Chii kudzidza sayenzi enyika? Social Political Science

Studies muimba interdisciplinary munda kuti pfungwa kushandisa unyanzvi uye nzira zivo zvidzidzo pamusoro pehurumende nzira, kuitisa sainzi enyika. Nokudaro, akagadzirira vashandi kuti matambudziko akasiyana-siyana oupenyu ari mamiriro. sainzi Political vari zvakasimba kushandiswa kupfungwa, kusiyana sayenzi "wakachena". Range zvinetso zvinoenderana nechipimo uyu zvikuru kwazvo, saka angava yakabatana enyika zvachose chero kuranga, kwete sainzi chete munzanga, asi panyama, zvipenyu, akarongeka, Sociological.

Most kunyatsotevera neVadzidzi nzira inoshandiswa nesainzi enyika vari sainzi enyika, evanhu, utariri, mutemo, matunhu neminisiparati uye voruzhinji yaitonga, nhoroondo. Knowledge nzira akakweretwa kazhinji kubva nzvimbo muganhu anoranga zvakadai pakuvhiya tsvakurudzo, hurongwa pachisara cybernetics, mukuru hurongwa dzidziso, dzidziso mitambo, uye zvichingodaro. izvi zvose anova chinhu kudzidza, kana kubatsira kuwana mhinduro kuna nyaya National kukosha, uye izvo zviri kuita zvesayenzi enyika.

Kupedzisira nenzira

Studies tinotungamirirwa nenzira yakadai kujekesa zvinangwa, kuyera inotsiva, kuziva nezvemaitiro uye kuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu, uye ipapo kutanga imwe Mutongo matambudziko mamiriro itsika. Hapana haadi kutaura inokosha tsika, tinofanira zvinotaurwa chokwadi kuti aongororwe, uye ichi anobata nesayenzi enyika. Kukura sayenzi enyika riri nokukurumidza kana pachake vamiririri vayo munyaya kusarudzwa huru, kukurukura suitability kana unsuitability kuti mari akaisa zvisarudzo uye kufanoona zvakaipira nzira.

Vazhinji ano uye nhoroondo zvematongerwo enyika hazvo dzakatsaukira uye akadzora imwe nzvimbo inokosha "Zvinoita sokuti" Nyanzvi highbrow kupa ruzivo rwavo uye unyanzvi pakati Developers nehurumende itsika. Asi chaiyo zvesayenzi, kwakarongeka multidisciplinary yokusvika kubudirira zvirongwa zvoruzhinji yakatanga kudaro kare. Inotungamirwa sayenzi enyika haana kutanga pamberi 1951, apo akanga ari izwi sezvaari neAmerican kwepfungwa uye, zvadaro, musayendisiti enyika Harold Lasswell. Zviri kubva iyoyo zvinechinangwa kupa nomumwe masayendisiti unyanzvi mune zvesayenzi enyika yose mamiriro kuitira voruzhinji negwaro. Uye interdisciplinary pamwe zviri inobudirira.

Urongwa mitemo nesayenzi

Chii kudzidza sayenzi enyika? Ivo kuongorora zvose, zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu. Izvi zvakanaka nezvakaitwa kusangana Pfungwa pamusoro pemazano nyaya dzakadai hurongwa pachisara iri kukura zano chekutanga, tevere zvirongwa, ipapo mari chirongwa chero hurumende chaiyo. Miganhu pakati anoranga vari avhiringidzwa vose simba, uye mitemo zvakakomba tariro kuti nokukurumidza ichanyangarika zvachose. kosi iyi zviitiko kunoratidzwa ndechokuti zvematongerwe muimba Integrated kushandisa dzakasiyana-siyana zivo yesayenzi. Zvichida zvakarurama, uye kuti akadzidza sayenzi enyika, ndichakuita supradistsiplinoy yavo.

Pano tinofanira kuona kuti ichi haisi sainzi enyika pacharo (ndiko, mukuru enyika science), - zvingangoita kuti rakashandurwa iri rokuti - kutsigirwa esayenzi mamiriro nzira. Izwi wakapinda kushandiswa - vakashandisa sainzi enyika, rudzi institute sayenzi enyika pakubata mitemo panowanikwa siyana mananara iri huru mamiriro muchina. ukama ichi uye pezvakaitwa chokuita nyika upenyu. Zvakarurama Political Science uyewo vakabatikana kuwanikwa nzira uye nzira inoshanda, budiriro zvakanaka uye nzira mune zvematongerwe, zvinotora vatarisire enyika kuziva uye tsika.

