"Black China" muna 1998. 1998 default muRussia

Mushure Soviet Union yakaguma kuvapo, Russia iri inenge nguva dzose paainetseka zvemari. Hurumende kushayiwa vemamwe mari, ari kwokunze chikwereti basa kuitira hazvaikwanisa kuva. Somugumisiro, akawandisa nechitarisiko asiwo dzakawanda zvikwereti kwete chete vakaumba guru chikwereti paruzhinji. Kuti ichi chaiva chinhu chinodiwa kuti nyika yakakurumbira chiitiko akaburuka munhau se "Black China" muna 1998.

ZveEl chikwereti paruzhinji, kana Ayakaita

Maererano mashoko inopiwa Central Bank of Russian Federation, panguva yenjodzi, kuti SMP anoenderana mabhiriyoni 24 emadhora. Kana ichi chikwereti GKO / OFZ kumusika vasiri vagari uye pamusika wemari yaiva $ 36 bhiriyoni. Avhareji Ukuru chikwereti gore vasiri vagari akaswedera mufananidzo $ 10 bhiriyoni pagore. Kuwedzerwa zvinhu jeko ichidonhedzera mari mbishi zvinhu pamusoro pamusika dzakawanda. Richikwidibira akabata mafuta, gasi uye simbi. Panguva iyoyo vari Asia vakatanga yose zvoupfumi kuGreece. ReRussia wokumwe Exchange mari yakaderera nezvikamu kanoverengeka, mari Gengi muna 1998 yoku- kunonyanyisa kwayo, uye Lenders vatorwa vakatanga kuona zvakakomba nechokwadi uye kunetsa panyaya kupa rubatsiro rwemari kuti hurumende kuti kusagadzikana upfumi mamiriro ezvinhu.

Negative pfungwa: zvose zvakatanga muna July

Pasinei nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma munyika, "Black China" muna 1998 chakaunza chokupika Michel Camdessus, iyoyo chinzvimbo Executive Director pakati yacho IMF. Nokuda kwamashoko ake anoratidza kuti kunyange kana ose ezvinhu IMF mari mu Russia havazokwanisi kuti ape chikwereti ari uwandu $ 15 bhiriyoni, iyo yakumbira mamiriro kufunganya pamusoro kuderedza rudzi mari vakava kunyanya chakasimba.

Nechekare July 7 CBR akarega chose nekuita mari masangano akadai Lombard kwezvikwereti. July 9, hurukuro dzakaitwa, migumisiro iyo mamiriro akanga zvose mikana yokuenda chikwereti ari uwandu mabhiriyoni 22.6 emadhora. Zuva rakatevera, United Nations akazivisa kuti kuderedza achaunza nyika kusingaenzaniswi nyasha, uye ndiko kutanga, zvakakodzera kuti upfumi hwenyika.

Zvekunyepera Kuchinja Kwemanzwiro

Zvakaitika munyika mukupera July, akapa tariro yokuti default 1998 haigoni kutora nzvimbo. Saka, 29 hurumende yave dzinounzwa ari tranche vemamwe nokukwereta zvashata mhando wokutanga. saizi Its oda $ 14 mabhiriyoni. kuderedza pangozi rava yaserera. 24 chete pamwedzi refinancing mwero wakati chichiburutswa kuti kukosha 60%. Ikakuruma ne zvakanaka pfungwa waivako Andreya Illarionova, vakashumira sezvo Kumutungamiriri Economic Institute. Akashora pamutemo mutemo wehurumende uye akaramba ari kuwedzera kuti kuderedza National mari.

Zvakaitika August 1998 - the rakada dambudziko

The 1998 dambudziko muRussia vakatanga achiipa pashure kwenguva pfupi takanga tisisanakidzwi nokuda 5 August, apo hurumende akabvunza State kuwedzera nokukwereta muganhu kubva $ 6 billion kusvika 14. Ichi mhinduro iri pachena anoratidza ndechokuti nyika hadzisi inokwanisa nemari bhajeti rayo kubva mumhuri zvinyorwa.

Nechekare musi August 6, hurumende wakabudiswa ari tranche kuti vavakezve upfumi $ 1.5 billion rechitatu. chikwereti Russian kutengeswa nyika rwokuyera rakadzikadzika tsika dzavo. 1998 "Black China" kwegore akanga ava pedyo.

The zvishoma nezvishoma pokuwa upfumi

Zvisingadzivisiki kuondomoka mashoko ose kuchengetedzeka Russian wakaitwa kuti 11 August. Pamunenge muchizvivaraidza RTS kwakadonha pazuva nokuda 7.5%. Ichi chaiva chikonzero kumisa wokutengesera. Masikati, mabhengi anogara vakaramba kutenga dzimwe mari. In madekwana nezuva iroro apo muna 1998 dhora Gengi yasvika ayo yepamusoro, vakawanda mabhanga kupfuura munyika vasingachaiti kushandiswa zvavo zvose.

