Finno-Ugric ndudzi: nhoroondo uye tsika. Vanhu Finno-Ugric boka ethno-mitauro

Finno-Ugric mitauro dziri chokuita ano Finnish uye Hungary. Vanhu vanotaura navo, vanoumba Finno-Ugric ethnolinguistic boka. mavambo yavo, Resettlement nharaunda, kufanana uye kusiyana zvokunze nemashoko, tsika, chitendero, uye netsika - vanotongwa tsvakurudzo pose muminda kare, anthropology, jogirafi, zvemutauro, uye nezvimwe sayenzi. Muchidimbu kutaura dingindira iri kuedza ichi ongororo nyaya.

Peoples akabatanidza Finnish-Ugric boka ethnolinguistic

Inobva mwero napedyo mitauro, vatsvakurudzi vabatanidzwa Finno-Ugric vanhu vari subgroups shanu.

Hwaro wokutanga kuBaltic uye Finnish, tiri Finns uye Estonians - vanhu, vane zvavo inoti. Vanorarama zvakanaka Russia. Seti - boka duku Estonians - kugarazve muNyika muPskov mudunhu. The kupfuura yakawanda kuBaltic uye Finnish nevanhu Russia - yakarwiwa panzvimbo inonzi Karelia. Kumba zvinoshandisa vemo tumitauro matatu, asi mutauro chaiko zvavaifunga kuti Finnish. Uyezve, kune imwe subgroup tiri Vepsians uye Izhors - marudzi diki kuti akachengetedzwa mitauro yavo uye Vod (vane vanhu isingasviki zana vakarasikirwa mutauro wavo) uye Livs.

Chechipiri - Sami (kana Lapps) subgroup. Unorema vanhu vakamutumidza zita, kugara dzekuma Scandinavia. The Russian Saami tunogara Kola Peninsula. Vaongorori vanoti kare marudzi aya kubatikana zvikuru munharaunda, asi vakazonzi inodzoserwa shure kuchamhembe. Zvino paiva kuzvitsinhanisa mutauro wavo, mumwe Finnish tumitauro.

Chechitatu subgroup chezvinonhuwira ari Finno-Ugric marudzi - Volga-Finnish - Mari uye kunosanganisira Mordvinians. Mari - unorema chavagari of Zimbabwe Mari El, ivo vanogara Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia uye kunyange wandei kumatunhu Russian. Ivo kuona mbiri mutauro chaiko (Zvisinei, izvo, kwete vatsvakurudzi zvose dzinobvumirana). Mordvinians - runodiwa reRepublic of Mordovia; panguva imwe chete inokosha chikamu Mordvins vakagara yose Russia. Sezvo chikamu rudzi urwu - maviri emadzinza, imwe neimwe iine mabhuku mutauro wakanyorwa.

The subgroup wechina anonzi Permian. Unosanganisira Komi, Komi-Perm, uye Udmurt. Pamberi October 1917 padanho kuverenga (Zvisinei, muna Russian) Komi pedyo vakadzidza zvikuru vanhu Russia - vaJudha Russian uye vokuGermany. Panyaya Udmurt, mutauro wavo akaramba zvikurukuru mumisha Udmurt Republic. Kurarama chete maguta, vanowanzoona kukanganwa uye mutauro zvemo, uye tsika.

By wechishanu, Ugric, subgroup zvinosanganisira Hungarians, Khanty uye Mansi. Kunyange zvazvo rezasi kunosvika kuna Ob uye Severnyy Ural wakapatsanura kubva Hungarian mamiriro Danube nemijenya makiromita, vanhu ava here ndivo dzepedyo hama. Khanty uye Mansi zvidiki vanhu North.

Yakatotsakatika Finno-Ugric madzinza

Pakazosvika Finno-Ugric nemarudzi hanya, panotaurwa iyo yava akachengetedzwa chete yaMakoronike. Saka, Meria vanhu vakararama pakati Volga uye Oka rokutanga chemakore AD - pane dzidziso kuti akanga gare gare akabatanidzwa okumabvazuva Slavs.

Zvimwezvo zvakaitika Moore. Izvi - kunyanya kare vanhu Finno-Ugric boka ethno-mitauro, kamwe navanhu Oka dziva.

It vagara madzinza yakatotsakatika Finnish kurarama nenzira rwizi Onega uye Northern Dvina, vatsvakurudzi akadana Chud (maererano imwe pfungwa, vaiva madzitateguru Estonians ano).

