Chii chinonzi lexicology chinodzidza? Chikamu cheSayenzi chinotsvakurudza mazwi

Lexicology isayenzi inonyanya kushandiswa pamashoko echirongwa chaiwo. Iine mitemo yayo uye mapoka. Chii chinonzi lexicology chinodzidza? Iyi sayenzi inobatanidza nemhando dzakasiyana dzemashoko, uyewo mabasa avo uye kubudirira.

Pfungwa ye

Lexicology isayenzi inodzidza mutauro wemutauro uye zvayo. Chidzidzo chechikamu ichi chemizimi ndechekutevera:

• Mabasa eLexical units.
• Dambudziko rezwi sezvinonyanya kukoshesa mutauro.
• Mitauro uye marudzi eexical units.
• Chimiro chemashoko echirimi.

Iri haisi rondedzero yakakwana yezviri kuidzidzwa ne lexicology. Iyi sayenzi inobatanidza nyaya dzekudzokorora nekuwedzerwa kwemashoko, uye inoongororawo hukama uye kupesana pakati peexical units.

Chinangwa chokudzidza

Izwi uye zvarinoreva ndiro chikonzero chesayenzi dzakawanda. Morphology inobata mibvunzo iyi, uyewo nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuumbwa kweshoko. Zvisinei, kana mune aya masayenzi aya inzira yekudzidza zvivakirwo zvemurairo kana kudzidza mitemo yakasiyana-siyana yezvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvekugadzirisa shoko, zvino izvo zvinodzidziswa nexicology zvinoshandiswa zvakananga kuti zvinzwisise zvakataurwa nemashoko ivo pachavo. Lexical units inotaridzirwa kwete sekusanganisa kwemashoko nemanzwiro, asi iyo inokosha yehutano ine zvido zvayo, zvinoshanda, zvikamu uye pfungwa. Ichi ndicho chinangwa chekudzidza kweLexicology. Anofunga nezvemashoko ega, asi izwi rose sechinhu chakakwana uye chisingaoneki.

Iyi nzira ine zvinyorwa zvayo. Izvi zvinotibvumira kuti titaure kune rimwe boka remaxical units kwete mazwi chete, asiwo mabhesi akachengetwa ane chimwe chiitiko chekuongorora.

Dambudziko reShoko

Iroxicology yemutauro wemaRussia wemazuva ano inotarisa pane chimwe chinhu uye chidzidzo chekudzidza kwayo. Sezvo shoko iri rinofungidzirwa senhengo iyo ine hukama pakati pehuwandu hwaro nehuwandu, inofungidzirwa muzvinhu zvitatu zvikuru:

• Structural. Chimiro chezwi, sarudzo uye zvikamu zvinodzidzwa.
• Semantic. Zvinorehwa neixical units zvinotorwa.
• Inoshanda. Basa remashoko mumutauro uye muchimiro chairo chemutauro inotsvakurudzwa.

Kutaura nezvekutanga, lexicology isayenzi inosimbisa mitemo yakananga yekugadzirisa kusiyana nekuzivikanwa kwemashoko ega. Kuti uite izvi, maexical units anoenzaniswa neshoko rinosanganiswa, uye shanduko yekugadzirisa yakagadzirirwa inobvumira kugadzirisa kushandiswa kweshoko.

Kana chiri chechimiro chechimiro, ipapo iyi isayenzi yakasiyana - semasiology. Anodzidza hukama pakati pezwi uye chimwe chinhu. Izvi zvinokosha kune lexicology. Anodzidza shoko uye zvarinoreva, pamwe chete nemapoka aro akasiyana nemhando, izvo zvinotibvumira kusiyanisa pfungwa dzakadaro se monosemy (yakasiyana) uye polysimy (polysemy). Lexicology inodzidzawo zvikonzero zvinotungamirira pakuonekwa kana kurasikirwa kwezwi rine zvarinoreva.

Basa rinoshanda rinotarisa lexical unit sechinhu chinotaurirana nezvimwe zviitiko zvakafanana uye inovaka sangano rose remutauro. Pano basa rekubatana kwemashoko uye shanduro yakakosha, iyo, kune rumwe rutivi, inotsigira, uye kune rumwe rutivi.

Tsanangudzo yeshoko

Lexicology inotarisa mazwi segadziriro inosanganisira maitiro mashoma. Lexical maumbirwo akaita mapoka akasiyana-siyana muhuwandu, maitiro uye zvakagadzirwa. Ichi chikamu chezvidzidzo neLexicology. Panguva imwecheteyo, izwi racho rinotsvakurudzwa mune zvikamu zviviri: sehukama hweboka pakati pezvikamu zvega uye nzvimbo yazvo yakakodzera kune mumwe nomumwe. Kuvonga mushoko iri rinogona kugoverwa mumapoka akasiyana. Semuenzaniso, maitiro, mazita, maonero, maitiro, zvipfeko, nezvimwewo.

Mukuwedzera, inenge chikamu chipi nechipi chezvinyorwa, zvinosanganisira chiRussia kana Chirungu lexicology, inodzidza mamwe mapoka akawanda emashoko, ayo anonzi masimi. Kazhinji yakavakirwa pamusana pemunda wekutanga, somuenzaniso, imwe nhamba yezvinyorwa, uye miganhu ivo pachavo, iyo yakasiyana-siyana yeparadigmatic, semantic, grammatical kana mamwe maitiro ehukama nehupi hupi hupi hwehutano.

