Ferghana nharaunda (Uzbekistan): nzvimbo guta

Yakaisvonaka Ferghana Valley iri Ferghana nharaunda (Uzbekistan). Uyu ndiwo mumwe mukuru uye yakaisvonaka dzenyika. Kunounza maguta ekare uye maguta maduku ane tsika nzira. Ferghana nharaunda kuwana mupiro chikuru kuti hurumende upfumi uye ane zvakati afarire ushanyi.

Jogirafi uye Biology

At moyo Central Asia, iri Uzbekistan. Ferghana nharaunda iri kumaodzanyemba chikamu Ferghana Valley uye mumwe 13 administrative-miganhu maruwa enyika. nzvimbo yacho 68 km². Nharaunda inoremekedzwa flat ndima duku yakakwirira pamusoro pegungwa nechokumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva. Mupata inomiririrwa ose nzvimbo: Inochengetedza Altai wemakomo eJudhiya, apo kuchamhembe chikamu inogarwa steppes. Nharaunda iri akapfuma mvura kupfuma. Rivers ruchiyerera kubva kumakomo kuumba yakafara mvura network, izvo anounganidza muna Syrdarya. Zvimwe mvura anopa Central Ferghana Dam.

The yakakunakira nzvimbo rakaorera mumupata inoita akapfuma zvikuru kasvisto uye Fauna of Ferghana nharaunda. zvakasiyana-siyana zvirimwa zvikure pano. Kunyanya zvose nemiti ane tsika, sezvo dzinongoitika uswa - zviri munyu Mafuro, inopedziswa nemashoko oases. Zvisinei, murume afunga nharaunda iyi ive paradhiso chaiyo. Mhuka Zvinoshamisawo chaizvo. Mhuka huru unogona kusangana dzomusango, makava uye mapere. Asi kusiyana mukuru kwemarudzi nezvokuvandudzika mhuka duku neshiri.

Check History

Ferghana nharaunda yaigadziriswa kunyange 1-2 remakore, kana marudzi Turkic siyana akatanga kuongorora nzvimbo. Zvisinei, nzvimbo dzakawanda kare vanhu zvakawanikwa nevanochera ndeyemunguva 7-5 emakore BC. Munzvimbo ibwe maturusi uye zvisaririra pedyo Selengur kupaka zvakawanikwa. In zvachose masayendisiti vakaverenga 13 nemagariro akaturikidzana panyika ino. Sezvo 1709 pamusoro nzvimbo Fergana nharaunda yakanga akasika Kokand Khanate. Shahrukh II uye vazukuru vake aitonga nyika, kuvakoka nemiganhu yayo tichiregeredza nawo anoti.

Muna 1821, akasvika simba kwemakore 12 Madali Khan, ane pasi ushe hurumende yekudyidzana kuwedzerwa muridzi wayo uye kusimbiswa. Khanate aiva akasimba kwazvo chimiro uye simba ravo kusvikira 1842, kusvikira nyika vakatamira mutongi Kyrgyz. Nokuti simba pamusoro uyu yakaorera pakona kuramba chaizvo kurwisana pakati akagadzirisa vanhu uye muArabhu Sart Kipchak. Musoro munyika vari kuramba chakatsiva mumwe. Nhoroondo yacho izere dzakaipisisa Zvikamu. Constant nyonganyonga kwakatungamirira kwakaderera kudzivirira simba munyika kwakazokonzera ndechokuti simba wakabatwa ishe wenyika Bukhara, iyo vakakundwa eRussia pakati remakore rechi19.

Russian uye Soviet nguva

Kubvira 1855, Fergana nharaunda, kusvikira ipapo vaiva pasi pesimba Turkestan, akanga murima nemirazvo hondo. Khudoyar Khan, mubati Bukhara, Kokand, akanga asingakwanisi simba pamusoro pamarudzi akasimuka uye pasi kumanikidzwa Russian tsamwisa kwakamanikidzwa muna 1868 kubvuma kutengeserana chibvumirano pamwe Russian Empire. Zvino Russian uye kokandtsy kupiwa kodzero vakasununguka kufamba, Implementation wezvokutengeserana, nokuti izvo aifanira kubhadhara mutero kuna 2.5%. Khudoyar Khan aiva gavhuna mundima. Muna 1875, Kipchaks akatungamirira Abdurahamnom-Avtobachi vakapandukira chiremera Khudoyar, yakanga akabatana nevafundisi omunharaunda uye vavengi Russian basa. The mutsva simba iri vanhu vanenge 10 zviuru nechisimba munyika, anonyanya Russian, akakomberedza guta Khujand, uye midzi panhare Mahram.

