British samolecular biologist, uye biophysicist neuroscientist Frensis Krik: Biography, kubudirira, zvakawanikwa uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

Francis Crick Harri Compton aiva mumwe vaviri samolecular zvipenyu uyo Parakabhedhenurwa muchivande keriya maumbirwo magene mashoko deoxyribonucleic asidhi (DNA), nokudaro Atanga yazvino ezvinhu zvipenyu. Shure inokosha kuwanikwa iye akaita rakakura kunzwisisa masero remitemo uye basa majini, uyewo neurobiology. Akaudzawo Nobel Prize mukurapa muna 1962 pamwe James Watson uye Maurice Wilkins nokuda elucidation DNA mamiriro.

Frensis Krik: Biography

Mukuru kwevanakomana vaviri, Francis, akaberekwa mumhuri Harry Crick uye Elizabeth Ann Wilkins June 8, 1916 mu Northampton, England. Iye chikoro girama omunharaunda uye kubvira pazera duku akafarirawo kuedza, kazhinji achiperekedzwa nemakemikari kuputika. Kuchikoro, akakunda mubayiro rokuchera maruva. Uyezve, akanga yakazara tenesi, asi haana kufarira zvikuru mune dzimwe mitambo uye mitambo. Ndava nemakore 14, Francis akagamuchira chikoro bhezari muna Mill Hill, kuchamhembe London. Makore mana gare gare, ava nemakore 18, iye ndanyoresa pa University College. Vabereki vake vakura vakatamira vachibva Northampton muna Mill Hill, uye akabvumira Francis kurarama apo kudzidza pamba. Akapedza kudzidza pamwe chinokudza muna Physics.

Pashure Rokutenderwa Frensis Krik rinotungamirirwa da Costa Andrade pa University College akaita tsvakurudzo viscosity mvura pasi dzvinyiriro uye panguva pamatunhu tembiricha. Muna 1940, Francis akagamuchira yevagari yebazi Admiralty, kwaaishanda pamusoro magadzirirwe Anti-chikepe nemigodhi. Kwekutanga gore rino, Crick akaroora Rute Doreen Dodd. mwanakomana wavo Michael akaberekwa panguva imwe mhepo kurwisa London November 25, 1940. Pakazopera hondo, Francis akanzi zvesayenzi ubanguranyika pakati kumuzinda British Admiralty muna Whitehall, kwaakaramba nezvezvakanaka kugadzira zvombo.

Vava kuda vapenyu uye nonliving

Nekuona kuti zvaizotora mimwe kudzidziswa kuti kugutsa chido chavo wokuita inokosha tsvakurudzo, Crick akasarudza kushanda iri yemhando dhigirii. Maererano naye, iye ainakidzwa zviviri nzvimbo zvipenyu - muganhu pakati vapenyu nonliving uye pfungwa basa. Creek akasarudza wokutanga, pasinei aiziva zvishoma pamusoro penyaya. Mushure zvidzidzo rokutanga panguva University College muna 1947, akamira chirongwa murabhoritari muna Cambridge vachitungamirirwa Artura Hyuza, vachirondedzera kushanda pamusoro ehupfumi kuti cytoplasm tsika huku fibroblasts chaiko.

Makore maviri gare gare, Crick akabatana boka Council of Medical Research panguva Cavendish Laboratory. Raisanganisira British renyanzvi Maks Peruts uye Dzhon Kendryu (ramangwana Nobel Prize vakundi). Francis akatanga pamwe navo, ostensibly kudzidza mapuroteni mamiriro, asi chaizvoizvo kushanda Watson pamusoro maumbirwo DNA kuparara.

kaviri akamonyoroka

Muna 1947, Frensis Krik akarambana Doreen uye muna 1949 akaroora naOdile Speed, mudzidzi, yokudhirowa, uyo akasangana apo iye akashanda Navy panguva yake basa Admiralty. The muchato rakaenderana mavambo ayo kukwikwidza basa X-ray diffractometry mapurotini. Nzira iyi kudzidza sekristaro nemamiriro mamorekuru, vachibvumira chidzore zvinhu zvavo-dimensional zvitatu chivako.

Muna 1941 Cavendish rabhoritari inotungamirwa Sir William Lawrence Bragg, uyo aiva piyona kuti X-ray diffraction nzira, makore makumi mana apfuura. Muna 1951, Crick vakabatana Dzheyms Uotson, takashanyirwa American, uyo akadzidza chiremba Italian Salvador Edward Luria uye aiva nhengo boka yefizikisi vakambodzidza kwemabhakitiriya nemavhairasi, aizivikanwa bacteriophages.

Sezvo vamwe vake, Watson vaifarira Kuziviswa murwiyo majini vaifunga kuti agadzirise maumbirwo DNA ndiyo ndiyo mhinduro. Informal Kudyidzana pakati Crick uye Watson kubudikidza zvakafanana vavariro uye zvakafanana pfungwa pezvakaitwa. unyanzvi hwavo anotsigira mumwe. Pakazosvika nguva vakatanga vakasangana Crick aiziva zvakawanda pamusoro X-ray diffraction uye nemamiriro puroteni, uye Watson ainyatsoziva bacteriophages uye kwemabhakitiriya genetics.

izvi Franklin

Frensis Krik uye Dzheyms Uotson vaiziva basa biochemists Maurice Wilkins uye Rosalind Franklin kuti waMambo College muLondon, uyo tichibatsirwa X-ray diffraction havawanzoiti maumbirwo DNA. Creek, kunyanya, yainzi London Group kuvaka yokutevedzera, sedziya zvaitwa Laynus Poling muUnited States kugadzirisa dambudziko puroteni Arifa akamonyoroka. Pauling, baba makemikari chisungo pfungwa akaratidza kuti mapuroteni vane-dimensional matatu marongerwo uye hadzisi Linear amino asidhi cheni.

