Chii Copenhagen dudziro?

Copenhagen kududzira - kutsanangura quantum Vanamakanika, akagadzira pedyo Niels Bohr uye Werner Heisenberg muna 1927, apo masayendisiti pamwe muCopenhagen. Bohr uye Heisenberg vakakwanisa kuvandudza mashandiro ari probabilistic dudziro, akagadzira pedyo M. Akazvarwa, uye vakaedza kupindura mibvunzo yakatevedzana, panowanikwa chiri kukonzerwa wave-PARTICIPLE duality. Nyaya ino ichakurukura pfungwa huru iri Copenhagen dudziro quantum Vanamakanika, uye avo simba pamusoro wefizikisi ano.

matambudziko

Kududzirwa quantum hurongwa rinonzi maonero ouzivi yezvakaita quantum hurongwa dzidziso kuti kurondedzera zvinhu nyika. Uchibatsirwa wavo, unogona kupindura mibvunzo pamusoro pezvakaita mumuviri chokwadi, muitiro waro kudzidza hunhu Matambudziko uye mupi werutemo, uyewo hunhu nhamba uye nzvimbo yaro quantum Vanamakanika. Quantum hurongwa anonzi kuti zvikuru resonance Zvisinei dzidziso munhoroondo nesayenzi, mumwe nekubvirana pasi wayo kunzwisisa achiri vasiri aripo rakadzika. Kune akawanda kududzirwa quantum Vanamakanika, uye nhasi tikatarisa zvikuru nevanhu vavo.

Pfungwa huru

Zvinozivikanwa kuti zvinhu nyika inoumbwa quantum zvinhu uye chekare zvinoridzwa kuyera. The Kuchinja wehurumende zvishandiso rinorondedzera Statistical muitiro kusingarapiki kuchinja nemaziso maitiro. Kana Micro-chinhu interacts pamwe emaatomu ezvinhu tambo mudziyo, izvozvo kunoderedza kuti superposition mumwe, i.e. pane rutapudzo chechinopiwa chinozunguzirwa kushanda nokuyerwa chinhu. Schrödinger mukana wokuti vanhu vanga haritsananguri mugumisiro ichi.

Kubva nemaonero Copenhagen dudziro quantum hurongwa haritsananguri yavo Micro-zvinhu zvavo zvivako, izvo richiratidzwa macroconditions, kusika pakupedzisira. nerwodzi mano pasi pokudzora. The maitiro mabhomba zvinhu hazvigoni kupatsanurwa kubva kudyidzana kwavo Namano yokuyeresa, izvo zvigadzirise ezvinhu kwakabva zvakavapo.

Kutarira quantum Vanamakanika

Quantum hurongwa ndiyo dzidziso kunofambira mberi. Izvi imhaka yokuti Micro-chinhu chipimo kunotungamirira kune nokuchinja ezvinhu ake. Saka pane kutsanangura probabilistic chepakutanga nzvimbo chinhu chakarondedzerwa chokuninira chaitika. Complex chinozunguzirwa basa - nechepakati yokuti quantum Vanamakanika. Chinozunguzirwa basa ikaita kuyerwa itsva. Mugumisiro iyi yakayerwa zvinoenderana chinozunguzirwa basa, imwe probabilistic nenzira. Mumuviri ukoshi ane chete yaiungana modulus chechinopiwa chinozunguzirwa basa, izvo zvinopupurira rinofanira kuti vadzidza Micro-chinhu ari imwe pfungwa iri muchadenga.

In quantum hurongwa, mutemo Matambudziko rinoitwa panyaya chinozunguzirwa basa, nguva-siyana zvichienderana kwokutanga ezvinhu, uye kwete hama kuti Coordonatele ari PARTICIPLE velocity, sezvo ari dzekare dudziro makanika. Nokuti kuti zvinhu ukoshi hwakapiwa simba chete yaiungana chechinopiwa chinozunguzirwa basa, kwokutanga kukosha kwayo hazvigoni kutsunga, pfungwa, inotungamirira kune imwe kutadza kuwana zivo yakarurama pamusoro kwokutanga mamiriro quantum hurongwa.