Zvikamu zve lexicology

Kufanana nedzimwe svesayenzi, lexicology ine maitiro ayo ezvidzidzo, izvo zvinokonzera zvimwe zvikamu zvechimwe chinhu uye chidzidzo chekudzidza:

• Semasiology. Anoshanda muzvinoreva mazwi nemitsara.
• Onomasiology. Anodzidza nzira yekutumidza zvinhu uye zviitiko.
• Etymology. Inotsvaga mavambo emashoko.
• Onomastics. Anoshanda mumazita akakodzera. Izvi zvinoshanda kumazita evanhu vaviri uye mazita edzima.
• Stylistics. Kudzidza zvinorehwa nemashoko uye kutaura kwechimiro chakanaka.
• Lexicography. Ita maitiro ekuronga uye kuunganidza maduramazwi.
• Phraseology. Inotsvaga mazwi ezvinyorwa uye mazwi anoramba achienderera mberi.

Zvikamu zveLexicology zvine zvinyorwa zvavo, pamwe chete nechimwe chinhu uye chidzidzo chekudzidza. Mukuwedzera, kune mamwe marudzi eyi sayenzi. Kunyanya, isu tiri kutaura pamusoro pevanhu vose, vakazvimirira, vanoitika kare, vanoenzanisa uye vanoshandisa lexicology. Rudzi rwekutanga runokonzera maitiro akazara emashoko, kusanganisira yakarongeka, zvikamu zvekuvandudza, mabasa, nezvimwewo. Private lexicology inosangana nekudzidza kweimwe mutauro. Nhoroondo yezvakaitika ndeye inokonzera kukura kwemashoko maererano nehuwandu hwemazita ezvinhu uye zviitiko. Kuenzanisa lexicology kunoongorora mazwi kuitira kuti ione ukama pakati pemitauro yakasiyana. Rudzi rwekupedzisira runoita mabasa akadaro semutauro wekutaura, zvikamu zvekushandura, rurimi rwekudzidzisa uye nexicography.

Zvikamu zveLexical units

Mashoko ekutaura chero rurimi akasiyana uye asinganzwisisiki. Saizvozvowo, kusiyanisa zvikamu izvo zvine maitiro avo ega uye maitiro. Russian lexicology inofanotaura zvinotevera subspecies:

• Mumunda wekushanda: mazwi anowanika uye maexical units anoshandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo (svesa, nhetembo, hurukuro yekare, nhete, nezvimwewo).
• Pamusoro pemutoro wemanzwiro: kusarerekera uye mavara mavara.
• Pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwezvakaitika kare: neologisms neAchachasms.
• Nezvakabva uye kubudirira: nyika yose, kukwereta, nezvimwewo.
• Nokushanda - kushingaira uye kusatendeseka kwemaikikiki, pamwe chete nezvinoitika.

Zvichibva pakuvandudzirwa kwekutaura kwemashoko, miganhu iri pakati pemashoko yakazara, uye inogona kubva kune imwe boka kuenda kune imwe.

Matambudziko

Kufanana nedzimwe svesa, lexicology inosangana nedzimwe dambudziko. Nyanzvi dzemazuva ano dzinosiyanisa zvinotevera:

• Kakawanda kwemashoko mundima.
• Misiyano pakati peexical units mukunyorera uye mumutauro wemuromo.
• Mikana yemashoko anokubvumira kuumba mazita matsva kwezvinhu uye zviitiko.
• Shandura hutsika hwemashoko.

Sayenzi inodzidzawo kusiyana-siyana kwekuenderana kwemashoko kumatanho akasiyana-siyana: semantic uye lexical.

Nzira dzekudzoza mazwi

Lexicology inobatanidzwa mukutsvakurudza kwezvimwe zvakasarudzwa zvekusarudzwa. Izvi zvinoreva nzira dzakasiyana uye nzira dzekuwedzera izwi. Nokuda kweizvi, zvose zviri mukati mechimiro chairo zvinogona kushandiswa, uye kushandiswa kwezvikamu zvemaxical kubva kune dzimwe mitauro zvinogona kushandiswa. Pane nzira dzinotevera dzekuzadzikisa mazwi echirevo:

• Shoko rakagadzirwa ndiro kusikwa kwemashoko matsva.
• Kuvakwa kwemitemo mitsva yemashoko akatovapo: polysemy, kutengesa maitiro, nezvimwewo.
• Kuumbwa kwemashoko anoramba achienderera mberi.
• Borrowing.

Aya maitiro anowanikwa kune mutauro chero upi zvawo, asi pane imwe neimwe ane maitiro avo pachavo uye zvakasiyana-siyana.

Nzira

Nezvido zvayo, lexicology inoshandisa nzira huru yekutsvakurudza mitauro. Izvi zvinosanganisira:

• Kuparadzirwa. Aine mutoro wekutsanangurira huwandu hweexical unit, nehuwandu hwehutsika, nezvimwe.
• Substitution. Anodzidza zvinoshamisa zve synonymy uye kuchinja kwemashoko.
• Component method. Inotarisirwa kuparadzaniswa kwezvikamu zvemaxical muzvikamu zvakasiyana, uye zvinoshandawo nehuwandu hwazvo.
• Kuchinja. Inoshandiswa mukushandiswa kwemashoko ekugadzirisa kuitira kuti uone chinonyanya chikamu chezwi.
• Statistical method. Yakashandiswa kugadzirisa kushandiswa kwekushandiswa kweexical units, uyewo kuverenga semantic yavo, paradigmatic nedzimwe mhando dzehukama.

Mashoko aya akawanikwa nebatsiro emitemo iyi inoshandiswa mune dzimwe sciences, kusanganisira psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, uye huwandu hwemagariro evanhu.