Cranial tsinga, 12 yegwara: anatomi, tafura mabasa

The tsinga dzinowanikwa muuropi uye kuvakoka kubva mairi, mushonga richinzi cranial kana cranial tsinga (12 nomwe). Ivo innervate omumuviri, tsandanyama, ganda uye dzimwe nhengo iri mumusoro uye mutsipa, uyewo abdominal uye thoracal in.

Ngatimbotaura nhasi pamusoro vakaroorana izvi uye avo kutyorwa dzinomuka maari.

Mhando cranial tsinga

Mumwe nomumwe akati yegwara tsinga runotaurwa pedyo nhamba weRoma kubvira pakutanga kusvika nemiviri, maererano nzvimbo yavo mujinga uropi. Ivo riri zvinotevera kuti:

1) olfactory;

2) kusvibisa;

3) oculomotor;

4) misa;

5) trigeminal;

6) achitsausa;

7) nechiso;

8) Kunzwa;

9) glossopharyngeal;

10) kutsvakatsvaka;

11) Extensions;

12) sublingual.

Izvi zvinosanganisira autonomic efferent uye afferent fibers uye cores dzavo dziri munyika pfumbu nyaya uropi. Zvichienderana murwiyo tsinga fibers, zvose cranial tsinga (12 nomwe) vari rakakamurwa kutsinga dzinouya, injini uye zvakasiyana. Ngationgororei navo panyaya iyi.

nzwisisa mhando

boka iri zvinosanganisira olfactory, rinoonekwa uye auditory tsinga.

The olfactory tsinga vari pezvakaitwa vari nasal mucosa. Kutanga nasal mhango, ivo kuyambuka afoot mundiro uye dzakakodzera olfactory girobhu racho, apo wokutanga dzouropi inoguma uye rinotanga nechepakati nzira.

Kusvibisa vaviri vanosanganisira fibers pakukoka kubva retinal pasikweya uye matanda. All manzwiro tiri chikamu chimwe mudhiramu ari cranial mhango. Chokutanga, zvinoumba kuyambuka, ipapo optic turakiti, uropi hunde circumferential internet optic uye anyatsoronga nzvimbo. Mune imwe tsinga zvinosanganisira fibers vanenge miriyoni imwe (axons pakati Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu of the retina) uye, mukuwedzera, izvozvo unotora mumwe kunze nyinyo, apo mumwe - nechomukati. Tsinga anopinda cranium kuburikidza kuona gwara.

By wechisere peya cranial tsinga dziri kunzwa - 12 yegwara vamwe, kuwedzera izvi zvitatu ndezvaJehovha injini kana yakavhenganiswa. Mugore auditory etsinga fibers tinotungamirirwa kubva pakati nzeve kune nuclei. In nomumwe wavo anopinda vestibular uye cochlear mudzi. Vanoedza kubva pakati nzeve uye vari mukati cerebellopontine yorusvingo.

motokari mhando

Mune rimwe boka 12 yegwara cranial tsinga vari oculomotor, nechigumbuso, mamwe, sublingual uye nzira yokubudisa tsinga.

The wechitatu peya, i.e. oculomotor tsinga ane autonomic, injini, uye parasympathetic fibers. Vari rakakamurwa okumusoro mapazi. Uye chete okumusoro mapazi vari boka injini. Ndivo chikamu tsandanyama kuti anomutsa fungiro.

Unotevera boka rinosanganisira adzikatidza tsinga kuti vatungamirire ziso kutama. Kana tikaenzanisa ose cranial tsinga - 12 nomwe - Ndivo sendarama. Zvakatanga kubva musimboti kusvikira tegmentum, ipapo envelop uropi hunde uye rinotungamirirwa kupinda muchadenga, innerviruya repamusoro oblique tsandanyama kuti mboni yeziso.

Abducens rondedzera kutungamirira ziso tsandanyama. Vane injini chinoumba ari mugomba. Achibva uropi, ivo vakatumwa pevane orbital kutsemuka uku, innerviruya ipapo ziso tsandanyama.

Zvimwe tsinga kuchibva kubva medulla oblongata uye remuromo nzvimbo musana. The nomumwe Midzi chokuita mumwe mugodhi anomuitira nepakaburi uye divisible kuburikidza kwokunze uye dzimwe mapazi. Internal bazi, iro rine fibers munyaya innervation pamusoro dokeriro uye pharynx, zviri vasiyana vagus etsinga.

