Iyo fomu yeokisijeni. Periodic tafura yeMendeleev - oksijeni

Icho chemikemu element oxygen iri munguva yechipiri ye VI-th boka guru rehurukuro shoma shoma yeperiodic table. Maererano nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemashoko, iyi iboka rechi16. Ichisarudzo chakaenderana chakaitwa neIUPAC muna 1988. Muumbi we oksijeni sechinhu chakareruka ndewe O ₂ . Ngatimboongororai zvinhu zvayo zvakakosha, basa rayo mune zvakasikwa uye pfuma. Ngatitangei nezviratidzo zveboka rese re periodic system, iro rinotungamirirwa ne oksijeni. Ichocho chinopesana nechalcogenes yakabatana, uye mvura yakasiyana nehydrogen michina ye sulfur, selenium uye tellurium. Tsanangudzo yezvinhu zvose zvakasiyana-siyana inogona kuwanikwa pashure pokudzidza nezvekugadzirisa uye zvinhu zveatomu.

Chalcogenes inhengo dzakabatana dze oksijeni

Maatomu akafanana pazvinhu zvinoumba rimwe boka mu periodic system. Oxygen inotungamirira mhuri ye chalcogenes, asi yakasiyana nayo mune zvimwe zvinhu.

Inomic masikisi eokisijeni - muvambi weboka - ndeya 16 a. Izvo zvinokonzerwa nemakemikari nehydrogen nesimbi zvinoratidza hukama hwavo huripo: -2. Semuenzaniso, mumvura (H ₂ O), nhamba yeuchiviration ye okisijeni iri -2.

Kuumbwa kwemaitiro akadai ehydrojeni makemikari echalcogenes anoenderana nemhando yakawanda: H ₂ R. Kana zvinhu izvi zvichanyangarika, acids inoumbwa. Chero hydrojeni inokwana ye oksijeni-mvura-ine zvinhu zvakasiyana. Maererano nevasayendisiti, chinhu ichi chisina kujairika chinhu chakanyanya kushaya asidi, uye yakanyanya kusimba.

Sulfuri, selenium uye tellurium vane zviratidzo zvakanaka zvinokonzerwa nemasikirati (+4, +6) mumakemikari ane oksijeni nezvimwe zvisingareviki zvine high electronegativity (EO). Kuumbwa kwemakisikiti echacogen kunoratidza mazita akawanda: RO ₂ , RO ₃ . I-acids inowirirana ine yakagadzirwa: H ₂ RO ₃ , H ₂ RO ₄ .

Zvinhu zvinowirirana nezvinhu zvisiri nyore: okisijeni, sulfur, selenium, tellurium uye polonium. Vatatu vatatu vanomiririra vanoratidza kwete-metallic properties. Iyo fomu yeokisijeni ndiyo O ₂ . Allotropic kugadziriswa kwechikamu chimwe chete ndiOzone (O ₃₎ . Zvose zvinogadziriswa magasi. Sulfur uye selenium yakasimba kwete yendarira. Tellurium chinhu chinonzi metalloid, mudzidzisi wezvino magetsi, polonium isimbi.

Oxygen ndiyo chinhu chinowanzojairika

Zvose zvakagadzirwa neatomu dzepamuviri muhutanda hwepasi zvinenge 47% (kuburikidza nekuyera). Oxygen inowanikwa zvose muhusununguko rusununguko, uye muhutano hwemazana akawanda. Chinhu chakareruka, iyo inonzi O ₂ , inowanikwa mumhepo, iyo inenge 21% yemhepo (nehuwandu). Molecular oksijeni inoputika mumvura, iri pakati pevhu inokwana.

Isu tinoziva kuti kune rumwe rudzi rwekuvapo kwechimwe chemikemikari chinhu chiri muchimiro chezvinhu zvisiri nyore. Iyi ozone igesi inogadzira pamakiromita anenge makumi matatu kubva paupamhi hwepasi pasi, iyo inowanzonzi ozone. Kuwedzerwa okisijeni kunopinda mumakemukoro emvura, mumatombo akawanda uye mumaminerari, makemikari evanhu.

Chimiro cheatomu yeokisijeni

Periodic Table yeMendeleev ine mashoko akazara pamusoro pemhepo yakakosha:

1. Nhamba yechirungu yeiyo chinhu 8.
2. Mutemo mukuru we +8.
3. Nhamba yose ye electrons ndeye8.
4. Iko ejeri yeakisijeni fomu iri 1s ² 2s ² 2p ⁴ .