Zvichida kwete nzvimbo yakanga isina kuwana kushandisa sayenzi enyika. Kukura nesayenzi enyika hazvigoni akamira, nokuti rinotaura anenge zvose zvinoitwa nevanhu. Political sayenzi yakaisvonaka sayenzi kudzidza chaiye mamiriro upenyu enyika ari rinoti asi chikumbiro nechinangwa pakudzidza uye ruzivo zvematongerwe, uyewo kushandisa navo widest-siyana vanhu zvinobvira.

Zvinhu uye vanotongwa

Zvakakodzera kusiyanisa chinangwa chokwadi, iri yakazvimirira Kuziva nyaya, uye iye inodzidza nyaya, kureva, zvimwe zvivako, unhu, kumicheto chinhu kudzidzwa. Nyaya anogara kusarudzwa pachinhu zvinangwa zvebasa imwe kuferefeta, uye chinhu - icho chokwadi kuti kana kunobva chinhu. The chinhu chinogona akaongorora sezvinobvumirwa sayenzi zhinji.

Kirasi Social Somuenzaniso, akadzidza zvepfungwa uye evanhu, uye sayenzi enyika, uye etnology, uye kunyange wandei sayenzi siyana. Zvisinei, mumwe nomumwe wavo ari chivako ichi ine nzira yayo uye yayo nyaya yokudzidza. Nevazivi vanyori sayenzi dzokufungidzira uye aifungisisa, rinoongorora chinzvimbo kirasi vachiratidzana zvinetso munhu, kare kuchabatsira kuti muronga zviitiko zviri munzanga, zvakafanana nezvoupfumi kuronda kuti hunhu nesayenzi zvebasa chikamu ichi munzanga. Saka ano sainzi enyika anowana kukosha kwayo chaicho muupenyu ehurumende.

Asi vezvematongerwo enyika vari kudzidza chete nyaya zvose chokuita neshoko "zvematongerwo enyika" muupenyu vanhu. Izvi mamiriro enyika, masangano, mafungiro, unhu, maitiro, uye zvichingodaro (ndiro refu). Izvi zvose zvinoreva kuti chinhu kudzidza enyika masayendisiti - enyika bhora munzanga, sezvo muongorori havagoni kuzvishandura. Political Research zvidzidzo haagoni chete kuva akasiyana, asi ukuru kudzidza uye kusimudzirwa zvingabudirira kushandurwa nani (kunyange pane wakatarisana mienzaniso, kana zvaiita zvakare novimba yevanhu chinhu uye zvinangwa zvakagadzirwa zvakarurama pachinhu dzimwe zvematongerwo enyika, asi ane pose -political sainzi, chete pazasi payo).

Nzira uye kutungamirirwa

Zvakarurama Political Science - sayenzi-vapfumi, anoshandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana zvokutsvakurudza nzvimbo uye nzira maererano zvinhu mwoyo anoranga. Nokudzidza zvimwe Mapato nemasayendisiti enyika, vanhu achawana simba pamusoro weboka nhoroondo kukura kwenzanga, anowedzera kuti zvombo kubudirire nzira simba, kuwana chaicho tsvakurudzo nzira. Huru munzvimbo pakutsvakurudza - zvematongerwo enyika, uye ndiyo hurumende uye simba rworudyi, vemapato akasiyana, magariro kufamba, kureva, mhando dzose kusununguka kana kwete kuchinja masangano ezvematongerwo enyika. Chii anofanira kunzwisiswa nenzira iri izwi? Ndicho chimwe kana mumwe nzvimbo nomutemo chete mitemo makasimbiswa uye nemirau, misimboti uye tsika, uyewo ukama zvinogona neimwe nzira inodzorwa.

Maitiro Political Science nezvacho Somuenzaniso, kupfungwa yapurezidhendi pamwe nesananguro ayo mitemo nzira, miganhu kugona, zvinoreva kubviswa kubva muhofisi, uye zvichingodaro. Chimwe chinhu chinokosha kudzidza enyika mananara uye pezvakaitwa, iyo inoongorora chinangwa mitemo vanozivikanwa, vakaongorora mifananidzo kusimudzira nyika yose vanhu, yakatanga political nzira kuti kushanda navo munharaunda iyi. Nzvimbo yechitatu rinoongorora zvematongerwo kuziva, zvepfungwa uye dzematongerwe, tsika, maitiro, chido, kukurukura nzira uye kutarisirwa mitoo yose izvi zvakavapo.

