Coal: kushandiswa uye kusiyana

Zvakaoma kufungidzira zvimwe zvinokosha kuti vanhu kupfuura chin'ai. Kushandiswa Its ndizvo multifunctional kuti dzimwe nguva chete vakashamiswa. Panguva dzakadaro, nokusaziva mubvunzo Zvinokurumidza, uye rinonzwika zvakasiyana mubvunzo musoro mumusoro mangu: "Chii? It marasha zvose?! ". All wajaira mafungiro marasha chete combustible zvinhu, asi, zvamazvirokwazvo, kuwanda mafomu ndizvo rakafara kuti zvinoita incredible.

The inotungamirwa uye kwakabva marasha vazvo

The kwaita marasha munyika ndohwaJehovha kure Paleozoic yaitonga, apo nyika yakanga ichiri kukura pachikuva uye akanga zvachose mutorwa mhando kwatiri. Órgãos marasha vazvo vakatanga anenge 360.000.000 apfuura. Izvi zvakaitika kunyanya sediments pamusoro prehistoric zhinji, apo mamiriyoni emakore pamusaka makemikari acho.

Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, marasha - ndicho zvasara mitumbi yemhuka vaRafa, muti hunde dzacho nezvimwe zvinhu zvipenyu kuti kunyura kusvika pasi, hunoodzwa uye rikazvisundira pasi mvura mbiru. Pfungwa inotungamirwa deposits hwakareba chaizvo, uye nokuda paumbwe marasha musono zvinoda zvishoma makore 40.000.000.

Extraction kuti marasha

Vanhu kare kare akaziva sei kukosha uye irreplaceable marasha, zvivako uye kushandisa sezvo aigona kunyatsoongorora uye zvinoenderana kudaro pamwero ichangopfuura. Large-pamwero kukura marasha deposits vakatanga chete XVI-XVII emakore. muEngland, uye anobviswa zvinhu rinoshandiswa zvikurukuru nguruve simbi zvakakodzera hwokubereka pfuti. Asi kugadzirwa kwayo nemitemo yanhasi aiva muduku kuti indasitiri yacho haigoni kunzi.

Large-pamwero kugadzirwa vakatanga chete kurutivi pezana XIX remakore. Kana kwemaindasitiri akatanga kusimukira chete vanoda marasha. kushandiswa kwaro, Zvisinei, panguva iyoyo aihuitira chete kuti combustion. Nhasi, mazana ezviuru mumigodhi anoshanda pasi pose, rimwe zuva mugodhi anopfuura makore mashoma ari XIX remakore.

Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana marasha

Deposits kuti marasha vazvo vanogona kusvika dzakadzika anoverengeka makiromita, kutatamura kupinda mukati pasi, asi kwete nguva dzose uye kwete kwose kwose, nokuti zvose kugutsikana uye chitarisiko heterogeneous mhuka.

Pane 3 marudzi chikuru Zvisaririra: anthracite, lignite, uye peat, riri chaizvo vaguely nowenyika marasha.

1. Anthracite ndiye mukuru paumbwe munyika ino mhando, avhareji yezera kwazvakaita ichi makore 280.000.000. Zvakaoma, ane matunhu arambe achirema uye kabhoni zviri 96-98%.

2. Kwoukukutu uye arambe achirema pakati zvisvundu marasha iri zviduku pamwe zviri kabhoni mairi. It ane kusagadzikana, akasundira marongerwo uye zvakazara nemvura, zviri izvo zvinogona kusvika 20%.

3. Peat Kunonziwo sezvo dzakasiyana pamusoro marasha, asi haisati kuumbwa, saka kuti marasha, ane chinhu.

Properties kuti marasha

Zviri ikozvino zvakaoma kufungidzira mumwe zvinhu zvikuru uye zvinoshanda kupfuura mazimbe, dzinokosha zvivako uye kushandiswa iyo aikosheswa. Nokuti raiva nezvinhu uye yeimwe, akanga anongoti chinokosha zvose zvoupenyu hwemazuva ano.

The chezvinonhuwira kuti marasha riri sezvinotevera:

• avhareji volatiles kugutsikana rinosvika 35-40%;

• avhareji dota kugutsikana hakuiti kupfuudza 15-18%;

• avhareji mwando kugutsikana anoda kubva 12-15%;

• avhareji caloric kugutsikana yakaenzana 5500-7000 kcal / makirogiramu.

All yenhengo izvi uye kuti marasha, kushandiswa uye kushandiswa ndiwo multi-dzichipfekeka. Kugadzikana zvinhu zviri marasha, zvinopa akurumidze kuvesa pamwe unozotevera budiriro pamatunhu tembiricha. The mwando zviri marasha kubudiswa nyore mafuta kugutsikana anoita hunokosha kushandiswa Pharmaceuticals uye zvizoro, dota pachahwo anokosha chicherwa zvinhu.

Kushandiswa marasha munyika nhasi

Various mafomu zvicherwa. Coal akatanga chete tsime kupisa, ipapo simba (akashandura mvura ikava chiutsi) ikozvino Ndezvokutongwarira, yaaizova vari risina parinogumira marasha.

Thermal simba kubva combustion kuti marasha ari dzikwanise yemagetsi kwazviri kugadzirwa chemubhotoro kwemakemikari zvigadzirwa akapora mvura mafuta. Coal - chete mhando umo netsvina zviri isingawanzowanikwi nesimbi akadai negermanium uye gallium. Nekuti zvikaramba chemubhotoro muchoto gasi, kupatsanurwa ipapo kupinda benzene, riri kure coumarone nebwe, kuvakoka ari kugadzirwa yamarudzi ose pendi, lacquers, rabha uye linoleum. Vakawana kubva marasha , zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon, phenols uye pyridine zvigadziko. Munguva kubudiswa marasha anowana chikumbiro ari zvaAtemisi vanadium, graphite, sarufa, molybdenum, zingi, kutungamirira uye muzvizhinji kuti vachiri uye iye zvino kunokosha zvigadzirwa.