China: The zvinoumba vakararama echimurenga Crisis

Okoloburzhuaznye yepamutemo umambo uye Bourgeois madenderedzwa, akatungamirirwa Chzhan Tszyanem kukumbira kuti zvinhu, asi munhu mazuvaano wamazvirokwazvo China mumweya amachinda Advisory makomiti zvinodiwa 1909- 1911 biennium. Ityai kambora yeChina kuti yokumusha zvakazoitika, hondo 1904-1905 Russian-Japanese., Paruchaitika Chinese ivhu, tsaona muenzaniso Korea, muna 1910 yakatora kubudikidza Japan, refu Kurwisana yepamutemo kushorwa uye haadi kusiya zvinzvimbo zvavo chiManchu despotism wakasika chezvinonhuwira wokutanga pre-echimurenga dambudziko.

Yaiva chezvinonhuwira Revolutionary democratic sangano inotungamirwa akakurumbira Chinese echimurenga Sun Yat-sen rechipiri. Navo 1894, akasikwa "kumutsidzirwa China Union" kupidigura chiManchu mutemo. Pakazosvika 1905, China kare vaiva masangano echimurenga akawanda. Pasi pokudzora wokuRussia chimurenga yokutanga 1905 uye kurivhura nenguva "kuda Asia" vakatanga kukurumidza kukura echimurenga Anti-chiManchu manzwiro. The National rusununguko rwokufamba mu China wakapinda mudariro itsva. Muna 1905, vachitungamirirwa Sun Yat-sen uye Huang Sina akabatanidza siyana nemasangano echimurenga mu "Association of Union." China zvinoriumba prerevolutionary dambudziko ...

Chechitatu chezvinonhuwira vakararama echimurenga dambudziko raiva unopinza kuwedzera "wekare Chinese bongozozo", kureva. E. Natural uye vakapararira Anti-chiManchu, antinalogovyh yokumukira uye nzara (mupunga) nemhirizhonga, kazhinji inotungamirwa epachivande. Izvi makuru uye vose kukura kufamba yekudyidzana vakazunza Qing hwechiKomonisiti.

Rokuti muzvina achikura pakati munhu echimurenga ezvinhu aiva "zvoupfumi" sangano bourgeoisified vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata, varidzi uye bourgeoisie zvinomutswa kuzorwa pakudzorwa vemamwe guta. Kubva 1905 kusvika 1911, nyika kwapfuura nhevedzano boycotts antiinostrannyh (1905-1908), kutamburira "kudzokera kodzero" kuti akakunda wokumwe migodhi zvichemo (1906- 1910), pamusoro dzimwe zvikwereti kuti njanji kuvaka uye nokuda kutenga njanji zvichemo (1907-1908 ). Paiva vakawanda chirongwa mukutsigira mudzimba emakambani, kunyanya nokuda pakuvaka zvivako nokuda Chinese Huguanskih njanji, uye ipapo - "Kudzivirirwa njanji" (1911). Nationalization of Qing hurumende private njanji makambani Huguanskih Migwagwa kunokonzerwa muna September-October 1911 kumukira muna Sichuan - danho rokutanga Xinhai Revolution. October 10, 1911 paiva kwebope Wuchang zvikamu "mauto matsva" rinotungamirirwa kuipandukira. The guta akasikwa hurumende muchiuto, iyo akadanidzira sapakuparadzwa of Qing umambo uye kugadzwa Republic of China.

Zvichitevera izvi, 14 enyika akazivisa rusununguko rwavo kubva Beijing. Akundikana pamwe kudzvinyirira iri echimurenga kufamba, kuti Ch'ing akapa simba chaiye muguta guru kuna General Yuan Shikai - protege yomunyika maitiro uye masimba imperialist. Muna December, vapindi kuzvimirira enyika vakaungana Nanjing, Sun Yat-sen akasarudzwa mutungamiri uye musoro Nanking hurumende. Pakupedzisira, yakanga "simba hunyambiri" - maitiro anodzivisa echimurenga North South. The kuvavenga vemo maitiro uye simba kune Nanking hurumende, uyewo kuchinja liberals with stitutsionalistov kurutivi Yuan Shikai akasika mukana muchifarira North. Sun Yat-sen aifanira kurega yapurezidhendi mukuru ichi mukutsinhana imwe renunciation of chiManchu youmambo muna 1912. Pashure kuwa Qing umambo President Yuan Shikai akagamuchira kubva dzinonzi masimba .zaem nokubatanidzwazve kusimbisa simba rake. Muzhizha 1913 iye rikanyuramo muropa kunangana kufamba kwake nechepakati uye kumaodzanyemba enyika.

China: The zvinoumba pre-echimurenga dambudziko