A mutauro nevakawanda uye netsika

Kuzivisa kuti Finno-Ugric mitauro seboka, vatsvakurudzi simbisa kuti vomunharaunda sechinhu chikuru chinobatanidza vanhu vanotaura navo. Zvisinei Ural madzinza, pasinei kufanana nemamiriro mitauro yavo, vachiri vakonana kwete nguva dzose. Saka, Finn Ichokwadi kukwanisa kutsanangura kuti Estonian, erzyanin - pamwe mokshaninom uye Udmurtia - Komi. Zvisinei, boka iri dzavanhu munharaunda yakakura kure mumwe, anofanira kuita yakawanda nesimba kuziva mumitauro yavo zvakafanana zvinhu zvingadai kumbokurukura.

Mitauro ukama of Finno-Ugric ndudzi kunogona kurondwa zvikurukuru zvakafanana. kwomutauro hurongwa. Izvi zvinooneka zvarinoita paumbwe mafungiro uye nyika maonero dzavanhu. Pasinei akasiyana siyana, chokwadi ichi kunoita kuti tinzwisisane pakati madzinza.

Panguva iyoyo imwe mhando wepfungwa, nokuda pfungwa muitiro mumitauro iyi Anopfumisa waifarirwa tsika dzavo yakasiyana chiratidzo chenyika. Saka, mukusiyana kuna Indo-European, Finno-Ugric vanhu kurerekera panyaya asina hunhu. Finno-Ugric tsika muzvinhu zvakawanda zvakonzerawo chido vanhu ava kuti kuchinja murunyararo vavakidzani - kazhinji vaisarudza varege kurwa, asi kuti tama apo kuchengetedza kuzivikanwa kwavo.

Uyewo manyorerwo vanhu boka iri - the kubudirana pachena kuti dzinza uye netsika kuchinjana. In kutsvaka nzira kusimbisa ukama chokuita vanhu vaine tsika nevanhu vose vaya zvinovakomberedza. Zvikurukuru, Finno-Ugric dzavanhu akakwanisa kuchengetedza mutauro wavo, zvinokosha tsika okunze. Kukurukura dzemadzinza tsika munharaunda iyi kunogona kurondwa zvavo National nziyo vachitamba, mumhanzi, chetsika zvokudya, zvipfeko. Uyewo, isu achiripo dzakawanda zvinhu zvavo yekare Mhemberero: muchato, pamariro, chiyeuchidzo.

A Brief History of Finno-Ugric marudzi

Mavambo uye mangwanani nhoroondo Finno-Ugric vanhu nanhasi zvichiri nyaya gakava nesayenzi. Pakati vaongorori rinonyanya vaidavira kuti kare maiva chete boka revanhu, mutaure Finno-Ugric proto-mutauro. Madzitateguru of Finno-Ugric marudzi kuguma wechitatu chemakore BC pamberi. e. vakaramba hama kubatana. Vakanga vagara vari Urals uye Urals Western nzvimbo, uye zvichida kunyange dzimwe nzvimbo dzakapoteredza.

In iyoyo, inonzi Finno-Ugric uye dzavo neVadzidzi Indo-Iranians, izvo zvinoratidzwa ngano uye mitauro. Pakati yechitatu uye chechipiri zvemakore BC. e. vaparadzana nemumwe uye Finnish ugric Perm-bazi. Pakati vanhu neyokupedzisira, iye ndokugara kumadokero mirayiridzo, zvishoma nezvishoma akamira panze uye vakatsva oga akazvimirira subgroup yemitauro (kuBaltic-Finnish, Finnish-Volga, Perm). Somugumisiro inonzi yakapedza runodiwa of Far North rimwe Finno-Ugric Sami adverbs kuumbwa.

Ugric boka mitauro akatsemura pakati I chemakore BC. e. Weboka kuBaltic-Finnish chakaitika pakutanga munguva yedu. Perm anyanya rebei - kusvikira muzana remakore rechisere. A guru muchinangwa yoga kukura izvi mitauro vakaita vokukurukura pamusoro Finno-Ugric madzinza, pamwe kuBaltic, Iranian, necheSalvic, Turkic, weGermany dzavanhu.

Mundima kugarwa

Finno-Ugric vanhu mumazuva edu kunyanya vanogara North-Western Europe. Nepariri, vakagara pamusoro yakakura kubva dzekuma Scandinavia kusvika Urals, kuti Volga-Kama nharaunda, rezasi uye pakati Tobol. Hungarians - chete vanhu Finno-Ugric boka ethno-mitauro, akakuumba ravo ezvinhu nevamwe madzinza hama - muna Carpathian-Danube nharaunda.

