Chii chinoita ingi: Kuronga. How kuti ingi chaiyo: danho nedanho mirayiridzo audzwa

Zuva nezuva tinoshandisa ballpoint chinyoreso pamusoro desktops vane vaidhinda anoshanda zvishomanana kana pasina akatevedzana. Tava vanojaira ichi kuti regai kufunga sei zvinoshanda. A danho rekutanga nokugadzirwa, zvose izvi batsira namano yokubika zvakatishamisa sezvamunoita zvinogona kusiya zvisaririra pamusoro uchapupu pepa tishu. Zvisinei, nhasi tinoda kutaura, kubva chii chinoita ingi. A Nhoroondo pfupi uye yazvino kuchava dzinonakidza kuti vakuru nevana.

tomes yekare

The thinnest parchment Mitsetse hwokurara pamusoro tanned ganda, zvekare nguva vakashamiswa chii chinogona nyore disassembled zvakanyorwa kudaro kure. Chokutanga ingi iri nyore chaizvo - black yakavhenganiswa chinhu Sticky. Iwo chokwadi, aiva ingi, iyo unoomesa uye makatsemuka. Uyezve, kwakanga zvikuru yakaoma, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti ruoko kuunza nzvimbo yakanaka. Ipapo Pfungwa akanga zvachose Classified. Chii chinoita kuti ingi, rinozivikanwa chete vapristi. Panzira, paiva zvakasiyana-siyana. Vakatora sehwaro uchi uye pazviri yendarama upfu. Zvinowanzoshandiswa chikamu elderberry uye walnuts. Asi izvi zvose hwaderera kupinda yokukanganwa. Nhasi, kugadzirwa ingi zvava nyore oornag. Ngativerengei kuronda cheni mberi.

Ingi kubva nzungu Gallen

Ramba funga, kubva chii chinoita kuti ingi, hatigoni kukanganwa yakakurumbira kuwanikwa, iko anokosha growths pamusoro pomuti mashizha. Dzinonzi galls uye kurarama nazvo zvipembenene mazana - nduru wasps. Ndokusaka growths anonzi ingi nzungu. Ava batwa muto, zviri ipapo hwakakanyiwa yesimbi sulfate uye akawedzera namira. Zvakaguma yakatsiga sezvamunoita pamwe wakanaka chivheneke. Kunyange nhasi, kuti akachengetedzwa Manyoro kucherekedza zvinyoro chaizvo. Zvisinei, paiva nomumwe anokosha nuance. inks Ndivo Hauoneki, runyoro kunogona chete kana tsamba yapwa.

A chimurenga munhau

Muzana XIX remakore, vanhu vave vakadzidza zvikuru, ane zvakawanda uzivewo chii kuti ingi. Muna 1885, mumwe kubvuta masimba rakanyorwa. Mudzidzisi tega alizarin ingi. Vaivawo nduru, asi ane ruvara kwazvo nokuda rakasiyana chirungiso. Blue-rwegirini muguchu, vakatendeuka vatema kana kushandisirwa mapepa. Izvi zvakabatsira kubudikidza kuwedzera Krupp, kureva mushoma kubva Midzi madder.

Zvino muzvigadzirwa chimurenga rakanga chipatapata, uye madder vakadzidza kutsiva chakagadzirwa mavara neingi nzungu - gallic acid. Asi mberi uku haarambidzi. nyore nzira kubereka aniline ingi, kuti unoparara mumvura kuwana dhayi chakaita zvokugadzirwa yakawanikwa. With zvemichina ichi zvinobvira synthesize zvakasiyana-siyana nziyo ose tints. Zvisinei, ichingori chakavanzika sei kuita zvinyorwa naRuby, nesafiri uye parera neingi mamongi yekare. yeimwe izvi zvichiri anozivikanwa zvimwe dzemamongi, asi haana unyanzvi ichi kumbobva masvingo avo.

Kubvira kare kuti chipo

Saka sei ingi nhasi iri guru, maindasitiri scale, hazvina kuoma zvokufungidzira kuti vakawanda vanhu hakurevi zvisikwa. Zvino zvose kugadzirwa Formulations inogona kukamurwa marudzi anoverengeka. Boka rokutanga ndiro zvikuru nevanhu, zvakachipa uye nyore. Iwo chokwadi, kugadzirwa ingi kubva gallic acid.

The nzira yechipiri - ndiko kugamuchira murwiyo, uchishandisa tannin. Unowanikwa pamusoro Sale muchimiro yellowish upfu. Kushandiswa sezvo thickeners uye glycerol gelatin. Saka zvinobvira kuti shoma ingi kuti kufamba kunyange kana netsaona anwa. Chokwadi, zviri nani kudzivisa.

How kuti maoko avo

Kana uchida zvechokwadi kuedza pachako basa rimwe Ages mumongi, ipapo tinobva kukuudza sei kuti ingi noruoko. Zvese chaizvo nyore. Unofanira kuunganidza magiramu matatu pomuouki maapuro, zviviri magiramu ose ferrous sulfate uye zvakafanana chingamu Arabic. Ingi Gauls vanofanira paundi kupinda upfu uye muzadze mudziyo. Dururirai mariri 30 ml mvura. Mune mumwe mudziyo ndidire zvakafanana yakawanda mvura uye kuwedzera mimwe zvinoriumba. unogona sanganisa zvose mvura mumazuva maviri, kukuchidzira uye kusiya mumwe maawa 48, ipapo kunotadzisawo. Zvisinei, kunyora sezvamunoita izvozvi vanofanira kudzidza zvakawanda. Asi sezvo inks izvi itai nemaoko avo rakanyatsojeka zvakaoma, unofanira kugutsikana chii chaizvo zvakafanana kwavari.

ingi alizarin

Vari kugadzirira zvakare kubva pamuouki maapuro, asi zvakasiyana pakuti dzine vhiniga. Kuti agadzirire kudiwa kutora ingi nzungu 10 g, 6 g yemhangura sulfate, 1 g chingamu Arabic, 100 ml vhiniga. The gadziriro anotora nguva yakawanda, saka ini nomuimbirwo kuna refu muitiro. Yakapwanyika galls kunyorova muvhiniga kweinenge 6 mazuva. The yasara zvinoriumba vari voga zvazvichanyungudutswa acid. Pazuva rechishanu rechipiri chikamu anofanira yakabikwa.

