DC injini: nheyo chiito. DC injini: mudziyo

Chekutanga akazogadzira muzana remakore rechi19 kutenderera yemagetsi muchina ari DC motokari. Nheyo kushanda yave kuzivikanwa kubva pakati wokupedzisira remakore kusvikira nguva varipo DC Motors (DPT) kuramba tichishumira nokutendeka munhu, ronyura inofamba zvakasiyana anobatsira michina uye zvigadziriswe.

The yokutanga DPT

Kutanga kubva 30s remakore rechi19 zviri kukura kwavo vaenda mumatanho akawanda. Chokwadi ndechokuti kusvikira pakupera rokupedzisira remakore injini alternators chete kunobva simba aiva muchitokisi galvanic. Saka, zvose rokutanga yemagetsi Motors vanogona kumhanya ari zvakananga iyezvino chete.

Chii chaiva wokutanga DC motokari? The kushanda nhungamiro kweguyo injini kuvakwa munzvimbo yokutanga yezana remakore rechi19, zviri sezvinotevera. Huru munda waiva yakamisirwa akagadzirwa zvachose magnets a kana electromagnets tsvimbo, vasina wemauto namahwindo rinobva vematunhu. Salient-danda armature vakaumba akawanda yoga tsvimbo magnets a ari vanhuwo akabatana, dzakanga rinosundwa sembura uye kukwezva mukupikisa matanda ari inductor. Typical vamiririri vavo vaiva injini W. Ricci (1833) uye B. Jacoby (1834) vakapakata zvemaziso haizoshandisi magetsi ari electromagnets pamwe armatures chinjwa vokukurukura mudunhu iri armature ichitenderera.

Sezvo injini Paanoramba Jacobi

Chii chakanga muchina uyu musimboti kushanda? Engine Jacobi kuramba kuitika uye ayo analogs nhaka pulsating remagetsi torque. Munguva convergence pakati pakatarisana matanda ari armature uye inductor kubudikidza rinobva kukwezvana simba chinonzi motor torque nokukurumidza asvika vaifanira. Zvadaro, kana danda nzvimbo yacho armature pakatarisana matanda iri inductor, zvokuimba chinja uye kuputsa kuitika mune electromagnets ari armature. Torque anodonhedza kuti razero. Nokuda inertia iri armature uye vadzingwa mashandiro chikepe mapango kubva pasi inductor matanda, panguva iyi kubva chinja kuitika iri kusvitsa mu negwara, polarity dzavo kunoshandurwa, uye simba regiravhiti kusvika pedyo padanda iri inductor kunotsiviwa ne chinosemesa simba. Saka, injini rotates Jacobi zvinotevedzana ukapisa murwi.

Rinooneka annular Mbambo

At chinoumba ari armature solenoids injini Jacobi kuitika nenguva akatendeuka kure, ivo pave remagineti vakanyangarika, uye ayo simba iri kuva nokupisa Nokurasikirwa vari windings. Saka electromechanical kutendeuka ano simba panobva armature (electrochemical sero) kupinda zvemaziso kwakaitika mairi intermittently. Chii chaidiwa yakavharwa ne chinoramba injini ichitenderera kuitika izvo kuti iyerere nguva munguva yose nguva huchishanda.

Uye fuhtufn kwakadaro yakatangwa 1860. A Pachinotti. Chii chakasiyana ayo vamutangira DC motokari? Nheyo mudzimu injini uye mudziyo Pachinotti inotevera. Sezvo zvimiso akashandisa simbi mhete pamwe spokes kutsaura wehunyambiri mugodhi. Panyaya iyi, asi chikepe haana salient nematanda. Akava neyavnopolyusnym.

armature coils ichitenderera vakanga muchikuvadza pakati spokes ari mhete, kumagumo ayo zvakabatana muna dzinotevedzana pamusoro chikepe, uye kubva pfungwa maererano nerimwe maviri Coils dzakaitwa pombi zvakabatana nomuteresi ndiro akaronga nechomumugwagwa sekamufarenzi ari nechepasi injini mugodhi, uwandu iyo vakaenzana uwandu Coils. The yose armature yakavharwa pachayo uye Serial kubatana dzinokosha Coils vayo chokuita pedyo nomuteresi mahwendefa, Vaiisa pamusoro peya kuitika zvitengeswa rollers.