Muzvisikwa, pane zvitatu zveasotopsi zvakasimba zvakagadzikana nendima imwechete mumutsetse weperiodic, kuumbwa kwakafanana kweprotoni nema electron, asi nhamba dzakasiyana dzeeutron. Iyo isotopes inoratidzirwa nechiratidzo chimwechete, O. Kuenzanisa, regai tipe mufananidzo unoratidza kuumbwa kweiyo isotopes mitatu ye oksijeni:

Properties of oxygen - chemicals element

Pa 2p-sublevel yeatomu, kune magetsi maviri asina kubhadhara, anotsanangura kuonekwa kweiyo oxyidation inonzi -2 uye +2. Mabhiriyoni maviri akabatanidzwa haagoni kukwaniswa, kuitira kuti chiyero cheiyoiyo inowedzera kusvika +4, seyarufa nedzimwe sarcogenes. Chikonzero ndechokushayikwa kwekusununguka kusununguka. Nokudaro, mumakemikari, chemikemu element oxygen haina kuratidza vhidhiji uye degree yehushijiti yakaenzana nenhamba yeboka muchikamu chechifupi che periodic system (6). Iyo inowanikwa nhamba yeiyo oxidative iri -2.

Mumakemikari ne fluorine chete, okisijeni inoratidza chisingaiti chinogadzirisa huni huri hukama hwe +2. IEO kukosha kwemasimba maviri asina kusimba yakasiyana: EO (O) = 3.5; EO (F) = 4. Sezvo mamwe magetsi emakemikari anoshandiswa, fluorine inochengetedza magetsi ayo akawanda uye inokwevera mavhiriji emuvhenekeri kune imwe kunze simba reatomu ye okisijeni. Nokudaro, mune zvinoitwa ne fluorine, oksijeni mutengesi unoderedza, inopa magetsi.

Oxygen isiri nyore

Muongorori weChirungu D. Priestley muna 1774, panguva yekuedzwa, gasi rakasara mukuparara kwe mercury oxide. Makore maviri izvi zvisati zvaitika, chinhu ichochete chakawanikwa nenzira yakachena naK. Scheele. Makore mashomanana gare gare mutori wenhau weFrance A. Lavoisier akasimbisa kuti iye chikamu chemhepo yegesi, akadzidza dzimba. Icho chemikemikari yemhepo yakakosha ndey O ₂ . Tinoratidzira mune zvinyorwa zvekuumbwa kwenyaya iyo ma electrons anobatanidzwa mukuumbwa kwesangano re nonpolar covalent - O :: O. Isu tinoshandura imwe neimwe yezvisaroni yezvisaroni nemumwe mutsetse: 0 = 0. Iyi fomula ye oksijeni inoratidza zvakajeka kuti maatomu ari mumamolekari akabatana pakati peviri maviri akafanana ees electrons.

Isu tinoita zviyero zvakajeka uye tinotarisa kuti chii chinonzi molecule masero e oksijeni: Mr (O2) = Ar (O) x2 = 16x2 = 32. Kufananidza: Mr (air) = 29. Mushonga wemakemikari weakisijeni unosiyana nehuta ye ozone Iro imwe yeatomu yeakisijeni. Nokudaro, Mr (O ₃ ) = Ar (O) x 3 = 48. Ozone inokwana 1.5 yakawandisa kupfuura oxygen.

Physical properties

Oxygen ndiyo gasi risina ruvara, inonaka uye inhuwira (pazvinowanzoshambadza uye mumhepo yakamanikidzwa). Chinhu chacho chinorema kupfuura mweya; Inoputika mumvura, asi zvishoma. Nzvimbo yekunyunguduka ye oksijeni haina kunaka uye iri -218.3 ° C. Pfungwa iyo oksijeni yemhepo inoshanduka zvakare kuva gaseous ndiyo iyo inwaira. Pamamera eO _2, kukosha kwehuwandu huno huno kusvika -182.96 ° C. Mune mvura uye yakasimba, oxygen inowana chiedza chebhuruu.

Kugamuchira oksijeni mu laboratory

Apo oxygen-ine zvinhu, zvakadai se potassium permanganate zvinopisa, gesi isina kujeka inosunungurwa, iyo inogona kuunganidzwa mubhokisi kana kuti test tube. Kana iwe ukaunza mukati memhepo yakachena yendarira, zvino inopisa zvinopenya zvikuru kupfuura mumhepo. Dzimwe nzira mbiri dzeb laboratory dzokuwana oksijeni - kuora kwe hydrogen peroxide uye potassium chlorate (berthollet salt). Ngationei chirongwa chechigadzirwa, icho chinoshandiswa pakuparara kwechipisa.