History of Political Science

First hunonzi generalize ruzivo pamusoro zvematongerwo enyika akaedza kare. Hwaro kudzidza ichi somutariri kunyanya dzokufungidzira kwouzivi uye netsika pfungwa. Nevazivi mirayiridzo iyi, Aristotle uye Plato vaifarira anonyanya kwete chaicho mamiriro, asi akakwana, nzira iyo zvinofanira kuva mharidzo dzavo. Uyezve, munguva yeMiddle Ages, Western Dzidziso dzechitendero dzakanga nesimba, uye saka vane tsamba enyika dzidziso kududzira, nekuti chero pfungwa, kusanganisira vaya enyika hunhu, aigona chete kuva munzvimbo redzidziso paradigm. Minda sayenzi enyika asati yakatanga, uye prerequisites kuti ichi ichava refu chaizvo nguva.

maonero enyika vakanga kubatwa somumwe dzakawanda zvinhu zvechitendero, inova soro simba - Mwari. Civic pfungwa akaonekwa mune zvematongerwo enyika kufunga chete nemanomwe remakore, zvaakapiwa chaizvo kuti chidzoke uye kukura munhu akazvimirira zvechokwadi nzira kudzidza ano enyika kwendangariro. Zvekufamba pamusoro Montesquieu, Locke, Burke akava hwaro zvechechi nzira, saka zvinowanzoshandiswa ano Zvakarurama sayenzi enyika, kunyange asati dzakabudirira pacharo sayenzi enyika. Pfungwa iyi akatora chimiro chete muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri. Kunyange zvakadaro, negore regumi namapfumbamwe mangwanani maviri remakore uye, ndicho kudzidza zvematongerwo enyika kubudikidza yakanakisisa pfungwa pabasa ravo. Asi nzira iri kudiwa kuongorora zvizere.

zvechechi nzira

nzira iyi, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, unogona kuongorora enyika akasiyana-siyana kumasangano: hurumende, masangano, mapati, masangano, nesarudzo hurongwa, uye mamwe masimba mazhinji dzinotsanagura kwenzanga. Zvokukura Political Science zvayo zvishoma nezvishoma zvinogoneka kuramba zvidzidzo nechitarisiko webasa inoti uye dzakawanda nemaitiro iyi. Vachembera inonzi streamlining, Standardization uye formalization munzanga ukama mumunda nokudzidza nemabasa evanhu. Saka, achishandisa nzira iyi zvinofungirwa kuti chikamu chikuru vanhu vanoziva nekodzero pasocial yunivhesiti yakadaro, uye kuti zviri pamutemo formalization ukama uye kugadzwa mitemo nevanhu yose kwenzanga uye vedare rose upenyu paruzhinji, kukwanisa kupa vakaronga maitiro vatambi vose vari evanhu nekuita.

Nzira iyi kunoita chirongwa vachembera. Zvakarurama Political Science nenzira iyi inoongorora zvematongerwo enyika emurairo wavo repamutemo, pachena Mvumo uye interoperability. Pano tinofanira kuyeuka kuti pfungwa zvechechi urongwa rwakakosha kuti kukura kwenzanga. Chero kutyorwa vava netsika zvechechi dzemunharaunda, uyewo yezwi mitemo mutsva mutambo pasina chinogombedzera kururamiswa zvinotungamirira nemagakava evanhu kunosiyana nekuomarara. In kushandisa nzira zvechechi tsvakurudzo enyika bhora rinova chinooneka sezvo kwegadziriro evanhu nemasangano kuti vane mamiriro avo uye mitemo kushanda zvizere.

Sociological, anthropological uye mupfungwa unyanzvi

Ziva munzanga kutonhodza mananara akadana Sociological tsvakurudzo nzira. Kunoitawo kuti nani kuwana hunhu simba kuona kwayo zano sezvo nesungano pakati guru evanhu munharaunda. Zvakarurama Political Science Chine chinangwa ichi, akasiyana-siyana evanhu sayenzi political vari mubasa muunganidzwa uye Kuongorora chaiyo chokwadi, kureva chaizvo nyaya zvidzidzo. Zvanzi nheyo enyika consultants, nezvezvakanaka kushandiswa zvabuda iri tsika yokuvaka urongwa pakuzadzisa pakuongororwa zvematongerwe.