22 August, 1875, General Kaufmann uye nehondo yake vapanduki akagogodza kubva nhare uye akakunda Kokand uye Margelan. Earth vaiva pasi mambo Russian. Zvisinei, achangopera mauto akabvazve, mhirizhonga yatanga zvakare. General Skobelev, uyo rinotungamirirwa weDhipatimendi Namangan, vakaraira akabata nayo vapanduki, uye nharaunda yose Ferghana nharaunda yakanga yakatora kune Russian mamiriro. Skobelev akava mubati Ferghana nharaunda rokutanga. Pashure pokuchinja kuRussia, zviremera zveSoviet zvakauya uye Uzbekistan. Muna 1924, administrative kuchinja akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze, uye ndima, akatungamirirwa Kokand yakava chikamu Uzbek Socialist Republic. Ferghana dunhu - In 1938, chikwata chitsva miganhu rakaumbwa. Munguva Soviet nguva nharaunda ari kushingaira ine Russian vakawanda, ndiyo kwemaindasitiri uye kwezvivako kuvakwa.

Current mamiriro

Pashure pokuwa USSR Fergana nharaunda, iyo nzvimbo vave yekudyidzana akasimbiswa nemashoko zvoupfumi, yava yakaramba chikamu Uzbekistan, izvo akataura ayo rusununguko muna 1991. Muna 1989-90 pane vakawanda kudhumhana pamwe Kyrgyz vanogara, yokutama inotanga. Today Ferghana nharaunda anodzokera ayo nemakore mararamiro. Industrial zvinoriumba anopa nzira kune zvokurima tsika. Area, uyewo zvose ehurumende uye pavezve tsika vaMuslim uye nzira youpenyu, kunyange zvazvo kurara pamwe Russia havazomutswi kurasika. Makore 25 rusununguko, simbisai zvetsika uye zvoupfumi noushamwari itsva. Ferghana nharaunda nhasi rinosanganisa zvaidiwa zvetsika Uzbek nharaunda.

Climate

The Ferghana Valley - rakasiyana nemamwe nzvimbo. Zvakapoteredzwa nemakomo, ine inokosha okunze. Hakusi kuti hapana anonzi parera rimwe Uzbekistan, sezvo pane zvakasikwa zvinenge yakanaka ezvinhu kuti upenyu hwevanhu zvechokwadi. Ferghana nharaunda kwakasiyana nehasha Continental okunze, pamwe asi nepakati muchando uye inopisa yechirimo. Avhareji yechando tembiricha iri -3 madhigirii, zhizha - +28.

The chete drawback yekwataigara okunze vari mhepo yakasimba, kunyanya munguva yechirimo, iyo unoomesa ivhu, takura topsoil, depleting pasi. Nzvimbo zvakare akasiyana zvishoma kwemvura, asi mune mwando zvinodiwa mukurima yakafukidzwa nemvura kudiridza. Ferghana nharaunda kunoratidzwa okunze akanaka, pane ari pedyo kumatunhu mumupata. Pane akatsiga chaizvo nemamiriro okunze, dzinogara shoma unopinza nokufamba. Munharaunda anoenda zvakanaka mamiriro ezvinhu kurima zhinji rudo kupisa-zvirimwa, kusanganisira donje, mupunga, uye tii.

uwandu hwevanhu

Ferghana nharaunda (Uzbekistan) - dzine vakawanda nzvimbo iri zvakakwana. Zviri musha kusvika chetatu chavagari yose. arambe achirema wayo 450 vanhu muzana 1 km². The kwemadzinza Zvinoumba nzvimbo iri siyana. 82% yevanhu - ndivo Uzbeks. Other madzinza anomiririrwa Tajiks duku - anenge 4%, Russian - 2.6%, Kazakhs - 1%.

mutauro unonyanya - Uzbek, asi vagari munharaunda dziri ainyatsoziva Russian, uye vechidiki sarudzo vari kudzidza Chirungu. The chitendero yepamutemo, aizviti ne 95% kwevanhu - Islam. The simba zvokuwedzera kwevanhu munzvimbo 1-2% pagore. Zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera upenyu anotarisirwa, iyo zvino ine zvinyorwa makore 70. Avhareji zera mugari Fergana nharaunda iri makore 23. Vagari nhasi iri kuramba kusimbiswa dzomumaguta munzvimbo.

upfumi

Ferghana nharaunda nhasi vakawanda zvokurima nharaunda. Kunyange zvazvo guta guru munzvimbo - guru zveupfumi uye mumaindasitiri pakati. Heano zhinji emakambani makuru makemikari, zvokudya, chiedza indasitiri, petrochemical indasitiri. Pano anogadzirwa haringakupembedzi zvikamu, fenicha, fetiraiza, girazi, esimende nezvimwe zvakawanda. nomupiro Great emari munzvimbo vachiita mabhizimisi okurima kuti zvikure donje, mupunga, zvipfuwo, ichipa kwete chete mumhuri zvinodiwa, asi kushingaira vanotengesa pamwe nedzimwe nyika. Development uye kutsiga upfumi hunoita kuti dzokubudisa zvicherwa: mafuta, sarufa dioxide, reraimu, izvo zvinokosha nyaya ekisipoti.

