Chipingaidzo avaiita. Terms of vaifanira uye zvishoma

Chipingaidzo mapatani - zviri chiedza kana rima namavanga kuti anokonzerwa mwaranzi izvo vari kuyaruka kana kubva danho pamwe mumwe. Light mafungu uye zvakadai akawedzera kana zvikashandiswa, kana zvikamu zvavo zvinopindirana (yakananga kwokuwedzera kana kudzikira), kana kuti kubvisa mumwe kana vari antiphase. Izvi zviitiko dzinonzi chipingaidzo kunovaka uye dzinoparadza, ukuwo. Kana monochromatic chiedza danda, ose nemafungu izvo zvakafanana kureba, ichipfuura maviri rakamanikana slits (kuedza yakatanga kuitwa muna 1801 na Thomas Young, Chirungu musayendisiti, uyo, nekuvongwa iye akasvika pamhedziso kuti chinozunguzirwa hunhu chiedza), vaviri zvichizoita danda inogona kuendeswa uri sandara chidzitiro iyo panzvimbo mbiri pindana makwapa vari kuumbwa chipingaidzo masa - noruvara rakatumbuka mufananidzo chiedza uye rima munzvimbo. Fani iyi inoshandiswa Somuenzaniso, mune zvose Manyiminya interferometers.

superposition

The kutsanangura maitiro ane superposition nemafungu kuti rinotsanangura unhu seari mafungu. musimboti Its iri yokuti kana iri nzvimbo munhu seari mafungu maviri, kunoguma kuvhiringidza akaenzana algebraic Verengai wacho nenyonganiso. Dzimwe nguva huru perturbations mutemo uyu chibharo. Izvi maitiro nyore kunoita kuti vakawanda zvinokonzerwa kuti vanonzi chipingaidzo zvakavapo.

Chiitiko kuti kukanganiswa kunoratidzwa mwero maviri. Mafungu maviri zvinovaka maxima -enderana, uye vari kuyaruka mumwe nomumwe. Mugumisiro superposition ndiyo nokusimbaradza nenyonganyonga. The amplitude of zvichizoita yakavhenganiswa chinozunguzirwa akaenzana Verengai wacho amplitudes. Asiwo, chipingaidzo mune vaifanira mumwe chinozunguzirwa rinoparadza rinobatana shoma wechipiri - vari nokushorwa. The amplitude chechinopiwa chinozunguzirwa rechirume akaenzana musiyano amplitudes kuti chikamu chayo zvikamu. Kana apo vachaenzana, zviri zvakakwana zvinoparadza chipingaidzo, uye perturbation yose inowanwa svikiro iri razero.

Young chiedzwa

The chipingaidzo mufananidzo zvinotisimbisa maviri inoratidza zvakajeka kuvapo pindana nemafungu. Thomas Young akataura kuti chiedza - sefungu iyo anoteerera musimboti superposition. wakakurumbira budiriro ake aiva experimental akaratidza dzinovaka uye kuparadza kuvhiringidzwa chiedza muna 1801 The ano shanduro Young kuedza zvakasikwa akasiyana chete pakuti anoshandisa coherent chiedza zvinyorwa. Laser noruvara kunovhenekera mbiri dzakafanana slits ari opaque pamusoro. Light achipfuura kwavari, pane kure sikirini. Kana kufara pakati slits zviri kupfuura wavelength, mitemo geometrical optics vanochengeta - aona pamadziro maviri nokuvhenekerwa kumatunhu. Zvisinei, kuswedera pedyo slits diffracted chiedza uye mafungu paTV seari pane mumwe. Diffraction pachayo migumisiro chinozunguzirwa hunhu chiedza, asi mumwe muenzaniso izvi.

The chipingaidzo muenzaniso

Nheyo superposition anosarudza kunoguma kusimba kuparadzirwa pamusoro nokuvhenekerwa chidzitiro. The chipingaidzo muenzaniso kunoitika apo gwara musiyano kubva mutswe kusvika chidzitiro akaenzana yose nhamba wavelengths (0, λ, 2λ, ...). Musiyano uyu zvinoita kuti ichava nenguva yakanaka vauye panguva imwe chete. Rokuparadza chipingaidzo kunoitika apo nzira musiyano akaenzana ane integer uwandu wavelengths zvaizopedza nehafu (λ / 2, 3λ / 2, ...). Jung akashandisa geometric nharo kuratidza kuti superposition kunotungamirira akatevedzana zvakafanana munzvimbo dzokuzororera dzaiva zvisungo kana mukuru kuchinyanya munzvimbo zvakafanana kumatunhu kukanganiswa rinovaka, akaparadzaniswa kwasviba munzvimbo izere dzinoparadza.