The annular chinobata akaiswa pakati matanda maviri wakaiswa electromagnets inductor-stator, saka kuti mitsetse simba vakasikwa navo excitation remagineti akabatanidza rokunze cylindrical pose injini armature kuchamhembe danda excitation vakayambuka annular armature, pasina vasapinda richienda ayo mugomba, uye chinobuda pasi rwezasi danda.

Sezvo injini Paanoramba Pachinotti

Chii aiva musimboti hwezvekuita? DC injini Pachinotti aishanda sezvinoitwa DPT ano.

The remagineti pakati inductor namatanda polarities ichi kwagara imwe nhamba conductors ari armature ichitenderera anoshandiswa nokugara mirayiridzo, sezvamakaropafadzwa inductor pasi akasiyana matanda ari armature ano mirayiridzo yave kuchinjwa. Izvi zvakabatsira nokuisa magetsi nemushonga rollers, izvo vave brushes, ari nzvimbo pakati matanda iri inductor. Naizvozvo armature nguva imwe iyezvino yakayerera kuna Coil kubudikidza chinotenderera, ari muteresi ndiro uye waakaita pacho taps, riri munzvimbo nenzvimbo pakati namatanda, ipapo ikatanga mu wakatarisana mirayiridzo pamwe poluobmotkam-matavi maviri, uye pakupedzisira ikatanga kuburikidza nebazi mutsetse, mumwe muteresi mundiro uye chinotenderera mune imwe interpolar penguva. Mukuita kudaro, coils chikepe pasi matanda ari inductor achinja, asi kutungamirirwa ano kuyerera kumbochinja mavari.

By Mutemo Ampere kuti, mumwe nomumwe muitisi of armature Coil pamwe magetsi ari remagineti ari inductor vedanda, uto zvakatemwa kubudikidza nenzira inozivikanwa kutonga "akasiya ruoko." Hama kuti akabatana ari injini, simba iri kusika torque, uye vakaverenga nguva vehondo zvose izvi zvinopa zvachose nguva DPT, iri kare pasi wandei nomuteresi ndiro riri anenge rusingaperi.

DPT uye ane annular armature ichitenderera grammovskoy

zvakaitika kakawanda munhoroondo zvesainzi, nokugadzirwa A. Pachinotti havana kushandiswa. Rakanga akanganwa kwemakore 10 kusvikira muna 1870 nayo vakazvimiririra haana kudzokorora Franco-German muvambi H. Gramm rakafanana namaapuro of DC jenareta. In michina iyi, akabatana kuti kutenderera ari chinjikira uye rave richishandiswa kabhoni brushes zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope achitevedza nomuteresi ndiro rinenge panguva mazano. Pakazosvika 70 fung makore remakore rechi19 musimboti reversibility pakati nemagetsi michina yazova inonyatsozivikanwa, uye muchina Gramm senzira jenareta uye DC motokari. Its uchishandisa musimboti atopiwa anorondedzerwa kumusoro.

Pasinei nokuti michina yacho rin'i armature raiva danho rinokosha kukura DPT, ayo ichitenderera (anonzi grammovskoy) aiva chinokosha drawback. The remagineti pamusoro inductor matanda ndivo chete vaya conductors ayo (vakaishevedza vanoshingaira), izvo akarara pasi namatanda izvi pamusoro rokunze cylindrical pechiso armature. Kwavari Akaperekedzwa ari rinobva nesimba Ampere, mumwe torque panyaya injini akabatana. Vaya vakaneta conductors kuti nomunyika aperture mhete chikepe haana kubatanidzwa pakusikwa pakarepo. Ivo chete maturo akaparadza simba ari muchimiro kupisa kurasikirwa.