Anthropological nzira yacho kuongorora zvematongerwo mananara, kana tikafunga chete collectivist hunhu wacho. Maererano Aristotle, murume haagoni kurarama oga, kunze, nekuti ndiye enyika ari. Zvisinei, shanduka kukura anoratidza sei refu unofanira kunatsa munzanga sangano, kusvika padanho apo zvichiita kutamira enyika sangano munzanga, apo vanhu vose nguva kuedza kwavo voga.

Kurudziro uye mamwe maitiro zvigadziriswe kufunga mutsvakurudzi uyo anoshandisa mupfungwa tsvakurudzo nzira. Sezvo chirango nesayenzi, nzira iyi zvisinei dzakatangira rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore,, kuisa hwaro pfungwa yake Confucius, Seneca, Aristotle, uye vachitsigirwa nevafungi yekare, masayendisiti dzazvino - Rousseau, Hobbes, Machiavelli. Pano, chinonyanya kukosha kubatana - psychoanalysis, yakataurwa Freud, izvo wakaipa chavanoziva pezvakaitwa zvinogona kuchikosha kukanganisa hwomunhu maitiro, kusanganisira zvematongerwo enyika.

okufananidza nzira

Okufananidza kana kuenzaniswa nzira rakasvika nhasi kubva kare. More Aristotle uye Plato akaenzanisa enyika akasiyana hwoudzvinyiriri uye vakatsunga nezvakaipa siyana statehood, uye ipapo zvakagadzirirwa, mu pfungwa dzavo, akakodzera nzira urongwa Unorudzi nyika. Zvino okufananidza nzira iri zvinowanzoshandiswa Zvakarurama sayenzi enyika, kunyange akura ari oga bazi - okufananidza zvematongerwe - uye akava zvinonyatsorehwa maumbirwo sayenzi enyika iri yakati yoga nzvimbo.

Musimboti nzira iyi kuenzanisa dzakasiyana uye zvakafanana mananara - neChikomonisiti, kufamba, mapato, zvematongerwo enyika kana sarudzo dzavo, nzira kukura uye zvichingodaro. Saka unogona nyore kuziva zvikuru uye mukuru mune zvose kudzidza nzvimbo uye chinangwa kuongorora chokwadi uye kuziva mapatani, uye saka - kuwana zvikuru Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri matambudziko. Aongorora Somuenzaniso, nyika mazana maviri akasiyana uye vakawanda sezvinobvira kwavo maitiro features, nokuenzanisa sarudza zvose zvakafanana uye zvakasiyana zviri tipologiziruyutsya zvakafanana mananara, ari kuziva zvichibvira nzira. Uye tinogona kushandisa ruzivo dzimwe inoti nokugadzira zvavo. Tikaenzanisa - yakanakisisa pachishandiswa zvokuwana zivo.

Behaviorism Political Science

Behavioristic nzira kunobva evasingatombonamati empirical zvaanorumbidza. Tikadzidza evanhu unhu wacho uye munhu mapoka. It anoshandisa pakutanga ichi apo kudzidza nomumwe maitiro. Kuti, sayenzi magariro enyika haana kubatanidzwa muzvidzidzo izvi. Nzira iyi zvakurukurwa uye vakadzidza kuvhota maitiro vavhoti, uyewo tichibatsirwa zvigadzirwa dzakabudirira rutsigiro. Nezvose mupiro kukudziri- empirical nzira tsvakurudzo behaviorism akaita chinokosha, asiwo kuti pave Zvakarurama sayenzi enyika, nzvimbo kushanda nzira iri shoma.

The chikuru drawback pamusoro behaviorism pakuti rinopa pokutanga kudzidza munhu, wakarambwa zvinonyatsorehwa nemamiriro evanhu kwezvakatipoteredza, atomized mapoka kana vanhu. Nzira iyi haisi kufungawo chero enhoroondo tsika kana tsika dzakanaka. Zvose zviri mairi - chete pachena rationality. Kwete kuti nzira iyi zvakaipa. Haasi nokudenga. America rakakodzera. Uye Russia Somuenzaniso, haadaro. Kana nzanga kunyimwa dzinongoitika midzi, iyo akakura nhoroondo yaro, mairi mumwe nomumwe - sezvinoita atomu, anoziva zvimwewo constraints mumwe chete, nokuti kunzwa vamwe maatomu. Kuri kuita zvimwe kudaro mumwe, kwete, hazvina kuvaremedza chero tsika kana tsika. Ichi yepachena mutambi uye chinangwa akanga mumwe - kurova vamwe.