Hole spacing

An chinokosha parameter geometry pamwe slits maviri ndiyo nhamba chiedza wavelength λ uye daro pakati makomba d. Kana λ / D hazvikoshi zvikuru pane 1, daro pakati zvisungo vachava vashoma uye pindana migumisiro haana kuchengetwa. Kushandisa kunyatsotevera munzvimbo dzokuzororera dzaiva slits, Jung akakwanisa zviparadzanise chiedza uye rima munzvimbo. Saka, iye akaronga wavelengths rinooneka chiedza mavara. Zvavo zvikuru duku ukoshi rinotsanangura sei migumisiro aya vakachengeta chete pasi zvimwe ezvinhu. Kugovera zvinhu kukanganiswa kunovaka uye dzinoparadza, daro pakati kunobva chiedza mafungu kunge chaizvo duku.

wavelength

Kuongorora kukanganiswa migumisiro arikuti kuti zvimwe zvikonzero zviviri. Most chiedza mabhuku inongorira chinoramba wavelength chakarondedzera, zvichiguma nokuumbwa vakawanda chipingaidzo mapatani seari pane mumwe, mumwe nomumwe penguva pakati nokurohwa. Izvi anobvisa zvikuru raidudzwa zvinokonzerwa, dzakadai nzvimbo rima zvachose.

coherency

Kuti kukanganiswa aigona kuonekwa pamusoro refu kwenguva, zvakakodzera kushandisa coherent chiedza zvinyorwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mwaranzi zvinyorwa vanofanira kuramba kuramba danho ukama. Somuenzaniso, vaviri harmonic mafungu chete kakawanda nguva dzose vane yakamisirwa danho ukama nechimwe pfungwa muchadenga - mungava kuyaruka kana kuyaruka kushorwa, kana mune dzimwe zvenguva ezvinhu. Zvisinei, vakawanda chiedza zvinyorwa inongorira chechokwadi harmonic wave. Asi emit chiedza, umo kurongwa chokutambudzika shanduko rinowanikwa mamiriyoni nguva muzana rechipiri. nemwaranzi kwakadaro anonzi incoherent.

Ideal mabviro - Laser

Chipingaidzo ichiri kuchengetwa kana seari mafungu inosvika vaviri incoherent zvinyorwa, asi kukanganiswa mapatani siyana randomly, pamwe chete chero danho kuchinja. Light sensors, kusanganisira maziso, haagoni kunyora imwe kukurumidza kuchinja mufananidzo, uye chete avhareji kusimba iyoyo. The Laser danda riri anenge monochromatic (m. E. une rimwe wavelength) uye highly-. Zviri dzakanakira chiedza mabviro nokucherechedza chipingaidzo migumisiro.

Kutsunga maitikiro

Pashure Jung 1802 nechiyero wavelengths chiedza chinooneka inogona correlated nokukurumidza insufficiently yakarurama chiedza zvinowanikwa panguva kuverenga ayo anofungidzirwa maitikiro. Somuenzaniso, chiedza zvakasvibirira akaenzana anenge 6 × October ¹⁴ Hz. Ndiyo mitemo yakawanda zvikuru kupfuura kakawanda kuti zvemaziso vibrations. Enzanisa munhu anogona kunzwa kurira pamwe frequencies anosvika 2 × ¹⁰ April Hz. Chii chaizvo zvichisiyana pamwero achiri yakaramba isingazivikanwi inotevera 60 makore.

Chipingaidzo mu matete mafirimu

The vaichengeta Migumisiro hakugumiri miviri yakachekwa geometry dzakashandiswa Thomas Young. Kana pane kufungisisa uye refraction pakati mwaranzi kubva hukawanika maviri dzakaparadzaniswa chinhambwe akafanana wavelength, chipingaidzo rinowanikwa mune matete mafirimu. Basa firimu pakati hukawanika anogona kutamba Vacuum, mhepo, mvura kana segirazi muviri hwakasimba. In chiedza chinoonekwa chipingaidzo Marwadzo havabvumirwi ne hukuru ane micrometers shoma. A anozivikanwa muenzaniso yose firimu iri sefuro. Light akaratidza kubva, ndiko superposition nemafungu maviri - mumwe zvinoratidzwa kubva mberi penyika, uye wechipiri - iri kuseri. Ivo bindepinde muchadenga uye kuwedzerwa mumwe. Zvichienderana pakukora sipo firimu, mafungu maviri anogona dyidzana zvinovaka kana destructively. A kukarukureta of chipingaidzo muenzaniso kwakakwana kunoratidza kuti chiedza chine wavelength λ chipingaidzo rinovaka ari kuchengetwa kuti firimu Ukobvu λ / 4, 3λ / 4, 5λ / 4, nezvimwewo, uye kuparadza - .. To λ / 2, λ, 3λ / 2, ...