Kubva mhete kusvika Mbambo Drum

Anyorere ainge ichi mhete zvimiso akabudirira 1873 maererano akakurumbira German magetsi F. Gefner-Alteneku. Sei kushanda DC motokari? The kushanda musimboti mudziyo, ayo inductor stator kwakafanana injini pamwe mhete ichitenderera. Asi pamasikiro armature wayo ichitenderera achinja.

Gefner-Altenek akataura kuti vatungamirire armature ano inoyerera kubva yakamisirwa mumakwenzi, mune conductors grammovskoy ichitenderera excitation panguva pedyo nematanda nguva dzose pakatarisana, kureva vanogona vaumbe ari windings rakamiswa kuruvazhe cylindrical pose Coil ine upamhi (nenamo) akaenzana danda nenamo (the sekamufarenzi ari armature, kune rimwe danda kubva excitation).

Muchiitiko chino, zvinova zvisingakoshi dzeraundi makavharidzira buri racho armature, uye ichichinja yakasimba humburumbira (dhiramu). Izvi ichitenderera uye chinobata pachayo vakagamuchira zita dhiramu. Kunwa chemhangura mairi pamwe chete nenhamba vanoshingaira conductors iri shoma zvikuru pane ari grammovskoy ichitenderera.

Anchor giya anova

The michina uye Gramm-Gefner Alteneka chinotsigisa pamusoro akatedza, uye ayo ichitenderera conductors yakarongwa pakakoromoka pakati payo uye matanda iri inductor. Kure pakati concave cylindrical pose excitation matanda uye armature convex pamusoro zvasvika millimeters akawanda. Naizvozvo, kuti pave kutsvakwa remagineti simba kunodiwa kushandisa excitation Coils huru magnetomotive simba (pamwe vakawanda vachichinjana). Izvi ikawanda kwazvo kukura uye kurema injini. Mukuwedzera, kumeso pose armature Coils zvakanga zvakaoma kugadzira. Asi kuti unogona sei kuva? Zvechokwadi, nokuti chiito pamusoro muitisi ane pari Ampere simba anofanira kuva pfungwa dziri muchadenga dzakakwirira rinobva muminda (ane simba rinonzi magnetic nekubudisa arambe achirema).

Zvakazozivikanwa kuti ichi hachisi zvakakodzera. American muvambi H. Bamba pfuti akaratidza kuti kana chikepe vanoita Drum giya, uye grooves akaumba pakati pameno kuisa coils ichitenderera dhiramu, musiyano uri pakati matanda uye excitation zvingaderedzwa kuti zvikamu zviduku ane millimeter. Zvinokwanisika kuderedza kukura excitation Coils, asi torque DPT asingadi shoma.

Sezvo mabasa kudaro DC motokari? Nheyo kushanda inobva pakuti toothed chinotsigisa rinobva simba rinoshandiswa kwete conductors mu cheap car insurance ayo (remagineti mazviri kushanda vasipo), uye zvikuru mazino. Kuvapo kuitika mune muitisi ari paburi vachishoropodza kuti panowanikwa simba iri.

Sei kubvisa Eddy dzenzvimbo

Chimwe kuvandudzika chinokosha akaita nomukurumbira muvambi TA Edison. Chii akawedzera DC motokari? The uchishandisa musimboti haana kumbochinja, asi mashoko kubva yakaitwa ayo Mbambo achinja. Panzvimbo aimbova hombe akanga laminated mutete electrically vasave mumwe nokuda simbi machira. Izvi kwakaderedza pamwero mukuru Eddy dzenzvimbo (Foucault dzenzvimbo) ari armature, izvo zvakawedzera kunyatsoshanda yacho injini.

