Frederic Joliot-Curie: mumwe Biography uye kubudirira

Frederic Joliot-Curie - inozivikanwa evanhu mumiriri uye yefizikisi French. Aiva mumwe vatungamiri uye havaoni of Pugwash Conferences musi Science uye World Affairs, uye rugare sangano. Pamwe chete nomudzimai wake, Irene akagamuchira Nobel Prize muna Chemistry. Nyaya ino kuuya ake pfupi Biography.

Uduku uye dzidzo

Jean Frederik Zholio akaberekwa kuParis muna 1900. baba vomukomana Henri zvikuru zvinobudirira aidaro mune zvokutengeserana, uye amai vangu Emilia aibva mumhuri echiPurotesitendi. Frederick aiva gotwe mumhuri Joliot, rinosvika vana vatanhatu.

Muna 1910, mukomana wakatumwa kudzidza pachikoro chebhodhingi Lakanal. Makore manomwe gare gare, Jean akadzokera Paris uye vakasarudza vanozvipira nesayenzi. Muna 1920, rimwe jaya akapinda High School of Zvakarurama Chemistry uye Physics. Muna 1923 Joliot kudzidza pamwe yakanaka mugumisiro vari boka.

Service uye basa

Frederick akagamuchira dhigirii mapurani. Paaiita zvidzidzo zvake, iye vawana unyanzvi dzakanaka kushandiswa chaikwo wefizikisi uye kemisitiri. Asi kupfuura zvose, Jean aifarira dzinokosha tsvakurudzo. Chikonzero chaiva vasisanetswi Paul Langevin (yefizikisi French). Zvaiva naye Frederick akakurukura zvirongwa zvake zvenguva yemberi, kana akadzokera kumba pashure rechiuto. Pauro akarayira Joliot kuwana mubatsiri ari Radium Institute kuna Marii Kyuri. Muna 1925, Frederick akatanga basa muga- mune nzvimbo iyi. In ake haringakupembedzi nguva, jaya akapfuurira kudzidza wefizikisi uye kemisitiri.

upenyu Personal

The Institute Joliot vakava kuziva mwanasikana kwaMariya ainzi Irene. Kwapera gore, vechiduku vanhu akaroora. Pashure paizvozvo Frederick akatora kaviri barreled unonzi - Joliot-Curie. Mwenga akatevera sutu. Nokukurumidza nomudzimai vaiva nevana vaviri - mwanakomana uye mwanasikana (vaviri vakava masayendisiti mune ramangwana).

tsvakurudzo

Muchato, gamba ino raramba kushanda panguva Radium Institute. Muna 1930 akagamuchira ake doctorate rokureva pakutsvakurudza chezvinonhuwira ari radioactive polonium. Asi, kunyange zvazvo dhigirii, rinenge hapana munharaunda masayendisiti haazivi sei kuti zita Joliot-Curie. Kureva, aizivikanwa zvishoma.

Frederick akaedza kutsvaka zvedzidzo nzvimbo, asi kuedza ake akanga kubudirira. The musayendisiti akanga atova kufunga sei kuwana kemisiti vaiita kuti maindasitiri kugadzirwa. Joliot-Curie akabatsira Zhan Perren. Nemhaka munhu wandaiziva Frederick akahwina bhezari hurumende uye akakwanisa kugara paInstitute. Muna 1930, kuti yefizikisi yokuGermany Walter bothe yakaratidza kuti apo vachiwana nehelium nuclei (inoumbwa ne kuora kuti polonium) Boron uye beryllium, ekupedzisira emit kumusoro rakapinza nemwaranzi.

Kuwanikwa dzidzo okugadzira akabvumira Joliot-Curie kusika vasanonoka detector pamwe pakuvara condensing mukamuri. mudziyo ichi chakanyorwa rakapinza nemwaranzi. Yokutanga yokuenzanisira akabatwa polonium. Muna 1931, Frederick wake akatanga kudzidza. Munguva kuedza, vakaona kuti kana Boron pakati irradiated (uye beryllium) uye detector ndiyo bwendefa rehydrogen tubhokisi zvinhu, kutanga nenhanho nemwaranzi kaviri.

Kuwanikwa itsva zvinhu

Mamwe kuedza akatsanangura yezvakaita okuwedzera mwaranzi. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti rinoumbwa rehydrogen maatomu kuti kana akasangana nemwaranzi kuva zvakarurama kumhanya, kunyange zvazvo Frederick kana Irene hatinyatsonzwisisi musimboti kwacho. Zvisinei, nemhaka migumisiro kutsvakurudza Dzheyms Chedvik muna 1932 akawana Nyuturoni PARTICIPLE, ndicho chikamu maatomu musimboti. Panguva iyo American yefizikisi Carl D. Anderson akanyora pamusoro positrons kuva byproducts panguva kurwisa Alpha tudonhwe aruminiyamu kana Boron.

Irene uye Frederic tsvakurudza kwavo uye kuisa kuedza itsva. The condensing mukamuri ivhu dzinoiswa aruminiyamu uye Boron, uye buri raro yakaguma aruminiyamu foil. Ipapo vaviri vakatanga nemwaranzi Alpha nemwaranzi. The positrons chaizvoizvo tigove dzinounzwa, asi chete pashure wandei maminitsi rakaramba polonium panobva kubvisa achine yavo.