Pashure zvose zvingaitwa takagadzirira, unofanira kubatanidza pamwe chete. Zvino zunzai musanganiswa zvakasimba. Masero ari opera. Zvinonzi zvakanakisisa wakanyatsokodzera sezvo solvent huni-acetic acid. Alizarin ingi ane guru Vakaomerwa - hazvina noruvara ichiyerera vakakomba mudanga, uye kuramba pamusoro payo gobvu guru.

Zvakawanda zvokusarudza

Nhasi, kugadzirwa ingi - ichi chinokosha kugadzira, izvo chete inowedzera prices. On zvavo Rus kugadzirira kubva ferrous sulfate riri kuwedzera muto pomuouki nzungu. Nhasi, kwakajairika ingi nokuti ballpoint maoko - musanganiswa 50 kana kupfuura zvinoriumba. The Black ruvara zvinoitwa wemadhai, asi zvikuru nevanhu ndivo triphenylmethane, mhangura phthalocyanine, vanenge vachipa yebhuruu tint, rakakurumbira kudaro mabhuku ano.

Ingi Manufacturing kwete pasina ferrous sulfate uye tannic acid. Colorants uye yokuvirisa yakasananiswa nokungwarira ane solvent, ivo vanofanira kuita nzira yakatsiga zvikuru. Chakaita zvokugadzirwa Polymers vari kudiwa kuti vabatsire kugadzirisa pamusoro makakatanwa.

Makara regirazi

Ingi nokuti kugadzirira pose anotsvedzerera maviri kushanda mhinduro. Chokutanga - nayo 100 ml mvura ukaparadzawo mairi 1 g potassium sulfide uye 7 g yavaibvisa sulphide. Kugadzirira nyore vaiitawo. Second zvakafanana mune 100 g mvura, 3 g zingi chloride uye 13 ml hydrochloric acid. Musanganiswa rinogona kushandiswa zvakananga sezvo neingi. Chinogona zvakanaka kushandiswa girazi uye vawane pashure kupwa matte zvisiri.

Nziyo nokuti simbi

unogona kudana navo neingi chete conditionally. Kunyora pamusoro simbi inofanira musanganiswa nitric uye hydrochloric acid. Nokuti ichi, pose zvinenge zvakazara wakisi, uye ipapo kuti chinyorwa unopinza chinhu, uye ipapo murwiyo rinoshandisirwa kubva kumusoro. maminitsi mashanu gare gare, ngarava inogona akadarikira mumvura inodziya. Kugamuchira analogue ingi zvinhu zvakanyorwa yebhuruu, zvakafanira kuti kugadzirira akasiyana sezvamunoita.

Ndezvevakazvigadzirirwa kuburikidza nokusanganisa 3.5 g borax pamwe 15 ml ethyl doro, 2 g ari rosin upfu uye 25 ml methylene rebhuruu mhinduro. Zvinoguma chinyorwa yebhuruu.

Ingi nokuti tishu

Takatodzidza kukurukurwa nziyo uye ainyanya izvo zvakagadzirwa neingi. Zvisinei, vose nziyo idzi havana yakakwirira kuramba akadzokorora kugeza uye Kubika. Kuti aite izvi, zvishoma kushandura resipi. To chinu ichi akanga neshungu muna 42 g aniline uye 2,5 d kuti potassium chlorate uye 13 ml mvura. Ipapo 15 ml hydrochloric asidhi (25%) uye kuramba kudziyisa musanganiswa kusvikira nerima. Zvazvinosarira nyaya kuti diki. Chinu dzakadururwa zviende cuprous chloride, izvi zvinogona kunzi kushanda zvachose.

The zvichiguma inotoda neshungu kuti red-Violet ruvara. Pashure paizvozvo, pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu dhayi, iyo oxidizing mumiririri uye anowedzera zvakaitwa tinogona kuwana rokupedzisira mugumisiro. Ingi yakaitwa pamusoro yokubika ichi, ivo husingakwanisi chaizvo. Havazivi Vachaoma mu wash kwacho uye kunogona kushandiswa mune chiedza indasitiri.

pachinzvimbo mhedziso

Sezvaunogona kuona, pane nzira dzakawanda kugadzirira ingi. Modern indasitiri achibvumira kugadzirwa kubva matema uye anopera mavara neingi. Munguva ichangopfuura, mabikirwo kudzivirira chakuvhuvhu. Kune anokosha yeimwe kana kuwedzera ingi neutralize basa chakuvhe. creosote ichi uye formalin, salicylic acid.

Sezvaunogona kuona, kuti Kuronga ingi hakuna kuoma. Kana uri vachifarira kemisitiri, ipapo uchagona kudzokorora kumba. Zvisinei, mubvunzo guru iri kana nguva yakawanda, kunyanya kufunga mari imwe chigadzirwa muchitoro muhofisi zvinhu uye kudya.