Glass - chii uye sei zvinoitwa? ehupfumi regirazi

Mumwe nomumwe wedu kazhinji kuuya mhiri girazi. Chii ichi zvinhu kusimba uye yakajeka, chero wechikoro anoziva. Zuva nezuva tinoona naye nezvionioni, mahwindo, fenicha nemidziyo zviri okunze, asi isu vanoziva nayo? How anogadzirwa, ndizvo uye chii zvivako zviri girazi?

Ko shoko iri rinorevei

Pane zvakawanda nezvinhu kumashure anogona kubatsira panyaya iyi. Chii chinorehwa neshoko rokuti "girazi" ndechimwe chezvinhu dzakakurumbira zvinyorwa? Ozhegova Dictionary nezveunyanzvi fuma iyi sezvo zvinhu hwakasimba yaigadzirwa jecha Goldstone, hwakakanyiwa oxides vamwe simbi. Kunyange tsananguro anopa dzimwe pfungwa yacho kwadzinoita kugadzirwa zvinhu. Asi nyaya iyi isu dzichadzedzereka gare gare.

Chokwadi vose ajaira girazi - ichi segirazi zvinhu. Asi cherechedza - Dictionary Ozhegova anoita kunyatsotsanangura ichi. Glass anogona kuva segirazi kwete chete, asiwo mavara kana frosted. Asi murwiyo kwemashoko mu iyi anosiyana insignificantly.

Chii chinoita girazi

Standard girazi sezvamunoita musanganiswa yakaisvonaka Goldstone jecha, madota uye pasoda. Kushandura zvinhu ehupfumi inogona kushandiswa yokuvirisa siyana. Kunyange zvakadaro, mukuru zvinoriumba constituent chaizvo akachena remurwizi. uwandu Its anenge 75% yose nezvakasanganiswa. Mushaba akazoita utsotso tembiricha iri jecha anenge 2 nguva. Lime inodzivirira girazi pakuona namakemikari akawanda, asi anowedzera simba uye chivheneke.

Additional marara:

• Manganese. Zvinonzi akawedzera girazi kubereka imwe mubvute zvakasvibirira. nickel kana chromium anogona kushandiswa kuwana mamwe mavara.
• Lead girazi anopa imwe chivheneke uye nevamwe kurira. Material vakawana kutonhora kuti ikabatwa. Glass ane admixture mutobvu inonzi sekristaro.
• Oxide boric asidhi uyewo rinopa mamwe Gloss uye pachena mashoko, nokudaro vachiita kuti chafariz kuwedzera coefficient mishonga.

Nhoroondo girazi kugadzirwa

Kunyange 6000 apfuura, vanhu vaikwanisa kusika iyi yakanaka uye kusimba. Chokwadi, chakaonekwa kuti siyanei girazi ano, sezvo muIjipiti yekare uye Mesopotamia vasina zvokushandisa yepamusoro pakuchenesa jecha uye zvimwe zvokushandisa. Kunyange zvakadaro, girazi kugadzirwa akatanga ikoko. Nokuda kuramba kwezvakatipoteredza zvinofurira, mashoko aya akapa venhoroondo pfungwa tsika uye michina yaibvira kupfuura kare vanhu.

MuRussia, wokutanga girazi kugadzira chirimwa akaonekwa 1636. Raiva asiri kure Moscow. Pane zvakasikwa tableware uye hwindo girazi. The kukura zvikuru bazi iri indasitiri akasimuka pasi Peter I.

Chete muna 1859, nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa mukuru-kumanikidzwa pombi akabvumira kusika girazi pasina magirazi blowers. Izvi zvikuru zvakawanda kurimwa. Uye pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, inofadza pfuma mashoko yakawanikwa - kana rapera chigadzirwa iri huru kune mumwe tembiricha, mashoko zvemaziso ehupfumi ari girazi achawanda 400%.

ano kugadzira

Technology akapindira kure mberi, izvo akabvumira kusika chero zvinhu akawanda uye muduku dzevanhu simba mutengo. Pari zvino pane miti yakawanda kuti vane mwero zvigadzirwa hwakagadzwa pave rinoonekera. Ndechipi zvinhu ano wakaita kubva zvakaumbwa quartzite jecha, dzidza kuti vanyatsoziva noruzivo. Somuenzaniso isu kutora jira zvinhu.

