simba mhedziso uye kuti kutyora Sharia mutemo munhu aigona kunangana rufu.

vaBuddha

Nyanzvi kazhinji nharo kuti Kunoitwa yakadaro. Kutsunga ane dudziro zhinji. Mumwe wavo zvinoratidzwa muBhudha. Muenzaniso - Central Tibetan sangano, icho zvikuru replicates zvaidiwa yapfuura mamiriro yacho mushroom mamongi. Kubva pakati pezana remakore XX, vaitarira ake ari muutapwa mushure nechisimba Chinese People Uto.

Zvisinei, mutungamiriri yomudzimu Tibetan vaBuddha - ari Dalai Lama - ane simba guru pakati pamakwai ake, akapararira pasi pose. Vanhu funga iye zimukadzimu Mwari panyika, kuti anobatanidza hurongwa ane kwechiIslam, uye vamwe.

City waMwari

tsika yechiKristu nheyo yacho Kunoitwa iri bhuku "City waMwari." Zvakange zvakanyorwa V remakore. yezvechitendero Augustine weHippo. Uye kunyange zvazvo asingadi kushandisa izwi amene mubasa rake, asi rinotsanangura ichocho nomuenzaniso. Maererano naye, mumwe Kunoitwa - guta raMwari, umo rose upenyu hwakarongwa maererano nesungano mutemo.

vagari varo havana kutyora mirairo uye kurarama zvinoenderana. In kufanana ichi panewo guta Earth. Ndiye zvinopikisana kuratidzwa kwake Mwari. Mitemo mukati maro takatsunga nevanhu pachavo, uyo wega yokudada, vakasarudza kuti vakanga vasingagoni kurarama netsika dzechiKristu. Nemamwe mashoko, vakanga vakashora Mwari. Maererano Augustine, zvichienderana kusarudza wenhare vafa munhu vachatongwa pazuva rokutongwa. Vose avo vanoramba mitemo kudenga, kugehena, apo vakasarudzwa guta raMwari vanoenda kudenga.

Basa rakanyorwa nokukurumidza pashure kuRoma yakatorwa uye sacked nokuda Goths, izvo zvakawedzera zvinoitika muupenyu zvakafanorongwa kufara nemunyori. Kunewo Avreliy Avgustin hurukuro pamusoro pevane masimba. Zvinonzi inopiwa naMwari, zvinoreva kuti vanhu vanofanira sezvarinoreva. Pfungwa iyi richashandiswa madzimambo Mutsvene hweRoma Mumazana emakore.

Vatican

Contemporary Kunoitwa Christian - ndiye Vatican. It iduku mamiriro munyika. Hazvina akazvimirira uye inotongwa Pope, anonzi baba vaKaturike zvose zvomudzimu.

Kusvikira 1929, panzvimbo yayo yaiva yemisangano States, izvo kwakasimba makore XIX remakore akatora hafu Italy ano. Uyu dzekare Kunoitwa. simba iri kuonekwa naMwari. Changamire Vatican kunotsanangurwa kuti Holy See, uye ine Papa. Uyezve, uyewo ndiwo musoro Catholic Church.

Power pamusoro wake haasi chete nomutemo, asi munhu wakakwana uye pasina munhu kuda. The Pope akasarudzwa kuti upenyu kubudikidza conclave - the vafundisi musangano chechi huru. The kusarudzwa nzira wanamatira kuti XIII remakore.

History of kwebasa raPapa

maonero aya rekare chehurumende. Tafura rinotaura pamusoro periodization nhoroondo kwebasa raPapa, zvingasanganisira munhu muzvizhinji kuti nzendo. Chokutanga chaiva musoro namahwindo munharaunda, apo vaKristu vakatambudzwa nevaRoma vainamata mwari wavo, apo yakadzika pasi pevhu. Uye chete ari IV remakore Kesari Constantine akaziva chitendero, uye Baba akawana simba. Zvisinei, kana aishanda chete kuboka. Asi pamwe kuwa zvenyama simba iri Europe Institute of pontiffs zvakanga zvikuru, sezvo yaiva chete chepamutemo wechiKristu rokuremekedza panguva. The simba kwebasa raPapa yakapiwa munyika yose European Western pakati poumambo. List madzimambo vakanga vaitirei notch pasi papa, yakanga kukuru - nayo yaisanganisira mazita gumi nevaviri.

Raiva chimiro yaingowanikwa simba hurumende. Royal mazita nezvomunda risinganyanyi tichienzanisa Pope. vatongi European akateerera uye akateerera Baba Vatsvene, kunyanya nyaya zvikapesana mumwe. Pope kuti simba dzakapararira Church mundima dzechihedheni, achidana madzimambo avo muHondo, yakakurumbira zvikuru rinova kudzoka kuJerusarema yapera.

Investiture gakava uye Yokuchinja

State of uri chiKristu hakuna kudaro kare. Vasati ichi, simba vanapapa hwakadenhwa nokuda kufamba vakawanda vezvitendero uye kunyange vatongi venyika. Pano tiri kutaura nezvekuparadzwa kurwira investiture ari XI - XII emakore.

Dambudziko nechokuita ipapo chehurumende. Table Ages vanhu, tinogona kutsanangura makirasi akawanda: vanhuwo zvavo, vatengesi, madzishe. The yokupedzisira aivawo manera, kumusoro waiva mambo Mutsvene Roman Empire (kunyanya anofukidza nharaunda vemazuva Germany). Zvisinei, muna zvakafanana paiva vafundisi, uyo akaita akamiririra Mwari. musoro wake aiva Papa. simba political Recent akawedzera rinenge rose kwakavhiringidza Italy.

Kusanzwisisana nemapoka maviri kwenzanga uye maviri okureva kodzero kuva hune rwakatora emakore anoverengeka. Kutaura zvazviri, kwaiva gakava pamusoro chii chichava Hurumende - venyika kana zvesangano.

Pakupedzisira, vafundisi vechiKaturike vakakunda paakaenda simba, asi ushe hwake haana kugara kwenguva refu kudaro. Sezvo pakutanga Renaissance uye kukura nesayenzi muchiKristu makanga kufamba vaPurotesitendi vanoramba ndiro rine chokwadi Papa uye hwoumwari pfungwa Europe (Reformation). Pashure matatu hondo makore, vafukidza hafu yacho. Zvadaro Kunoitwa akarasikirwa mukana wayo kuva hwaro simba mu Europe.

Kunoitwa muRussia

Kana nyika yedu yaiva umambo, muchinda kana mambo akanga aionekwa somumiririri waMwari (akazodzwa). Panguva iyo kwaiva zita bhishopi, uyo gare gare chikatsiviwa omurume simba Revafundisi. Saka, mutongi Russian, kunyange zvakananga, asi raitungamirwa Church.

Muzana XIX remakore paiva enyika chehurumende kwave vanotsigira nevafungi zhinji uye vanyori. Somuenzaniso, Chechi yave vanotsigira Leo NdiTolstoy, yaakanga kunyange muchechi kubva muungano. Asi muzivi Vladimir Soloviev zvinganaka chokubatanidza Catholic uye Orthodox masangano. Izvi zvingareva kuti chidzoke imwe Kunoitwa wechiKristu yose. It aizounza pamwe ungano mbiri kupfuura munyika, paradzanisa kubva 1054.

With veMubatanidzwa simba Soviet paiva zvenyika uye Kurambwa yeChechi kubva State. Modern Russian Federation ari rokunyika mamiriro, apo pane rusununguko rwokunamata, uye hapana sangano rechitendero haana oga hweHIV.