Nharaunda anomhanya rin'i njanji, unobva maguta makuru enyika uye nedunhu. The Kureba migwagwa iri 200 km.

The administrative weboka guta uye

Ferghana nharaunda iri muzvikamu 15 fogs - administrative maruwa. Mumwe inotongwa musoro, uyo akagadzwa Hakim. maguta makuru Ferghana nharaunda (Uzbekistan): Ferghana, Kokand, Margilan, Kuvasay - vane mamiriro remunharaunda kuzviisa pasi. Ivo nekutsvaga akawanda yevagari mudunhu.

Fergana

Guta guru iri Ferghana dunhu - rayo guru. The chaizvo zita rinoshandurwa kubva Persian - "akapfuma" - anoti zvakawanda pamusoro penzvimbo ino. Kune vanenge zviuru 350 vanhu vemarudzi akasiyana. Nhoroondo yaro, guta inoverenga pasi kubva 1876, apo gavhuna Russian nyika ino, Gen. Skobelev, akatanga guru idzva. Kwechinguva guta kunyange akabereka zita rake. Nhoroondo Izvi zvinoratidzwa pakuonekwa kwokunze chitarisiko Fergana. Pakutanga zvakanga avaka European manyorerwo muzvivako: musangano Officers ', Post Office, Government House, dzimbahwe yemitambo, kuti Alexander Nevsky Cathedral - izvi zvose zvakanga kutanga imwe guta, atypical nokuti Central Asia. Pano vakaronga kuvaka chete yakarurama migwagwa wakatangwa pakutanga.

Zvikuru Kuwedzera Fergana kuona panguva yaitonga Soviet Union, kunyanya pashure Second World War, kana pane akavaka vazhinji maindasitiri emakambani, dzidzo yepamusoro masangano akasvinurira.

Today Fergana - akanaka chaizvo uye guta zvakasvibirira. Pane akawandisa minda nemapaki. The huru zvinokwezva ndivo House varanda, aichimbova House navatariri - yemitambo, imwe chechi pulp Masjid, mutana nhare.

Kokand

Chimwe chikuru centre - guta Kokand (Ferghana nharaunda). Nhoroondo yaro kunotanga 5-6 remakore. Pano akararama marudzi ekare. Sezvo 1709 ndiro guta guru simba Kokand Khanate. The yakanaka nzvimbo pamusoro Silk Road, uye dzinovimbisa kukura ane pfuma Kokand, iyo nguva dzose chinokwezva nechisimba. The kare muguta - dungwerungwe hondo uye vatongi inochinja. Kubva pakagadzwa simba Soviet guta awana kudzikama, uye pashure kuzivisa rusununguko Uzbekistan anodzokera ayo nyika uye tsika mavambo.

Nhasi, guta riri musha vanhu vanenge 260,000. Pano vanoiswa makurusa maindasitiri emakambani ari makemikari, kugadzira, zvokudya uye ouinjiniya Mazinga. The guta kukurumidza kutanga vashanyire indasitiri: hôtels ichivakwa, akazaruka mamiziyamu, kukura kwezvivako. The huru zvinokwezva ndivo madrassas Norbutabi Kokand (mukupera rechi18), Zhomi Mosque (1800) uye Palace Khudoyar Khan yakavakwa muna 1871.

Margilan

Chimwe rine nharaunda - Ferghana, Margilan. Izvi guta rekare rinonzi guta guru nesirika. Vanyori venhau dzakaitika vakaona kungoda aripo munzvimbo iyi kugarwa nevanhu kunyange 4-3 emakore BC. Nhoroondo guta chokuita kugadzirwa uye basa nesirika. Nhasi ndiro nyika guru nesirika mufekitari, uye iwe unogona kuona vakawanda yacho mulberry nemiti. The guta musha vanhu vanenge 220,000. Huru zvinokwezva zviri Marghilan chirangaridzo Pir Siddique (makore 18), medreses Said Ahmad Hodge (makore 19) uye sirika fekitari "Yodgorlik".