Kuwanda Finno-Ugric marudzi

Uwandu dzavanhu vanotaura Uralic mitauro (ichi zvinosanganisira Finno-Ugric pamwe Samoyed), ndiyo mamiriyoni 23-24. Kupfuura vakawanda ndivo vamiririri Hungarians. Ndivo vanhu venyika vanopfuura mamiriyoni 15. Vari akateverwa Finns uye Estonians (5 uye mamiriyoni 1, ukuwo). Most vamwe Finno-Ugric madzinza vaigara Russia.

Finno-Ugric madzinza pamusoro munharaunda Russia

Vagari Russian vakadirana chirwirangwe kunyika Finno-Ugric vanhu vari XVI-XVIII emakore. Kakawanda, muitiro pakugadzirisa vari muzvikamu izvi kwakaitika murunyararo, asi vamwe zvizvarwa zvemo (semuenzaniso, Mari) refu uye zvinotyisa vakaramba accession pakati kumucheto kusvikira Russian mamiriro.

pakupedzisira chitendero chechiKristu, kunyora, madhorobha tsika, adscititious Russian, akatanga kutsiva omunzvimbo zvitendero uye adverbs. Vanhu vakatamira kuguta, vakatamira kuSiberia uye Altai nyika - apo mutauro mukuru uye nevakawanda rakanga Russian. Zvisinei, iye (kunyanya ayo nechokumusoro remutauro) akaita kunyura yakawanda Finno-Ugric shoko - zvikuru zvikurukuru saka mumunda mazita nzvimbo uye mazita zvakasikwa.

Places of Finno-Ugric vanhu Russia rakavhenganiswa vokuTurkey, vatendeukira Islam. Zvisinei, zvakawanda izvozvo zvichiri yakanga kutombozivikanwa muchiKristu Russian. Saka, marudzi aya haana vanoumba ruzhinji - kunyange avo chinoda kuti vanotakura zita ravo.

Zvisinei, maererano okuverengwa muna 2002, muRussia mune chaizvo guru iri nhamba Finno-Ugric boka. It Mordvinians (843 zviuru vanhu), Udmurts (anenge 637,000), Mari (604 000), Komi vanhu (293,000), kuti Komi-Permian (125 zviuru), Karels (93,000). Kuwanda vamwe vanhu hakuiti kupfuudza zviuru makumi matatu vanhu vakanga Khanty, Mansi, Veps. Izhors azvidavirire vanhu 327, uye vanhu Vod - vanhu 73 chete. Yavanogara Russia uye Hungarians, Finns, Estonians, Saami.

Kugadzirwa Finno-Ugric tsika muRussia

Gumi navatanhatu of Finno-Ugric vanhu vaigara Russia. Vashanu vavo vane zvavo rudzi-mamiriro inotungamirwa, asi miviri - National uye miganhu. Vamwe vakagara vakapararira munyika.

In Russia opedza wandei pfungwa richengetedzwe nemagariro nokuzivikanwa zvetsika vagari emadzinza. PaNational nemakanzuru pamwero, zvirongwa dzinokudziridzwa achitsigirwa iyo kudzidza tsika Finno-Ugric vanhu, tsika dzavo uye tumitauro.

Saka, Sami, Khanty, Mansi ari kuchikoro chepuraimari, uye Komi, Mari, Udmurt, Mordovian mitauro - mune yechipiri zvikoro munzvimbo idzodzo, pane mapoka makuru nhengo madzinza. Kune mitemo chaiyo tsika, mutauro (Mari-El, Komi). Saka, muna Republic of yakarwiwa panzvimbo inonzi Karelia, mutemo pamusoro dzidzo, hwakagara rworudyi Veps uye Karelian kudzidziswa mutauro wavo waamai. Pokutanga kusimudzira tsika tsika vanhu Act inorondedzera tsika.

Uyewo, zviri Republic of Mari El, Udmurtia, Komi, Mordovia, muna Khanty-Mansi zvionera Area ine pfungwa dzayo uye National kukura zvirongwa. Makasimbiswa uye unoshanda Development Fund Mutsika Finno-Ugric marudzi (ari mundima Zimbabwe Mari El).