Zvokuimba nekuti pakuverenga

chipingaidzo Fani aiva hunoshandiswa zhinji, saka zvakakosha kunzwisisa inokosha mukana wokuti vanhu vanga maringe nazvo. Zvinotevera equations kubvumira kukarukureta-siyana tsika chokuita chipingaidzo, nokuti ayo maviri Inonyanya kacho.

Location chiedza micheka iri Young kuedza, .. Ie paIndaneti chete kukanganiswa rinovaka kunogona rinowanikwa nokushandisa okuti: y _{ndiye chiedza.} = (ΛL / d) m, apo λ - wavelength; M = 1, 2, 3, ...; D - kure pakati slits; L - daro kuvavarira.

.. Location rima evapambi, kureva dzine nekuita rinoparadza kunopiwa: y _nerima. = (ΛL / d) (m + 1/2).

Nokuti dzimwe mhando chipingaidzo - mu matete mafirimu - kuvapo superposition rinovaka kana kuparadza anosarudza Pasika kuchinja ari yairatidza mafungu, izvo zvinoenderana firimu ukobvu uye refractive indekisi kwayo. Chokutanga mukana wokuti vanhu vanga rinotsanangura zvakaitika kusavapo vanoshanda yakadaro, uye wechipiri - iya wehafu wavelength:

2nt = mλ;

2nt = (m + 1/2) λ.

Pano, λ - wavelength; M = 1, 2, 3, ...; T - nzira zvaiyambuka muna firimu; N - indekisi kuti refraction.

Rucherechedzo zvakasikwa

Kana zuva rikasabuda pamusoro sefuro, unogona kuona mitsetse rakajeka yechitema, sezvo wavelengths siyana vari pasi kukanganiswa zvinoparadza uye vakabviswa kuratidzwa. The yasara nechiedza anooneka somunhu nopindirana ruvara rokubvisa. Somuenzaniso, kana somugumisiro kukanganiswa rinoparadza vasipo tsvuku zvinoriumba, kuratidzwa achava mutema. Dzakaonda firimu mafuta pamusoro mvura unobereka ndozvinoitawo. Zvakasikwa, minhenga dzimwe shiri, kusanganisira namatendera uye Tsodzo, uye anoshongwa zvevamwe zvipembenene kuonekwa chichiwedzera, apo change ruvara kana iwe kushandura dzokuonera yorusvingo. Manyiminya Physics pano ndiyo chipingaidzo chiedza mafungu akaratidza kubva dzakaonda layered hurongwa kana arrays kuratidza tsvimbo. Saizvozvowo maparera uye goko vari Iris, nokuda superposition pfungwa multiple akaturikidzana neparera. mabwe anokosha akadai hiakindi, zviratidzwa yakanaka chipingaidzo mapatani zvinokonzerwa vachipararira chiedza kubva nguva hurongwa inoumbwa nemaziso idenderedzwa inoramba.

kunyoresa

Kune vakawanda rwokugadzira mafomu chiedza chipingaidzo mananara muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Vari kwakavakirwa wefizikisi kamera optics. Normal lenses antireflection unhani ndiyo nhete firimu. ukobvu kwayo uye refraction yemwaranzi vari saka vakasarudza kubereka chipingaidzo chiedza chinooneka kwakaratidza dzinoparadza. More kushandiswa coatings zvinosanganisira vakawanda akaturikidzana ose matete mafirimu aiendeswa kupfuura chete nemwaranzi mukati rakamanikana wavelength siyana uye nokudaro zvinoshandiswa sezvo filters. Multilayer coatings anoshandiswawo kuwedzera reflectivity pamusoro nezvionioni muchadenga materesikopu, uyewo Manyiminya Laser resonators. Interferometry - yakarurama chipimo nzira inoshandiswa kunyoresa kuchinja duku mune hama nechokure - inobva akataurwa pamusoro inochinja nechiedza uye rima zvisungo neve nechiedza. Somuenzaniso, imwe nokuyerwa sei chipingaidzo muenzaniso ikachinja, anobvumira kugadza curvature pamusoro hukawanika ose Manyiminya zvinoriumba muimba Manyiminya wavelength lobes.