Uye vokupedzisira maviri 12 cranial tsinga (Table izvo zvivanakire anoratidzwa panoperera nyaya) chokuita injini, ndivo vari hypoglossal etsinga. Mabviro tsinga iri cerebrospinal. Asi, nokufamba kwenguva, izvozvo kwakaita kunyika dehenya. Zviri pachena kuti ndiwo injini etsinga mutauro. Roots kubuda medulla oblongata uye kuyambuka carotid tsinga uye kupinda lingual tsandanyama rinokamukana kupinda mapazi.

vakavhengana maonero

boka iri zvinosanganisira trigeminal, chiso, glossopharyngeal uye vagus tsinga. In vaifara tsinga, ganglia ikoko, zvakafanana vaya varipo vari musana, asi havana kumberi uye neshure midzi. Vane injini uye kutsinga dzinouya faibha mhando vari akabatana mune zvakafanana hunde. Uyewo, vanogona kungova kumativi.

Zvipirei 12 majoko siyana cranial tsinga. Saka, wechitatu, wechinomwe, rechipfumbamwe nezvegumi zviviri vane parasympathetic fibers panguva goho zvikamu vari kutungamirirwa autonomic ganglia. Vazhinji vavo akabatanidza matavi, apo dzakasiyana fibers.

The trigeminal tsinga ine midzi maviri, uko makuru inonyatsoziva uye vashoma - motokari. ganda innervation wavo kuitika korona, nzeve uye chirebvu munzvimbo. Innervation zvakare inobudisa conjunctiva uye ziso nomuapuri, reDhura, mucous - mhuno uye muromo, meno uye mazino, uyewo huru chikamu rurimi.

Trigeminal tsinga yaiva pakati rutsoka cerebellar, pakati, uye zambuko. Fibers vanoziva midzi ganglion avete zvenyama piramidhi pedyo chakaderedzwa mutengo iyo chakaumbwa ine reDhura. Vanoguma ari musimboti etsinga, riri mugomba, uye musimboti musana nzira, kuramba ari medulla oblongata, uye ipapo akatumirwa musana. Motor tsinga mudzi fibers zvinobva kuna trigeminal neerekitironi, riri zambuko.

Kubva ganglion ibvai upper-, yakaderera shaya, uye optic etsinga. The yokupedzisira ari ichigumbura, rakakamurwa nosoresnichny, frontal uye kukuvara. Innervation 12 cranial tsinga maviri dzinosiyana kwete chete pachavo mbiri, asi Dérivés mapazi. Saka, lacrimal tsinga innervates ari lateral kwekona ziso, Rwaipfuura lacrimal shwanu mapazi secretory. The frontal tsinga ukuwo, ari mapazi pahuma uye anopa nayo mucosa. Nosoresnichny anopa yeziso, uye iye abve yekamuri tsinga kuti innervate ari nasal mucosa.

Inonyatsoziva uye maxillary tsinga anomuitira pterygopalatine fossa uye palatal-kusangana chiso mberi. Kubva iye tinobva yokumusoro alveolar tsinga kuti vaende mazino rokumusoro shaya uye mazino. The tsinga anoudzawo pamatama ari ganglion tsinga kuseri mhino yayo mucosa uye nasopharynx. Tsinga fibers vane tsitsi uye parasympathetic.

To zvakavhenganiswa mhando ndiyo mandibular etsinga. It rine injini mudzi. matavi awo kutsinga dzinouya zvinosanganisira buccal tsinga unokupai zvakakodzera mucosal ushno-rwepanyama innervating ganda iri temberi uye nzeve uye lingual, izvo anopa muromo uye shure vakurukuri. Muduku alveolar tsinga iri zvakasiyana. Kufamba yepazasi shaya, painoguma pamusoro chirebvu chake, branching kuno ganda uye mucosa repasi muromo. Mapazi vari akasungirirwa autonomic ganglia:

• tsinga ushno-epanyama - pamwe nzeve kuti innervate ari parotid shwanu;
• lingual tsinga - pamwe ganglion achipa innervation muna submandibular uye sublingual mumasero.

Nechemberi zvinosanganisira motokari uye kutsinga dzinouya cranial tsinga. Mixed fibers kusika mouthfeel. Vamwe fibers innervate pano lacrimal uye mate omumuviri, uye vamwe - pamberi zviviri muzvitatu rurimi.

Chiso tsinga ine injini fibers, kutanga muna okumusoro makomba. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvenguva flavoured tsinga uye parasympathetic fibers. Vamwe pezvakaitwa vari ganglion, zvichiita gustatory fibers ari vagus uye glossopharyngeal tsinga. A kutanga dzimwe mate uye lacrimal nuclei pedyo injini core.