Glass kugadzirwa mumatanho:

1. All zvokubikisa zvakafanira vakaremerwa muvira uye neshungu kusvikira anoumba imvura homogeneous guru.
2. In rinokosha homogenizer, chiwanikwa ichi kututuma kusvikira yunifomu.
3. The zvichiguma uremu dzakadururwa kuva sandara mudziyo, pasi riri gaba wakaumbwa. Ikoko girazi riri kuparadzirwa kuumba yunifomu mutete rukoko.
4. The dzaserera uye Rakasimbisa zvinhu anotumwa kuti conveyor. Pane akabata kuzvidzora girazi ukobvu uye okurwadzisa. The acho haana ndohwechokwadi, uye chakaremara zvikamu zvichabviswa vatumirwa kuti smelter.
5. Yakabudiswa okupedzisira yepamusoro kuzvidzora, pashure izvo girazi anopinda yokuchengetera zvinhu rakapera zvigadzirwa.

mhando girazi

Pari, uyu zvinhu ndeimwe yakajairika. Hazvishamisi kuti kune mhando dzakasiyana regirazi, izvo zvakasiyana zvose nechitarisiko uye panyama zvivako. Heano mamwe acho:

1. Crystal girazi. Izvi zvinhu rine kutungamirira kwayo sezvamunoita. Nezvake takataura pamusoro kumusoro.
2. Goldstone girazi. Rine chikamu jecha yakachena, saka zviri zvikuru yakasimba. Kukwanisa kukurira tembiricha akasvetuka, saka inoshandiswa kusika Manyiminya zviridzwa, rabhoritari glassware uye mahwindo.
3. Furo girazi. Lightweight chivakwa zvinhu, izvo zvinogona kushandiswa zvose kuripo kupedzisa uye kuvaka masvingo uye uriri. Rine chikamu vakawanda voids, saka ane yakakwirira chafariz uye kurira kuputira zvivako.
4. Glass shinda. Volumetric mhepo zvinhu zvinosanganisira dzakatetepa uye simba kwazvo shinda. A moto nemishonga, saka rinoshandiswa kwete chete rokuvaka asiwo kusona vemoto uye welders.

Kushandiswa girazi

Zvichienderana zvivako uye chitarisiko ichi zvinhu zvinogona kuwanikwa chero kushanda. The chikuru mutengi kuti kugadzirwa girazi yedu nguva - kuvaka indasitiri. Inoshandisa zvinopfuura hafu kugadzirwa zvinhu. Kugadzwa ake anogona kuva zvakasiyana-siyana - Wall cladding, PANE, kuvaka masvingo mhango nezvidhinha, kuputira, etc. Nokuti kuvaka indasitiri anogona kunzi, uye yakasvibiswa girazi. Ndechipi Gothic hwindo, zvimwe zvose munoziva. Kazhinji, zviri mudungwe zhinji nhamba mavara magirazi zvidimbu. Munguva yedu, iyo yakasvibiswa girazi mahwindo havana kurasa kushanda kwavo uye anoshandiswa zvose pakuvaka uye anogadzira zvinhu midziyo.

Panzvimbo yechipiri kukurumbira vari magirazi midziyo zvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana. A zvishoma zvishoma akaita ndiro. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti makemikari indasitiri girazi chinhu chinokosha zvinhu zvachiri husingakwanisi makemikari akawanda.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Kufanana mimwe zvinhu, girazi ane nhamba nounhu kuti unofanira kuziva usati kurishandisa neimwe nzvimbo.

1. Density. Dzingasiyana zvichienderana musanganiswa anoumba uye nzira gadzira. Ukoshi hwindo arambe achirema ingabva 220 kusvika 650 makirogiramu / m ^3.
2. Fragility. maitiro Ndiyo chepfungwa girazi uye ichikutadzisa kushandisirwa pakuvaka mumunda. Pari, masayendisiti alloys zvikuru kunzwisisa, Kunowanzurudza nesimba zvinhu.
3. Thermal pakusimba. Munhuwo girazi angakudzivisai tembiricha kusvika 90 ° ^C. Mushure kurapwa, mashoko chafariz ehupfumi kwemashoko vowanda kwazvo. Somuenzaniso, maindasitiri girazi anokwanisa withstanding kutonhora pamusoro 200 ° ^C.

dzinonakidza zvinhu

Takadzidza zvakawanda pamusoro girazi - chii anogadzirwa uye chii zvivako. Ndiyo nguva yokuti digress zvishoma uye kuwana zvinofadza zvikuru nezvendima iyi yaizivikanwa zvikuru zvinhu. vanhu vashoma vanoziva kuti:

• Mwero mutswe kupararira pamusoro kugurwa girazi riri 4828 km / h.
• The kudzikisirana nguva mashoko acho anenge mamiriyoni ane makore.
• The girazi inogona remelted kakawanda zvishoma kana pasina kurasikirwa yepamusoro. Panyaya iyi, iye akapotsa hapana analogues.
• Sezvo amorphous zvinhu, yakaumbwa girazi iri Rakasimbisa nokuda nokukurumidza kutonhora. Nokuti mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo inodiwa.

Glass harisi pasina zvikuru kushandiswa kuvaka uye dzimwe zvoupenyu hwevanhu. Zvechokwadi acharamba refu kuramba chimwe chezvinhu dzakakurumbira zvinhu. Kutsigira kutaura ichi, achiti nesimba, mukurumari uye hama nyore gadzira regirazi, chokuita ndechokuti kuurongwa rokusika nayo varipo munyika vazhinji.