Muchidimbu zvakawanda

Kugadziriswa kweSystem, yakashandiswa zvikuru mukushandiswa kwesayenzi yezvematongerwe enyika, yakagadzirwa nemabasa aPlato naAristotle, yakapfurikidzwa naMarx naSpencer uye pakupedzisira yakabudiswa neEaston neAlmond. Iyi ndiyo imwe nzira yekutendeseka, sezvo inotarisa yose sangano rezvematongerwe enyika sehutano hwekuzvigadzirisa hutsika huri mumamiriro ekunze uye huchinyatsobatana nayo. Kushandisa nheyo inowanzoenderana nehurongwa hwose, hurongwa hwehurongwa hunobatsira kururamisa pfungwa dzezvematongerwo enyika, kuratidzira kusiyana kwezviitiko, kuvaka chiito chekuita. Zvadaro chinhu chiri pasi pekutsvakurudza chinoratidzika sechimiro chimwe chete, chine zvinhu zvacho hazvisi mune chero nzira iyo yakawanda yezvivako zvezvinhu zvayo.

Nzira ye synergetics inenge ichitsva uye inouya kubva mune zvesayenzi. Chinokosha chayo chiri muchokwadi chokuti zvivako zvinorasikirwa nehurongwa zvinogona, mumakemikari nemagetsi, kuzvirongedza pachavo. Ichi chikamu chakaoma kunzwisisa uye chinorema chesayenzi yezvematongerwe enyika, iyo inotitendera kuti titarise kutsva kwete kwete chete zvinokonzera uye maitiro ekusimudzirwa kwenyaya, asiwo kuwana ruzivo rutsva rwezvakaitika kare mumagariro evanhu, mune zvezvematongerwe enyika, mune zvematongerwe enyika uye nezvimwe zvikamu zvehupenyu hwehupenyu.

Nyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika mukubatana nesayenzi yezvematongerwo enyika yakabereka kune izvo zvinodanwa maitiro evanhu. Pakutanga, yaiona sangano sehubatanidzwa, asi hushanda hwekushanda, uye shure kwekushanda kwemabhizimisi, yakagadzira mamiriro ezvinhu apo humwe humwe hukama hwemagariro hunoita nhoroondo yavo pachavo, huchigadzira matambudziko uye hugadzirisa kukakavadzana kwevanhu. Kana akambotanga kuteterera kururamisi mutemberi kana muimba yamambo, mumamiriro ezvinhu ezvino izvi hazvingabatsiri. Uyezve, pfungwa dzitsvene dzave dzanyangarika. Munharaunda yavo, kukakavadzana kukuru kunomuka panzvimbo yenyika yekururamisira kwakakwirira. Zvinotongwa mumakwikwi ezvematongerwe enyika hazvive mapoka, kwete makirasi, asi hurumende.

Nyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika yezvematongerwo enyika inokura nzira dzakawanda dzekutsvakurudza kwevanhu vezvematongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, zvinyorwa zvose nenzira imwe neimwe zvinongoraramira pamatambudziko anoshanda uye zvinokwanisa kugadzirisa mumatambudziko akawanda. Kushandiswa kwesayenzi yezvematongerwo enyika kunodzidza mamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwe enyika, inogamuchira ruzivo rwakakosha, inovandudza zvido zvezvematongerwe enyika, inopa mazano anobatsira uye mazano, inogadzirisa matambudziko evanhu uye zvematongerwe enyika anobuda. Nokuda kweizvi, nzira dzakataurwa pamusoro apa dzezvematongerwe enyika dzakagadzirwa uye dzinoshandiswa zvakare. Kushandiswa kwesayenzi yezvematongerwo enyika haisi kungotsanangura zvirongwa zvezvematongerwe enyika, zviratidzo uye hukama, inoedza kuziva maitiro, maitiro, inoongorora kusimba kwehukama hwehukama uye kushanda kwematongerwe enyika. Mukuwedzera, mukucherechedza kwaro kwakanyanyisa ndiko kuongorora kwezvinhu zvinokosha zvechinhu ichocho, zvinokurudzira kuita zvematongerwe enyika uye nheyo iyo basa iri rakavakwa.