Wilkins uye Franklin, achishanda ari ega, vaifarira zvikuru vanoziva experimental nzira yokungotaura simulating nzira Pauling, izvo vaitevera Francis. Sezvo boka pa waMambo College haana kupindura avo panyaya, Crick uye Watson vane vakazvipira chikamu munguva dzekutora nharo-gore maviri. Mukutanga 1953 vakatanga kuvaka muenzaniso DNA.

DNA mamiriro

Kushandisa mashoko kubva X-ray diffraction Franklin, neboka mujenya muedzo uye kukanganisa, ivo ndakasika muenzaniso deoxyribonucleic iine acid Morekuru, riri kunoenderana ndezvipi zviri London Group uye date zvipenyu Erwin Chargaff. Muna 1950 yokupedzisira yakaratidza kuti hama chitsama nucleotides zvina anoumba DNA, kunotevera zvimwe mitemo, rimwe riri anoenderana uwandu adenine (A) uwandu thymine (T) uye uwandu guanine (G) uwandu cytosine (C). Kutaurirana kwakadaro kunosanganisira pairing ose A uye T uye C uye G, Kuramba pfungwa yokuti DNA - hazvina kupfuura tetranucleotide, ari nyore Morekuru zvinosanganisira zvose zvigadziko zvina.

Muchirimo uye kwezhizha 1953, Watson uye Crick akanyora mana nyaya nemamiriro deoxyribonucleic asidhi uye taitarisira features, okutanga yakabuda mumagazini inonzi Nature musi 25 April. Mabhuku zvichiteverwa nemabasa Wilkins, Franklin, nevamwe vavo kunge experimental uchapupu muenzaniso. Watson akakunda kanda uye akaisa anonziwo pakutanga, nokudaro nokusingaperi unobatanidza dzinokosha yesayenzi budiriro pamwe peya Watson-Crick.

nemagene remitemo

Mumakore mashomanana akatevera, Frensis Krik aidzidziswa ukama pakati DNA uye majini romutemo. pamwe yake Vernon Ingram kwakatungamirira kuti kuenzanisira muna 1956, kusiyana Kuronga Chizenga kuti jeko-sero kupererwa neropa kubva zvakajairika mune imwe amino acid. Kudzidza akapa uchapupu hwokuti majini chirwere chinogona nechokuita DNA-mapuroteni reshiyo.

Around imwe nguva Crick panguva Cavendish Laboratory akabatana genetics uye Molecular Biology of South African Sydney Brenner. Vakatanga kukurira "dambudziko Coding" - tsanangudzo kutevedzana kwezviitiko DNA bwezvingoro anoumba kutevedzana kwezviitiko amino acids vari puroteni. Basa yokutanga dzinotaurwa 1957 pasi unoti "Pamusoro kwetunhu mapuroteni." It Crick akagadzira inokosha uchapupu ezvinhu zvipenyu, maererano iyo, mashoko pachishandiswa imwe puroteni shure zvakare. Zvinonzi akafanotaura kuti puroteni usage michini kuburikidza achitumira mashoko kubva DNA kusvikira RNA uye kubva RNA kuti mapuroteni.

Salk Institute

Muna 1976, panguva pazororo Crick akapiwa zvachose nzvimbo panguva Institute of Biological Research Salk muLa Jolla, California. Akabvumirana uye navamwe hwake iye aishanda Salk Institute, kusanganisira mutungamiriri. Ikoko Creek akatanga kudzidza kushanda kwouropi, chiri kurifarira kubva kutanga basa nesayenzi. Zvinonzi ainyanya mubasa kuziva uye akaedza kurwisa dambudziko kuburikidza nokudzidza zvaakaratidzwa. Creek akabudisa mapepa akawanda pamusoro dzokufungidzira zvigadziriswe zviroto uye kuteerera, asi, sezvo iye akanyora autobiography ake, akanga achiri kubereka chero dzidziso, izvo zvaizoita panguva iyoyo raiva idzva uye zvinogutsa kutsanangura zvakawanda experimental chokwadi.

"Arayirwa panspermia" An chinofadza yechiitiko nezvebasa iri Salk Institute aiva kukura pfungwa dzake. Pamwe chete Leslie Orgel, akabudisa bhuku raakanga akataura kuti tupukanana kwakawedzera muchadenga, kuti pakupedzisira kusvika nyika Navanodzvara nayo, uye kuti zvaiitwa somugumisiro Action, "mumwe munhu." Saka Frensis Krik akapikisa dzidziso zvakasikwa, achiratidza sei zvinoita kusuma dzokufungidzira pfungwa.

Awards musayendisiti

Panguva yake basa nesimba theorist hwemazuva zvipenyu Frensis Krik vakaungana, synthesized uye akavandudza experimental basa vamwe uye muuye zvavo kujairika zvakabudiswa kugadzirisa inokosha matambudziko nesayenzi. Ake kuita zvinoshamisa, kuwedzera kune Nobel Prize, yakahwina iye dzakawanda mibayiro. Izvi zvinosanganisira Lasker Award, mubayiro rechiFrench Academy of Sciences of Charles Mayer uye menduru of Royal Society Copley. Muna 1991 iye chakagamuchirwa sezvo nhengo Order chokuita.

Crick akafa July 28, 2004 muSan Diego pazera makore 88. Muna 2016 Francis Crick Institute yakavakwa kuchamhembe London. Sechivako mari makirogiramu mamiriyoni 660 yaiva kupfuura muzinda anorapa achishandisa mitemo kutsvakurudza Europe.