Muchiedza chekuedza kana bhodhoro rakadzika-pasi, zvakakosha kudururira zvishoma zve bertholet munyu, kuti uvhare nemagetsi nemhepo inotakura tube. Mhedziso yayo yakatarisana inofanira kutungamirirwa (pasi pemvura) kupinda mumucheto uri pasi. Mutsipa unofanira kuderedzwa mugirazi yakazara kana kristallerizer izere nemvura. Apo test test tube neBertolet munyu inopisa, oxygen inosunungurwa. Pamusoro pepombi yegasi anopinda mubhokisi, achidzinga mvura kubva pairi. Apo bhoroji iyo izere negesi, yakavharwa nekumisa pasi pemvura uye yakashandurwa. Iyo oksijeni inowanikwa muongororo iyi ye laboratori inogona kushandiswa kuongorora makemikari zvinhu zvezvinhu zvisiri nyore.

Burning

Kana laboratori inopisa zvinhu mumhepo, zvino unoda kuziva nekuteerera mitemo yemoto. Hydrogen inopisa pakarepo mumhepo, uye yakavhenganiswa neokisijeni mune chiyero che2: 1, inoputika. Kupisa kwezvinhu mumhepo yakachena kunowedzera zvakanyanya kupfuura mumhepo. Ichi chinoshamisa chinotsanangurwa nekuumbwa kwemhepo. Oxygen mumhepo inenge inopfuura hafu ye55 (21%). Kuvhenekera ndiko kugadzikana kwezvinhu zvine oxygen, semugumisiro weiyo michina yakasiyana inogadzirwa, kunyanya oksijeni yezvigadzirwa uye zvisingabatsiri. Moto mavhenganiswa O ₂ nezvinhu zvinopisa, pamwezve, zvinokonzerwa nemakemikari zvinogona kuva chepfu.

Kuvhenekera kwekenduru yakazara (kana kufanana) kunoenderana nekuumbwa kwekhabhoni dioxide. Chiitiko chinotevera chinogona kuitwa kumba. Kana iwe uchipisa zvinhu pasi pegorosi regirazi kana girazi huru, kupisa kunomira nokukurumidza kana okisijeni yose inopedzwa. Nitrogen haina kutsigira kufema uye kupisa. Carbon dioxide, iyo inogadziriswa, haisati inopindirana nemhepo. Dzakaonesa mvura inogona kuvepo inogona kuona kuvepo kweka carbon dioxide mushure mekupisa kwekenduru. Kana iwe ukapedza michero inopisa kuburikidza ne calcium hydroxide, mhinduro inova yakajeka. Pane chimiro chemakemikari pakati pe calcareous mvura uye carbon dioxide, zvichiita kuti insoluble calcium carbonate.

Kugadzirwa kwe okisijeni pane zvigadzirwa zvemabhizimusi

Nzira yakaderera zvikuru, semugumisiro wekuti mhepo isina mahwendefa O _{2 ma} molecule inowanikwa, haisati yakabatana nemaitiro emakemikari. Mumakambani, taura, pa metallurgical plants, mhepo pane yakadzika yekupisa uye kukwira kwakanyanya kunoputika. Zvinhu zvakakosha zvakadai semhepo, se nitrogen uye oksijeni, viraidza pane zvakasiyana-siyana. Ita kuti mhepo isanganiswe nekupisa zvishoma nezvishoma kupisa kwemazuva ose. Kutanga, nitrogen mamolekemu inoparadzaniswa, ipapo oxygen. Nzira yekuparadzana inobva pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvinhu zvisiri nyore. Nzira yemhando yakashata ye oksijeni yakakodzana neyekusati kwava kunotonhora uye kudengenyeka kwemhepo, O ₂ .

Somugumisiro wezvimwe zvinogadziriswa electrolysis, okisijeni inosunungurwa zvakare, inounganidzwa pamusoro pe electrode inoenderana. Gasi inodiwa nemabhizimisi, makambani ekuvaka mune zvakawanda. Kudiwa kwe okisijeni kunoramba kuchikura, kunyanya chimiro chemakemikari ichichida. Iko inowana gasi inochengeterwa zvigadzirwa zvemabhizimisi uye zvechiremba mune zvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvakagadzirirwa kuratidza. Mikana ye oksijeni inenge yakaiswa mubhuruu kana bhuruu kuti iyananise kubva kune dzimwe gesi dzakasvibiswa - nitrogen, methane, ammonia.

Kemikari kuenzanisa nemaitiro uye maitiro ekuenzanisa anosanganisira O _{2 ma} molecule

Nhamba yehuwandu hwemhepo yakawanda yemogijeni inowirirana nedzimwe kukosha-iyo yakawanda mashekeri akawanda. Chero bedzi munyaya yekutanga kune zvikamu zvekuyera. Nenguva shomanana, chirevo chemuviri we oksijeni uye mashekeri ayo akafanirwa kunyorwa nenzira inotevera: M (O ₂ ) = 32 g / mol. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akadai, ndinonamatira chero gasi rinoenderana nehuwandu hwe 22,4 litita. Nokudaro, 1 mole ye O ₂ ndeye 22.4 malita ezvisikwa, 2 ma moles eO ₂ - 44.8 maita. Nokuenzanisa kwezvinoitika pakati pe okisijeni nehydrojeni, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti 2 masero ehydrogen uye 1 mole yemhepo inopindirana:

Kana 1 mole ye hydrogen inobatanidzwa mune zvinoshandiswa, ivhu re okisijeni richava 0.5 mole • 22.4 l / mol = 11.2 l.

