Inhungamiro ipi haana dzinoenderana of Neumann mapurani? Sei muchina mabasa of Neumann?

Nhasi zvakaoma kutenda, asi nemakombiyuta, pasina vazhinji vanogona kuvazve kufungidzira upenyu hwangu, kwaingova makore 70 apfuura. Mumwe vaya vakaita mupiro inokosha kugadzwa kwavo, aiva musayendisiti American Dzhon Fon Neyman. Iye akataura kuti nhungamiro iri iyo ruzhinji kombiyuta uye anoshanda nhasi. Funga kuti of Neumann muchina.

Brief oupenyu mashoko

Yanosh Neyman akaberekwa muna 1930 muBudapest, mumhuri yakapfuma yevaJudha chaizvo kuti aikwanisa vakazoroorwa kugamuchira zita kwamachinda. Kubva pauduku aikudzwa nokuda kunoshamisa mano ose munzvimbo. At 23, Neumann akadzivirira ake miteva chinyorwa mumunda experimental wefizikisi uye kemisitiri. Muna 1930, wechiduku musayendisiti kuti ndishande muUnited States, Princeton University. Panguva iyoyowo Neumann aiva mumwe nhengo Institute for Advanced Study, kwaaishanda sezvo purofesa kusvikira parufu rwake rwokutanga. Neumann zvido dzesayenzi dzaiva pahupamhi chaizvo. Zvikurukuru, ndiyo imwe havaoni ose quantum makanika uye matapparata yokuti cellular automata.

Mupiro Computer Science

Tisati tinoona chii musimboti asingadi kusangana Von Neumann mapurani, zvichaita kuziva nezvekuti musayendisiti akauya pfungwa pakusika munhu ano kombiyuta mhando.

Kuva nyanzvi mumunda wemasvomhu kuputika uye kuvhunduka mafungu mukutanga 1940s, of Neumann aiva consultant nesayenzi pane imwe mumarabhoritari ose zvombo Office States Army. In kuwa muna 1943, akasvika muLos Alamos kubatanidzwa kukura Manhettenskogo chirongwa panguva pachavo kukoka mutungamiri wayo Roberta Oppengeymera. basa simba kuverenga implosive compression ari mabhomba bhomba aitarisira kuti yakaoma guru raitwa pamberi pake. Kurigadzirisa raida kadambari guru, izvo pakutanga akaita pamusoro macalculator ruoko-wakaitwa, uye gare gare IBM raMwari zvemaziso tabulators, uchishandisa punchi makadhi.

Von Neumann vakapedzisira vava kuziva mashoko mberi kwezvisikwa Electro-zvemaziso uye zvakazara zvemagetsi makombiyuta. Nokukurumidza, akanga kufarira pave EDVAC uye ENIAC makombiyuta, zvichiguma basa akatanga kunyora "The nekubatwa mushumo pamusoro EDVAC» wokutanga, akaramba konekwa, umo iye akapa masayendisiti pfungwa zvachose itsva ive, chii chinofanira mavakirwo kombiyuta.

Nezvinodzidziswa of Neumann

Computer nesayenzi muna 1945 vakasvika standstill, sezvo makombiyuta zvose zvinochengeterwa mundangariro zvayo nhamba kupatsanurwa pane rechi10 chimiro, chirongwa yokuita akavhiyiwa vakanga wakasiyiwa akagara chigamba emadziro jumpers.

Izvi kungogumira zvikuru simba makombiyuta. The budiriro chaiyo yaiva musimboti of Neumann. Muchidimbu vanogona kuratidzwa mumwe mutongo: yezwi binary nhamba maitiro uye nheyo chirongwa kuchengetwa.

kuongorora

Funga zvinotaurwa iro kunobva mashoko dzenhoroondo of Neumann muchina mamiriro, muudzame:

1. Enda binary gadziriro yacho grade

Izvi musimboti Neumann mapurani rinobvumira kushandiswa husina pfungwa mudziyo.

2. Software kutarisirwa zvigadzirwa kadambari Machine

Computer oparesheni inotongwa chine mirayiro akaurayiwa mumwe pashure pomumwe. Development wokutanga muchina ane chirongwa mudura ndangariro, chakaratidza kutanga zvirongwa ano.

3. Data uye mapurogiramu zvinochengeterwa mundangariro kombiyuta pamwe chete

Muchiitiko chino, zvose Data uye chirongwa mirayiridzo zvakafanana nzira achinyora binary ino, saka mune zvimwe zvinhu pamusoro pavo zvinokwanisika kuita zvakafanana zviito sezvo mashoko.

tsvangurudza

Mukuwedzera, mavakirwo Fonneymanovskoy muchina ane anotevera zvinhu:

1. ndangariro nzvimbo vane kero izvo rakaverengwa consecutively

Kuburikidza kushandisa nhungamiro iyi, zvakakwanisika kushandisa variables mune zvirongwa. Zvikurukuru, chero nguva, unogona kureva imwe ndangariro nzvimbo nokuda kero yacho.