Hwaro kwouzivi

Kubva pfungwa ouzivi maonero, hwaro Copenhagen kududzirwa epistemological misimboti ndiwo:

1. Observability. Chaizvoizvo Its iri achisiya zvinhu dzidziso zvakataurwa risingagoni achasimbiswa kuburikidza zvakananga rucherechedzo.
2. Additionality. Rinoratidza kuti wave tsananguro corpuscular pamusoro microworld zvinhu mukwanisi mumwe.
3. Nechokwadi. Rinoti kuti rinoronga kuti Micro-zvinhu uye tichimhanya yavo haigoni ngatitsunge vachiravana, pamwe Mhedziso nemazvo.
4. Kunofambira mberi mupi werutemo. Rinoreva kuti ino mamiriro rwomuviri gadziriro iri kunoyerwa zvayo yapfuura mamiriro hakusi inonanga, asi chete pamwe mukana zviri kuitika kuri kare.
5. Abvume. Maererano nenheyo iyi, mitemo quantum Vanamakanika vari kuchinjwa nemitemo dzenhoroondo Vanamakanika, kana zvichibvira kuti hanya kukosha quantum nezvaaiita.

zvakwakanakira

In quantum wefizikisi, mashoko pamusoro mabhomba zvinhu yaunganidzwa experimental setups vari akaita ukama mumwe. Kusava nechokwadi Werner Heisenberg ukama kunoonekwa Ivan Kuchin proportionality pakati mashoko okuti kugadzira kinetic uye simba variables kuti kuona mamiriro wenyama wemuTesitamende dzenhoroondo makanika.

A chinokosha mukana Copenhagen dudziro quantum hurongwa ndechokuti haina unoshanda zvakananga pamusoro uchida mashoko muviri unobservable zvakawanda. Uyezve, ane zvishoma pamusoro prerequisites nayo inoronga Conceptual gadziriro, comprehensively anorondedzera experimental uchapupu zvinowanikwa panguva.

Zvinoreva chinozunguzirwa basa

Maererano Copenhagen dudziro, chinozunguzirwa basa rinogona kuva pasi pezvakaitwa maviri:

1. Unitary shanduka, izvo inotsanangurwa Schrödinger mukana wokuti vanhu vanga.
2. Chipimo.

The tangent wokutanga muitiro haana munhu nechokwadi vezvesayenzi, uye wechipiri muitiro kwakakonzera gakava uye nokuda kwounyanzvi dzinoverengeka kududzira, kunyange mukati vakawanda Copenhagen dudziro chavanoziva. Kudivi rimwe, pane zvikonzero chokudavira kuti chinozunguzirwa basa chinhu chimwe pane chaicho mumuviri chinhu, uye kuti kaviri pokuwa panguva yechipiri muitiro. Ukuwo, chinozunguzirwa basa kunogona kuva isangano chaiye, uye webetsero kwemasvomhu mudziyo, chinangwa chete chiri kupa mukana kuverenga mukana. Bohr akasimbisa chokwadi kuti chinhu bedzi inogona akafanotaura - mugumisiro kwepanyama, saka zvose yechipiri nyaya inofanira kureva kwete kuti sayenzi chaiyo, uye uzivi. Akareurura zvavo uchishandisa nguva muuzivi positivism, vachirayira kuti sainzi kukurukurwa chete chaizvoizvo kuyerwa zvinhu.

nekusangana kaviri-mutswe

In miviri-mutswe ndimboedza chiedza achipfuura slits maviri, kudonha chidzitiro pamusoro zvinoonekera yenguvo maviri: rima uye chiedza. Izvi imhaka yokuti chiedza mafungu anogona kuva mune dzimwe nzvimbo wezvikamu muedzo, uye vamwe - kudzima mumwe nomumwe. Ukuwo, kuti chinoratidza kuti chiedza chine mugove kuyerera zvivako uye maerekitironi anogona kuratidza chinozunguzirwa ehupfumi, saka achibvumira chipingaidzo muenzaniso.