Chiso tsinga kunotanga mongo cerebellopontine yorusvingo, uye ipapo rinobva kuburikidza kupa pamberi auditory meatus. Pane tambo uye dhiramu, achipfuura ari mhango kwakabatana kune lingual etsinga. Hunosanganisira uhwiro uye parasympathetic fibers izvo dzisvike submandibular ganglion.

The chiso tsinga haazotaurwizve pfupa netemberi vakabata mune parotid shwanu, apo intertwining. Nokudaro matavi diverging dzinoshandisa serin'i nenzira. Panguva ino, vose innervated tsandanyama nezveurongwa kutevedzera, uye nevamwe. Branch pamitsipa ari chiso mapazi etsinga mariri subcutaneous tsandanyama.

Glossopharyngeal peya akaziva innervation lacrimal mumasero undovakira rurimi mugove, munzeve uye pharynx. Motor fibers yakanangana stylopharyngeus tsandanyama uye detrusor huro uye vachifunga - nokuti parotid shwanu kuti ushnomu ganglion. The nuclei yomupfungwa izvi, mukusiyana kune dzimwe nuclei vari majoko 12 cranial tsinga, zvakarongwa mugomba - Triangle of vagus etsinga.

Parasympathetic fibers dzinotanga mate neerekitironi. Glossopharyngeal tsinga, kutamira kure medulla oblongata asiwo mutauro chawo. Kubva ganglion tsinga kunotanga dhiramu rine parasympathetic fibers kuripa nzeve ganglion. Next, tanga lingual, mindalikovye uye pharyngeal tsinga. Lingual tsinga innervate rurimi.

Wandering peya zvokurimisa parasympathetic innervation mudumbu uye chipfuva uye mutsipa. tsinga ichi chine injini uye kutsinga dzinouya fibers. Hekuno guru innervation. The vagus tsinga ane Dual moyo:

• dorsal;
• vari voga turakiti.

Achisiya muorivhi pamutsipa, chinoita pamwe neuro-vascular tsapo, uye ipapo mapazi.

kukanganisa

Dysfunctions anogona zvose cranial tsinga - 12 vakaroorana. Anatomy of munzvimbo sei kunoratidzwa pamwero yakasiyana-siyana cores kana miseve. Kuti chirwere, inosimbisa kuongorora intracranial pathological kwendangariro. Kana lesion zvakunoita rumwe chinoumba, uye fibers, chinhu kazhinji, ndiko kutyora mashandiro vamwe kwakakanganisa maviri 12 cranial tsinga.

Neuroscience zvidzidzo Zvisinei, uye zviratidzo nokune rumwe rutivi. Zvino chirwere dhemeji anotenderera. Zvangoitikawo kuti dysfunction pakati tsinga zvakabatana uye kuzvimba, arachnoid chikofu, pute, vascular malformations, nemamwe maitiro akafanana.

The mawa arasikirwa 12 yegwara cranial tsinga, ndiro hyoid uye vagus uye glossopharyngeal, yakazozivikanwa seshanduro bulbar palsy. Ichi chirwere ngozi zvikuru, sezvo pane ndingangokuvara zvokurwara anokosha nzvimbo uropi hunde.

Zivo topographic nzvimbo cranial tsinga unokubvumira zvakanaka kuziva yakamanikana mugove mumwe lesion. Kuita tsvakurudzo, inosanganisira anokosha nzira. With zvakakodzera zvokushandisa, nhasi zvinokwanisika kuzarura zvose nezvokuzadziswa mamiriro ose fundus, mashoko optic etsinga, rokuongorora munda chiratidzo uye foci kurasikirwa. Nekombiyuta tsvakurudzo achibvumira mukuru-zvakarurama tsvaka ukama nzvimbo.

ophthalmological tsvakurudzo

Nzira iyi inobvumira kuti rione hadzina kufambiswa zvakanaka vari oculomotor, nechigumbuso uye efferent tsinga vakaroorana dzinoratidza shoma locomotor basa eyeballs, exophthalmos dhigirii zvose. Zvokurwara zviri kutarisana uye auditory etsinga zvinogona kukonzerwa kuderedza zviri canal pfupa kana nekusiyana, ayo anoshanda. Chirwere chinoitwa okumusoro cheap car insurance ari muchadenga, uyewo siyana mawindo dehenya.