The kushanda nheyo DC motokari

Muchidimbu anogona akagadzira sezvinotevera: kana unobva armature ichitenderera kufara injini kuti simba rine mairi chinovapo ano guru rinonzi inrush uye kwazvo kanoverengeka ari yavose sezvavakatarirwa ukoshi. Uyezve, pasi excitation matanda pakatarisana polarity nechokugedhi dzenzvimbo iri conductors zviri armature ichitenderera saizvozvo pakatarisana sezvinoratidzwa nomufananidzo pazasi. Maererano ushe, "akasiya ruoko", vatungamiriri ava Ampere anoudza counterclockwise negwara uye anotakura armature kuti tenderera. Muna armature ichitenderera conductors vakafurira electromotive simba (kumashure-EMF), rinotungamirirwa oppositely kune romugove voltage kunobva. Sezvo armature kumhanyisa kuwedzera uye shure-EMF zvayo ichitenderera. Nokudaro, armature ano ipfupi kubva pokutangira kukosha chaienzanirana injini uchishandisa pfungwa unhu.

Kuwedzera kumhanya vachishandisa kutenderera armature, zvakakodzera kana kuti kuwedzera kuitika racho coils kana kuderedza shure-EMF mairi. Ekupedzisira anogona kuitwa kudzikira pamwero mukuru excitation remagineti Akaroromesawo kuitika mumunda ichitenderera. Nzira iyi kudzora kumhanya DPT kwakapararira.

The kushanda nheyo DC injini ine yoga excitation

Nengano nechekuita mukugarisana mumunda ichitenderera zviteshi (Ob) kuti yoga simba tsime (akazvimirira OM) DPT simba raiwanzoitwa kuti yamunenge kudzora pamwero mukuru excitation kuitika (kuti kuchinja rotational nokukurumidza). Musi ehupfumi of DPT pamwe kuzvimirira Ob substantially zvakafanana DPT pamwe Ob, zvakabatana muna zvakafanana pamwe armature ichitenderera.

Shunt DPT

The kushanda Pfungwa yakafanana DC gwenya munda ano iri pakutsvaga zvokuimba hunhu, i.e. kutsamira pane kumhanya vachishandisa kutenderera mutoro torque pamusoro wayo mugodhi. Nokuti vakadaro injini ichimhanya kusiyana panguva achichinja kubva idling kune yavose sezvavakatarirwa mutoro torque kubva 2 kusvika 10%. Izvi zvemaziso ehupfumi dzinonzi aoma.

Nokudaro, chiito nhungamiro imwe DC injini ine shunt kunokonzera kushanda kwayo actuators pamwe kugara nokukurumidza apo guru mutoro kushanduka-siyana. Zvisinei, zviri zvikuru kushandiswa yaidzorwa yemagetsi nemotokari pamwe shanduka nokukurumidza. Uyezve, nokuti ayo kumhanya murau rinogona kushandiswa sezvo shanduko armature kuitika uye munda ano.

Sequential excitation of DPT

The kushanda nheyo DC injini kuti dzino excitation sezvo zvakafanana, zviri pakutsvaga zvokuimba hunhu, izvo hazvisi nyoro, nekuti injini ichimhanya zvinosiyana zvikuru mutoro kuchinja. Aripiko zvinobetsera zvikurusa kushandisa DC motokari? The uchishandisa nhungamiro kuchiteshi traction injini ichimhanya izvo zvinofanira kuderera panguva kukurira murwiyo rinobuda uye kudzokera aizviti inofamba kana nebani zvakazara zvachinotarisana DPT pamwe Ob sequentially kwakabatana kuti armature ichitenderera. Saka, chinokosha chikamu dzemagetsi locomotives munyika vakapakata yakadaro namano.

The uchishandisa nhungamiro imwe DC injini ine nhevedzano excitation dzika sezvo pulsating ano traction Motors izvo vanotova zvakafanana DPT kupindirana RH, asi zvikuru yakagadzirirwa kushanda pamwe kunogadzirisika kare muchikepe Magetsi ane kwemisha ripple.