Zvinogona vaifungidzira kuti chiitiko rinoitwa ane photon nekubudisa (kana Erekitironi) zvakadaro yakaderera zvikuru, kuti pashure neimwe nguva slots inopfuura mumwe chete PARTICIPLE. Zvisinei, nokuwedzera kuti pfungwa photons kurova chidzitiro, seari pamusoro pamafungu chete chipingaidzo muenzaniso, pasinei nokuti ruzivo kuti ostensibly kuparadzana inoramba. Izvi imhaka yokuti tiri kurarama mu "Mukana" zvakasikwa, umo chiitiko ose ramangwana riri peredelennuyu nepose uye rinofanira inotevera nguva kuchava chinhu chisingatarisirwi zvachose, ndizvo chaizvo diki.

mibvunzo

Mutswe ruzivo zvinomutsa mibvunzo yakadai seyokuti:

1. Chii chichava mitemo yokuzvibata netumedu nezvimedu? Mitemo quantum hurongwa dzinotaura kuti chidzitiro nzvimbo panguva iyo inoramba vachava statistically. Vanobvumira kuti ngaaverenge nzvimbo chechiedza rinoparadza iyo, zvichida kuti zvakawanda zvacho, uye rima evapambi, izvo kazhinji kuwana nezvimedu madiki. Zvisinei, mitemo inodzora quantum Vanamakanika havagoni kufanotaura kupi chaiko kuda munhu inoramba.
2. Chii chinoitika PARTICIPLE panguva pakati anobuda uye kunyoresa? Zvichienderana migumisiro zvakawanika, zvinogona kupa pfungwa yokuti PARTICIPLE anogara kubata pamwe cheap car insurance maviri. Kunenge kuti iyi ndiyo zvinopesana nemitemo maitiro ane pfungwa PARTICIPLE. Kunyanya kana inova PARTICIPLE vasabatwa pfungwa.
3. Nokupesvedzera iyo PARTICIPLE anochinja maitiro ayo kubva kunofambira mberi vasiri kunofambira mberi, uye vakutarisire? Kana PARTICIPLE ichipfuura pakakoromoka, maitiro ayo kunokonzerwa vasiri vemunyika wavefunction achipfuura panguva imwe chete kuburikidza vose slits. Panguva kunyoresa inoramba iri nguva dzose akanyorwa sezvo pfungwa, uye haana kuwana akageza kubva chinozunguzirwa packet.

mhinduro

The Copenhagen dudziro quantum dzidziso kupindura mibvunzo sezvinotevera:

1. Pfungwa, hazvibviri kubvisa probabilistic hunhu quantum hurongwa zvaizoitika. Kureva, hachigoni zvakarurama kuratidza kukamurwa ruzivo kwevanhu pamusoro chero variables yakavanzwa. Classical Physics zvinoreva mukana kune zviitiko apo zvakakodzera kurondedzera muitiro yakadai vachimwaya ari mijenya. Kureva mukana unotsiva kukwana ruzivo. The Copenhagen dudziro quantum Vanamakanika, Heisenberg uye Bohr, Ukuwo, anoti kuti mugumisiro kuyerwa mu quantum hurongwa ndiyo unopfuura non-deterministic.
2. Physics ndiye nesayenzi kuti kudzidza migumisiro yakayerwa kwendangariro. Kufungisisa zviri kuitika kuongorora kwavo zvisiri pamutemo. Maererano Copenhagen dudziro, mubvunzo apo akanga PARTICIPLE pamberi kunyoresa zvayo, uye zvimwe fabrications vakadaro zvakunoreva, uye naizvozvo tinofanira kunze pfungwa.
3. nekuyera chiitiko zvikaguma yepakarepo pokuwa chinozunguzirwa ishande. Somugumisiro, nokuyerwa muitiro randomly anosarudza chete mumwe yaaizova runovabvumira chinozunguzirwa mashandiro chinzvimbo ichi. Uye kuratidza sarudzo iyi, chinozunguzirwa basa inofanira kushandurwa pakarepo.

