Kumhanya chiedza mune Vacuum ... uye kwete chete

Munhu nguva dzose kuziva hunhu chiedza, sezvinoratidzwa ngano, ngano, hwakawanda huripo nharo nevazivi uye zvaakazvionera nesayenzi. Chiedza kwagara chikonzero gakava pakati vazivi vekare, uye vakaedza kudzidza nayo munguva panowanikwa Euclidean geometry - 300 BC Atova kuziva rectilinear Mashoko chiedza, zvakaenzana pamakona ose kuitika uye kufungisisa, refraction Fani, vakakurukura zvinokonzera muraraungu. Aristotle aidavira kuti kumhanya chiedza magumo, uye naizvozvo, zvine musoro, uye nokuyerwa kumhanya chiedza hakuchinjiki. A chaiwo nyaya apo dambudziko iri kwayo kunzwisisa yaitonga mberi mhinduro zvakadzama.

Vamwe 900 apfuura, Avicenna akataura kuti pasinei guru kana akanga kumhanya chiedza zviri, mushure zvose, ane finite ukoshi. maonero ichi kwaisava iye chete, asi hapana akakwanisa kuzviratidza experimentally. Genius Galileo Galiley zvinganaka kumwe kuedza mechanistic kunzwisisa dambudziko: vanhu vaviri vamire chinhambwe zvishoma makiromita mumwe mumwe, kupa zviratidzo, rotanga vharuvhu Lantern. Kamwe bato rechipiri kuona chiedza kubva pakutanga rambi, izvozvo anovhura gedhi kwayo, uye wokutanga bato rinotaura nguva okutambirwa kwacho chiratidzo chiedza. Zvino kure kunowedzera, uye zvose inodzokororwa. Zvinotarisirwa kuwedzera kunonoka zvechizarira uye kuti maererano kuita kuverenga pakati kumhanya chiedza. The kuedza yakaguma muna chinhu, nokuti "akanga asiri kamwe, asi nokukurumidza chaizvo."

Chokutanga akayera kumhanya chiedza Vacuum kusvika 1676, muongorori wenyeredzi Ole Roemer - zvinotora okutanga Galileo: yacho yakawanikwa 1609, vana Jupiter Satellite, umo mumwedzi mitanhatu nguva musiyano pakati maviri satellites kuora kwemwedzi kwakanga 1320 seconds. Kushandisa muchadenga mashoko nguva yake Roemer aiva kumhanya chiedza zvakaenzana 222,000? Km muzana wechipiri. Zvinoshamisa zvakanga kuti nokuyerwa nzira pacharo zvikuru yakarurama - kushandiswa anozivikanwa parizvino date dhayamita Earth kutenderera, Jupiter uye dimming Satellite kunonoka nguva anopa velocity chiedza muna Vacuum, kusvikira zuva tsika vakawana nedzimwe nzira.

Pakutanga, mumwe Romer kuedza aiva mumwe chete chichemo - zvakanga zvakakodzera kuyera yepanyika nzira. Zvakatora anenge makore 200 uye Louis Fizeau akavaka tsanzira midziyo umo chiedza danda kunooneka kubva girazi nechokure anopfuura 8 km uye akadzoka. Fineness waiva kuti zvakaitika panzira neshure kuburikidza giya in, uye kana rotational nokukurumidza Makumbo kuwedzera, nguva yasvika apo chiedza haizorambi zvinooneka. The zororo - a minimini. Nokuyerwa mugumisiro - 312,000 makiromita por wechipiri. zvino tinoona kuti Fizeau akanga achiri pedyo chokwadi.

Chinotevera ndechokuti kuyera kumhanya chiedza vakaita Foucault, uyo kwakatsiva Gear sandarara girazi. Zvinokwanisika kuderedza kukura chokugadza kuwedzera nokuyerwa zvakarurama kusvika 288.000? Km pasekondi yoga yoga. No kukosha kwaiva basa rinoitwa uye Foucault kuti Kuedza zvaakanga akasarudza kumhanya chiedza muna svikiro. Nokuti chinangwa ichi nenyere nemvura yakaiswa pakati Fitting nezvionioni. In kuedza ichi, chakange akawana rutapudzo yevanhu chiedza panguva kupararira yaro svikiro zvichienderana refractive indekisi.

Muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19, inguva Michelson, uyo wakayeriswa makore 40 oupenyu hwake kuyerwa pasango chiedza. Korona basa rake rakanga installation pamusoro icho akayera kumhanya chiedza muna Vacuum achiedza anobviswa simbi chubhu kunopfuura hafu makiromita. Chimwe chinokosha budiriro Michelson aiva uchapupu kuti chipi wavelength chiedza velocity ari Vacuum, uye kufanana mureza wepanguva 299792458 +/- 1,2 m / c. kuyerwa kwakadaro rwaiitwa pahwaro yakadzokororwa bhuku ukoshi mita Sokurondedzera vakatenderwa, muna 1983 aine International Standard.

Wise Aristotle chakanganisika, asi izvozvo akatora anenge 2000 apfuura.