2. mukana zvimiso bazi iri chirongwa

Sezvambotaurwa, mapurogiramu mirayiro vanofanira zvandakatonga sequentially. Zvisinei, aigovera mukana kuti yezwi chipi chikamu bumbiro.

Sei of Neumann muchina

Uyu wokuenzanisira kwemasvomhu chinosanganisira okuchengetera (ndangariro) , imwe svomhu pfungwa chikwata (ALU), kuzvidzora, uye kwezvavakaisa goho namano. Mirayiridzo All chirongwa zvakanyorwa ndangariro mumasero iri munharaunda, uye mashoko nokuda processing navo - mune zvemasanga munzvimbo.

chikwata Chero kunofanira:

• ichitoratidza izvo mashandiro anofanira anoteererwa;
• ndangariro Sero kero umo zvinochengeterwa yepakutanga data, akati oparesheni hanya;
• Sero kero iri kunyora mugumisiro.

Izvi mirayiro yakananga akavhiyiwa musi ALU chiyamuro Data akaurayiwa uye migumisiro zvakanyorwa ndangariro mumasero, kureva. E. Tuvana muchimiro akakodzera unozotevera kubudiswa muchina, kana chakasvitswa kuti goho mudziyo (tarisisa, aidhinda, etc.) Uye akaita kuwanikwa munhu.

GAC anodzora zvikamu dzose kombiyuta. Kwaari kune mumwe mudziyo anogamuchira anonongedzera-mirayiro "zvokuita", sezvo anogamuchira ruzivo pamusoro chii vari nemamiriro mamwe mano.

Ari kuzvidzora mudziyo ane mazita chaiyo inonzi "chirongwa yemabhuku" SC. Mushure kudhanilodha Data uye mapurogiramu vanoyeukwa IC rinochengeta kero 1st chikwata chacho. GAC inoti kunze zviri kombiyuta ndangariro kamuri kero iri UK, uye nzvimbo yacho "murayiro kunyoresa". Kudzorwa chikwata anosarudza kuvhiyiwa unoenderana murayiro chaiwo, uye "manotsi" mashoko ari kero raanotaura nayo kombiyuta Gwaro. Zvadaro, ALU kana Hardware kombiyuta mberi kuti oparesheni, pashure izvo zviri SC dzinoshandurwa mumwe, m. E. Achitaura inotevera murayiro.

tsoropodzo

Zvazvakaipira Contemporary Perspectives of Neumann mapurani anoramba kuva nyaya gakava. Chokwadi kuti michina akasika mazano Arayirwa ichi nyanzvi kunoshamisa, kwete vakakwana, zvakanzi akacherechedza kare.

Saka, kuongorora matikiti mu kombiyuta sayenzi inogona kazhinji kuwana mubvunzo "Chii musimboti asingadi dzinoenderana of Neumann mapurani uye chii kutadza ine."

Kana mhinduro kune vapedzisira hazvo zvinofanira tsanangurai:

• kuvapo kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro musiyano pakati mukuru-pamwero mutauro zvirongwa uye murayiro hurongwa;
• pamusoro dambudziko vayanane OP uye processor bandwidth;
• pamusoro zvichiitika Software dambudziko, kwakakonzerwa ndechokuti ayo zvisikwa mari vari kudzika zvikuru kupfuura mari Hardware kukura, uye haukwanisi kupedza bvunzo chirongwa;
• kushaya tarisiro tichitarisa maitiro, sezvo akatotanga asvika wayo yokungotaura muganhu.

Kuti chii musimboti hazvirevi dzinoenderana of Neumann mapurani, tiri kutaura pamusoro sangano vakawanda yakafanana mashoko nehova uye mirayiro pakuona multiprocessor mapurani.

mhedziso

Zvino munoziva musimboti hakurevi dzinoenderana of Neumann mapurani. Zviri pachena kuti zvesainzi haisi akamira, uye zvichida nokukurumidza muimba imwe neimwe ichava itsva zvachose mhando makombiyuta kuburikidza iyo vanhu kuchasvika kuvandudza kukura. Nenzira, kugadzirira bvunzo Simulator Software kubatsira "Von Neumann mapurani". pfuma yakadaro digitaalinen rokudzidzisa aivabatsira ari kuitwa kwemashoko uye zvinopa mukana kuongorora ruzivo rwavo.