mutauro

The mashoko of Copenhagen dudziro iri kwayo kwepakutanga muchimiro nokuda kwounyanzvi zvakasiyana siyana. Vakawanda ava inobva rava kusvika kupindirana zviitiko uye pfungwa dzakadai quantum decoherence. Decoherence kunoita kuti iwe ngaaverenge damerau muganhu pakati macro- uye microcosms. Other zvakasiyana zvisingapindirani mwero "realism chechinopiwa chinozunguzirwa kwenyika."

tsoropodzo

The kushanda quantum Vanamakanika (Heisenberg uye Bohr kupindura mubvunzo wokutanga) ndave nechokwadi mune pfungwa kuedza, kwaitungamirirwa Einstein, Podolsky uye Rosen (EPR gangaidzo). Saka masayendisiti vaida kuratidza kuti kuvapo parameters yakavanzwa kunodikanwa kuitira kuti dzidziso haiiti kuti munhu pakarepo uye non-omunharaunda "refu-yokuzadzisa". Zvisinei, panguva rokuongorora of EPR-gangaidzo, rave zvibvire nekuvongwa Bell Misiyano, zvakanzi zvakaratidza kuti quantum hurongwa zvakarurama, uye pfungwa dzakasiyana-siyana pamusoro parameters yakavanzwa vane experimental chisimbiso.

Asi zvikuru matambudziko yaiva mhinduro Heisenberg uye Bohr pamusoro mubvunzo wechitatu wakabvunzwa achishandisa tambo kwacho panzvimbo chaiyo, asi asingaiti wanikidza nevamwe zviri mavari.

Masayendisiti akawanda, yefizikisi uye vazivi, akanyatsoramba kubvuma Copenhagen dudziro quantum wefizikisi. Chikonzero chokutanga ndechokuti Heisenberg uye Bohr achidudzira haana deterministic. Uye chechipiri - ndechokuti anotanga pfungwa isingagumi divi kuti kushandurwa mukana Unoshanda yakavimbika zvabuda.

Einstein aiva nechokwadi kuti rondedzero mumuviri chokwadi chakapiwa quantum hurongwa mu kududzirwa Heisenberg uye Bohr, ndizvo chakaremara. Maererano Einstein, akawana inorwara pfungwa iri muCopenhagen dudziro, asi nyama yake musayenzi kubvuma izvozvo. Naizvozvo, Einstein ndisingakwanise kurega kutsvaka mamwe nzwisisika pfungwa.

Mutsamba yake Akaberekwa, Einstein akati: "Ndine chokwadi kuti Mwari haadi kukanda mijenya!". Niels Bohr, richitaura nezvokuramba mashoko ichi, Einstein akati kuti haana kunongedzera Mwari zvokuita. Mukurukurirano yake naAbhurahama Paysom Eynshteyn akati, "iwe uye chaizvoizvo kufunga mwedzi ariko chete kana iwe kuitarisa?".

Erwin Schrödinger akasvika nevanegumi katsi pfungwa kuedza iyo aida kuratidza uduku pamusoro quantum hurongwa panguva kuchinja kubva subatomic kusvikira nemaziso nehurongwa. Zvisinei, dambudziko kwainzi zvakakodzera pokuwa chinozunguzirwa basa iri muchadenga. Maererano Einstein kwakaita dzidziso relativity, pakarepo uye panguva imwe chete kuti pfungwa chete kuti mucherechedzi mune pepuranga rimwe. Saka, hapana nguva, iro raizova saizvozvo zvose, uye naizvozvo, pakarepo pakaparara haigoni kutsunga.

waridza

Zvisina ongororo yakaitwa kubudikidza masayendisiti muna 1997, akaratidza kuti chikuru pamberi Copenhagen dudziro, muchidimbu kukurukurwa pamusoro, chinotsigirwa isingasviki pahafu vakabvunzurudzwa. Zvisinei, ane zvakawanda vateveri kupfuura dzimwe mhirikiro voga.

mapindukiro

Vazhinji yefizikisi pedyo nomumwe dudziro quantum Vanamakanika, izvo akazozivikanwa "kwete." Musimboti dudziro iyi nezvakakwana kwakunoitwa neshoko David Mermin-: "Nyarara, nokuenzanisa!", Iro rinowanzoshandurwa aitwa Richard Feynman kana Paul Dirac.