Verterbalnaya uye carotid angiography

Nzira iyi ine ukoshi nokuda kuziva vascular malformations uye intracranial kwendangariro. Zvisinei, uwane ruzivo panyaya idzi ichapa kombiyuta tomography. It visualizes cranial tsinga hunde dzacho, rokuongorora bundu rinoonekwa uye auditory peya nezvimwe pathologies.

rheotachygraphy

Depth kudzidza cranial tsinga chakaitwa kukura nzira iyi inobvira kuvonga. It anosarudza mamiriro kwatangwa tsandanyama dög uye kutevedzera basa, tsandanyama rurimi, nyoro mukanwa uye dzimwe tsandanyama. Electromyography inokupai kuverenga mwero zvechivhurumukira conduction pamwe hunde dzacho chiso, hypoglossal uye chishongedzo tsinga. Kuti izvi zvidaro, isu vanoongorora nekubwaira dzepanguva mhinduro anopiwa nokuda trigeminal uye chiso tsinga.

Chetsinga kuongororwa uye zviratidzo zvimwe tsinga cranial

nzira iyi akaita nenzira yakananga kuti. It chinotanga kuongorora zviri olfactory etsinga. Cotton shinda zvakakangwa mu anotikurudzira Zvinounza wemhino rave. The optic tsinga kwakaedzwa neziso bvunzo, apo, mukuwedzera zvakananga kukuvara, asingakwanisi kunyange kuziva yechipiri kuchinja. Zvokurwara anogona kupfeka mira chinopedza, anogumbura kana tsinga inogona kuparadzwa zvachose.

Maronda anotevera matatu 12 yegwara cranial tsinga (oculomotor, trochlear uye zvaikosha) kuva chikonzero diplopia uye strabismus. Zvinogona kuitika rokumusoro fungiro ptosis, mydriasis, diplopia.

Abnormalities ari wechishanu vaviri, ndiko kuti, muna trigeminal etsinga, zvichitungamirira Kushatiswa nehanya kudivi kumeso, apo ivo zviripo. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa mutemberi, huma uye cheekbones, maziso, chirebvu uye miromo. Zvinoitika kuti anonzwa kurwadziwa, pane rashes uye zvimwe zvavaifunga. Nokuti chiso tsinga vane Links akawanda, ipapo hangaiwa ichi kunoratidzwa akasiyana-siyana pathological siyana.

Kana kutyora auditory etsinga iri kuipa kunzwa, glossopharyngeal - vasingadzoreki aikanganiswa munzeve, kuti hypoglossal - zvakawanda kufamba mutauro. Kana ari vagus etsinga hwapedyo kuoma nyoro mukanwa uye Vocal tambo. Uyewo unogona kukanganiswa mwoyo mutinhimira, afemeruke, uye vamwe visceral-vegetative mabasa.

Complex zvirwere uye cranial tsinga (12 nomwe): anatomi, tafura

Basa tsinga fibers unogona kutyorwa vaviri voga uye akabatana, pamwe pathologies siyana repasi dehenya. Saka, kana vose tsinga dzinotambura kurutivi rumwe rutivi cranial nechigadziko, hurukuro pamusoro urwere Garcin. Kana ophthalmic yamamota pfupa uye akapfava zvinyama kunoitika chirwere pevane orbital kutsemuka uku. In maronda uye obnyatelnogo uye optic tsinga unovapo Kennedy syndrome.

Izvi uye zvimwe zvirwere inomuka zvose vakuru uye vana. Nokuti vana kunyanya kakawanda kukuvara tsinga dzinoitwa malformations.

Below ndiye mamiriro anogona kunzwisisa pairi nani sei kuti kushandisa cranial tsinga (12 nomwe). Anatomy (tafura kwakavakirwa pazivo kwayo) ichakubatsira kufamba nezvehukorokodzwa hwokushanda mapoka avo siyana.

mhedziso

Isu akatarira vose cranial tsinga - 12 vakaroorana. Kuongorora Kuerekana Warwara tafura basa munyaya varatidze kuti zvose cherpno-chepfungwa tsinga vane kunzwisisa yakarongeka, kune chokuita nomumwe. Uye kana munhu basa iri rakatangwa dzisina kana kwete mabasa zvachose, saka pane kutyorwa.

Well kudzidza cranial zvose tsinga (12 nomwe) patafura. Neurology, vachishandisa mashoko ichi, uye nemhaka yemazuva ano michina chaiyo, zvinokosha mberi kukwanisa nenguva chirwere uye inobudirira kurapwa wevarwere.