Finno-Ugric marudzi: chitarisiko

Madzitateguru of Finno-Ugric avanhu kwakaitika pamusana vachisanganisa paleoevropeyskih uye Paleo-asiatic madzinza. Saka, muna panze vose vanhu boka iri pane zvose European uye Mongoloid zvinhu. Dzimwe nyanzvi kunyange mberi dzidziso nokuvapo yoga marudzi - the Urals, vari "zvenguva" pakati vokuEurope uye vokuAsia, asi Shanduro iyi ine vatsigiri shoma.

The Finno-Ugric ndudzi dziri heterogeneous mune anthropological nemashoko. Zvisinei, mashoko maitiro "Ural" zvinhu nenzira imwe kana mumwe ane nhengo Finno-Ugric marudzi. Zvinoita, sezvinoita mutemo, svikiro kureba, chiedza chaizvo bvudzi ruvara, "kusava nehanya" mhino, yakafara chiso, asi mutete ndebvu. Asi maitiro aya anoratidzwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Saka, Mordvins-Erzya - varefu, dzibate ose blond bvudzi uye maziso ebhuruu. Mordvins-Moksha - nekusiyana, mupfupi, mukuru-cheeked, pamwe zvasviba bvudzi. The Udmurts uye Mari sawanikwa hunhu "Mongol," ziso chaiwo mudanga iri romukati kukona ziso - epicanthus pahupamhi zviso, imwe mvura ndebvu. Asi apo bvudzi ravo zvinowanzoita blond uye tsvuku, uye maziso ake - yebhuruu kana kuchena, iyo kwese nokuda vokuEurope, asi kwete Mongoloids. "Mongolian ukagunzva 'rinowanikwawo Izhora, Votes, Karel uye kunyange Estonians. Komi tarisa zvakasiyana. Apo pane vakavhengana michato pamwe Nenets, vamiririri rudzi urwu kufamba ndakaisa simbi mumakumbo uye bvudzi dema. Other Komi, Ukuwo, kuonekwa ndangofanana Scandinavians, asi zvikuru yakafara-nazvo.

Finno-Ugric chetsika chili muRussia

Vazhinji ndiro tsika chili of Finno-Ugric vanhu Urals uye Trans-Urals Chokwadi, haana rakachengetedzwa kana uchinge nezvinhu misstated. Zvisinei, ethnographers Anokwanisa kuronda zvimwe zvayo mapatani.

Hove rakanga chikuru zvibereko Finno-Ugric marudzi simba. Hakusi chete kurapwa nenzira dzakasiyana (grilled, vyalili, brewed, bika, yakaomeswa, akadya mbishi), asi kugadzirira mumwe mhando yazvo nzira, iyo yaizova nani kusvitsa kuravira.

huru nzira okuvhimisa mumasango kusati kwatombova nepfuti zvikava musungo. Takabata ainyanya dondo shiri (Grouse, Grouse) uye mutambo diki, kazhinji tsuro. Meat uye yehuku ine muto, yakabikwa uye akabika, shoma zvikuru - zvakakangwa.

Vegetables vaishandisa turnips uye radishes, miriwo - kukura watercress musango, mhou parsnip, horseradish, hanyanisi, vaduku goutweed. Western Finno-Ugric marudzi asiri vakadya howa; panguva iyoyo nokuda okumabvazuva, ivo chinhu chakakosha zvokudya. The Mhando tanga zviyo rizivikanwe marudzi avo - nebhari (nesipereti). Kwavari kugadzirira Porridge, kupisa jellies uye toppings kuti mukaravhani soseji.

Modern culinary repertoire of Finno-Ugric marudzi ane vashoma National maitiro, sezvo akanga zvakasimba kufurirwa Russian, Bashkir, wechiTatar, Chuvash nezvimwe cuisines. Zvisinei, anenge ose richiripo imwe kana mbiri chinyakare, pakuzvichenesa kana pakupemberera zvokudya kuti achiripo. Muchidimbu, vanopa pfungwa mukuru Finno-Ugric kubika.

Finno-Ugric marudzi: chitendero

Vakawanda Finno-Ugric vanhu vanonamata kutenda kwechiKristu. Finns, Estonians uye Western Lapps vari Lutheran. Pakati Hungarians hunodzorwa vaKaturike kunyange unogona kusangana Calvin uye vaLutheran.

The Finno-Ugric vanhu vaigara reEurope chikamu Russia, - vakawanda Orthodox vaKristu. Zvisinei, Udmurt uye Mari vanhu vakakwanisa kuchengetedza nzvimbo yekare (animistic) chitendero, uye Samoyed Marudzi nevagari kweSiberia - pechishamani.