Basa re O _{2 ma} molecule mumasikirwo uye upenyu hwehupenyu

Oxygen inopedzwa nezvisikwa zvipenyu panyika uye inobatanidzwa mukuparadzirwa kwezvinhu kudarika makore mabhiriyoni matatu. Ichi ndicho chinhu chikuru chekufuridzira uye kushandiswa kwemasabolism, inobatsira kukonzera mamolekemu emakemikari, inogadzira simba rinodiwa kune zvipenyu. Oxygen inogara ichidyiwa paNyika, asi mashizha ayo akazadzwa nokuda kwefosynthesis. Musayendisiti weRussia K. Timiryazev aifunga kuti nokuda kweiyo nzira iyi kune hupenyu huri panyika yedu.

Basa re oksijeni mune zvakasikwa uye hupfumi hwakanaka:

• Kunyungudzwa mukati mekufema nekugara zvipenyu;
• Inobatanidzwa mumagadziro e photosynthesis mumiti;
• Icho chiri chikamu chemakemikoro ehupenyu;
• Nzira dzekuora, kuvirisa, kusvetuka kunoitika nekubatanidzwa kwe okisijeni, iyo inoshanda semhijidzeri;
• Inoshandiswa pakutsvaga zvigadzirwa zvezvinhu zvakasikwa zvehupenyu.

Liquefied oksijeni muylinders inoshandiswa pakucheka uye kusungira zvishandisi pamatambo ekupisa. Izvi zvinogadziriswa pamagetsi ekugadzira mashizha, kutakura uye kuvaka mabhizinesi. Kuti uite basa pasi pemvura, pasi pevhu, panzvimbo yakakwirira munzvimbo isina mweya, vanhu vanodawo O _{2 ma} molecule. Oxygen cushions inoshandiswa mukurapa kunowedzera kuumbwa kwemhepo kunoputirwa nevanhu vanorwara. Iyo gasi yezvokurapa zvinopesana nehutano hunoshandiswa mukusavapo kwekusachena kwekunze kwekunze, kunhuhwirira.

Oxygen ndiyo inogadzirisa oxyidizer

Oxygen inokonzerwa nemakemikari ese epa periodic tafura inozivikanwa, kunze kwevokutanga vamiriri vemhuri yemafuta akanaka. Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinonyatsoitika ne O maatomu, kusina halo, gold uye platinum. Nekukosha kukuru zviitiko zvinosanganisira okisijeni, izvo zvinoperekedzwa nekubudiswa kwechiedza uye kupisa. Nzira dzakadaro dzinowanzoshandiswa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kushambadzira. Mune metallurgy, kushamwaridzana kweares ne oxygen kunonzi kubika. Mafuta anonzi Pre-crushed anovhenganiswa nemhepo inopfumiswa neoksijeni. Pachando chakanyanya, simbi inoderedzwa kubva pa-sulphide kusvika kune zvinhu zvisingabviri. Saka tora dare uye zvimwe zvisiri zvesirivha. Kuvapo kweakisijeni yakachena kunowedzera kukurumidza kwehutano hwemagetsi mumapazi akasiyana-siyana emakemikari, engineering uye metallurgy.

Kuonekwa kwenzira shoma yekuwana okisijeni kubva mumhepo nenzira yekuparadzanisa muzvikamu panguva yakadzika yekupisa yakasimudzira kufambiswa kwemazano akawanda ekugadzirwa kwemabhizimisi. Kemikari inofunga O _{2 ma} molecule uye O maatomu seyakakosha mashizha. Izvozvi zvinhu zvechisikigo, zvinogara zvichivandudzwa muzvisikwa, hazvisvibisi zvakatipoteredza. Mukuwedzera, kushandiswa kwemakemikari kunosanganisira okisijeni kazhinji kunowanzoita kuti kuve kwechimwe chinhu chakasikwa uye chakachengeteka - mvura. Basa re O ₂ mukuregererwa kwezvinokonzera zvinotyisa zvemabhizimisi, kunatswa kwemvura kubva pakasvibiswa kwakakura. Mukuwedzera kune oksijeni, iyo allotropic kuchinjwa - ozone - inoshandiswa pakuchenesa. Ichi chinhu chakareruka chine basa rakakura rekusimudzira. Apo ozonizing mvura, zvinosvibisa zvinoparara. Ozone inewo zvinokuvadza pathogenic microflora.