Saka, Frederick uye Irene vakawana kuti mimwe mienzaniso irradiated vari Boron uye aruminiyamu vakanga kuva itsva zvine maatomu akafanana. Mukuwedzera, vanova radioactive. Boron isotope iri kutendeukira senitrogen uye aruminiyamu - phosphorus.

The Nobel Prize

Muna 1935, Irene uye Frederic akanga paakavapa Nobel Prize nekuda kwetunhu itsva radioactive zvinhu. Saka zita Joliot-Curie akanga nokusingaperi akanyorwa munhoroondo kemisitiri. In Nobel ake kutaura musayendisiti anozivikanwa kuti chakagadzirwa radioactive zvinhu inofanira tracers. Izvi nyore zvikuru dambudziko rokuwana uye dzichibvisa siyana zvinoriumba vari chipenyu muviri.

mberi basa

Muna 1937, nyanzvi yefizikisi Joliot-Curie akaramba kushanda panguva Radium Institute. Uyewo, akanga agadzwa purofesa panguva College of France, Paris. Pano musayendisiti akavhura tsvakurudzo muzinda kemisitiri yenyukireya uye wefizikisi. Asi Frederick akamisa murabhoritari, apo vanachiremba vane Profiles vangashanda sei pamwe chete kuti awane migumisiro yakanakisisa. Kuwedzera pakuvaka yefizikisi dzinodzorwa yokutanga cyclotron kuFrance, uko kunobva Arifa nezvimedu sei akaronga radioactive okunze.

hondo

Muna 1939, kemisiti yokuGermany Otto Hahn akaita zvakawanikwa. Akati vezvesayenzi nezvomukana fission kuti uranium exchange maatomu. Zvichitevera izvi, Joliot-Curie akaratidza kuti zviri putika. Yefizikisi pakuziva rakawanda simba akabudiswa munguva fission ane atomu. Kurishandisa, Frederick vakatengwa Norway rinenge rose kupiwa rinorema mvura. Asi tsvakurudzo musayendisiti kwedzimwe yatanga panguva yeHondo Yenyika II. France rwaigara mauto eGermany. Kuita zvakawanda, Joliot-Curie ferried zvose inorema mvura kuEngland, uko vasayendisiti akarishandisa panguva kukura mabhomba zvombo.

urongwa

Panguva payakatora Frederick akaramba muParis. Pasinei nokuti musayendisiti aiva French Socialist Party uye aiva Anti-hwechiFascist maonero, Rave zvinzvimbo zvavo panguva College of France, uye Institute of Radium. Uyewo Joliot-Curie aiva nhengo kurwisa kufamba uye akanga ari musoro "National Front" (pachivande sangano). Uye rabhoritari wake Frederick akashandiswa zvaAtemisi redhiyo michina uye zvinoputika, zvakanga agoiswa varwi of Nemishonga. In pakati hondo, musayendisiti vakatevera muenzaniso mudzidzisi wake, Langevin uye akabatana Communist Party.

Pashure kusunungurwa guru French ari gamba ino ndakagadzwa pambiru Director of National Research Center. Frederick aifanira ndimutsidzire munyika yesayenzi zvinogona. Pakapera 1945 musayendisiti akaita chikumbiro kuna purezidhendi Charles de Gaulle. Joliot-Curie kuFrance aida uvhure Atomic Energy Commission. Makore matatu gare gare, yefizikisi akananga vomurova reactor renyukireya rokutanga renyika. Izvi vachiwedzera mukurumbira wake semusayendisiti uye mutariri. Kunyange zvakadaro, nhengo Frederick ari Communist Party aita zvakawanda hwokusagutsikana. Muna 1950, akasunungurwa kubva pambiru mukuru Commissariat.

rufu

Mumakore okupedzisira oupenyu Frederic Joliot-Curie, ane Biography kwave kukurukurwa apa, yakatsaurirwa kudzidzisa uye kutsvakurudza. Iyewo akatungamirira World Council uye kuitiswa enyika basa. Muna 1956, Irene akafa. Kufa kwake mukadzi waiva Frederick rinorema nokurova. Asi aifanira kudhonza pachangu pamwe chete uye vakaenda vari Institute of Radium. Joliot-Curie uyewo akatarisira pavakwe yunivhesiti idzva Orsee uye akadzidzisa panguva Sorbonne. Nokukurumidza Zvisinei, muviri wake simba kutakura-mberi dzokutambura chiropa uye kushushikana, rakakundikana. Muna August 1958, musayendisiti afa muParis.

Interests uye mibayiro

Nevamwe maitiro Frederick sezvo murwere, nemutsa uye anenge munhu. Akafarira kuverenga, kunyora nharaunda uye kuridza piyano. Muna 1940 Joliot-Curie, iye akava menduru yegoridhe Barnard of Columbia University nokuda kunoshamisa kubudirira kwesayenzi. Uye USSR Frederick paakavapa ari Stalin Prize, vakapa pagore "rugare pakati pamarudzi."