August 12 rakapinza kufarira currency akava chinodiwa kuti standstill iri interbank chikwereti pamusika zvakakwana. It vakatanga liquidity dambudziko. Banks kuti vanoda yakawanda mari kusangana pasi mberi zvibvumirano zvayo nemhiko, kuti vakasangana nematambudziko nokuripira yemutoo wezvikwereti. CB proinitsiiroval rutapudzo miganhu mari zvikuru zvokutengeserana mabhanga, pane yekudyidzana akaderedza zvavo mari pamusoro kwerunyararo yacho Ruble. Agency Moody`s uye Standard & Poor`s August 13 rakazivisa unopinza kuderera-refu chikwereti Rating weHurumende. Gurukota rezvemari uye mutevedzeri Director of Central Bank yakashuma pachaunga kuti vavatorwa mukutsinhana pamusika uye hurumende chisungo pamusika kubva panguva iyi kuti aitsigira vokubhengi. August 14 aigona kuonekwa mumigwagwa pedyo pemahombekombe yose tungamidzana pakati depositors vaiedza kuwanazve mari yavo.

"Black China" muna 1998

Black patepi kare Russian vanoda "Black China" raireva waishandiswa default munyika, kutadza kwayo kubhadhara ayo sungiro - kana kwokunze kana zvemukati. August 17, pashure kutaura Sergeya Kirienko, akagara pambiru musoro wehurumende, zvakava pachena kuti kuderedza kwakaitika. Akataura mabasa zvainanga panguva Kudzikamiswa uye normalization zvose zvemari uye fiscal negwaro.

Mazuva 90 raizosungirirwa kuitwa kune dzimwe zvizvarwa pamusoro zvikwereti kuti kwema mugadziriro pamusoro nomukaka pamusika uye anondibatsira evanhu. Zvakakwana akamira kutengesa T-zvikwereti. Russia rwakamuita kuti kuyangarara Gengi. Pashure pakuwedzera mukoridho 6 kusvika 9.3 rubles muzana dhora kudzora mamiriro acho ezvinhu, Hurumende akasagona. Muna 1998 dhora mumwedzi miviri chete yakawedzera kakawanda, uye muna October akanga 15.9 rubles por dhora, tichienzanisa 6 rubles pakutanga muzhizha 1998.

Zvaiitika munyika mushure defaulting?

Mushure 1998 default akanga rinoziviswa, pemahombekombe vakarega achivaratidza deposits pakarepo. Mamiriro acho ezvinhu nokuti kuti mari masangano sungiro runoratidzwa madhora, uye pfuma - mune rubles. Kana ukatanga akadzika deposits pamberi munhu kuderedza, achava kuumba buri jira, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa yose rwezvemabhengi ezvinhu ehurumende.

International Organization Visa Int. akadzikatidza kugadzwa munyika kadhi "Imperial" pakukura bhengi. Vose mari kumasangano vakakurudzirwa kurega akadzika mari neSvondo. muna 1998. The mukuru dhora kwazova hwaro kurambidza pakagadzwa musiyano pakati vachitenga uye vachitengesa mari kwenguva inopfuura 15%. Pane dzinongoitika pakusarudza mari masangano, kusiya chete akasimba. havashiviriri yaipiwa pakatanga kwekanguva yaitonga. Kukweretesa dzekushumira zvemari zvakaitika dzavo Kupfuudzwa mamiriro dzinoshandiswa nehurumende shareholdings. Zvino kwakanga chirevo pamusoro achibvisa masimba kubva Cabinet uye kudzingwa romusoro ehurumende ezvinhu.

zvemari nezvinhu

A nomuedzo chaiwo uye maonero matsva kuyeukwa vagere munyika dzakawanda ra1998. Default mu Russia zvakakonzera kurasikirwa August mabhiriyoni 96 emadhora. yemakambani kwemauto Nokurasikirwa yairema anenge $ 19 bhiriyoni. Commercial zvemari Masangano vakatambura Nokurasikirwa mu uwandu mabhiriyoni 45 emadhora. Nyanzvi dzakawanda mari nyika vanowanzomuitira kudavira kuti nhamba iyi yakaderera chaizvo.

GDP wakawira $ 150 billion. Mamiriro Kudeuka mungava munyika aiturikwa Russia yakanga iri August 1998. The Ruble yave depreciated substantially, uye kwokunze chikwereti wemari panguva haidereri pane mabhiriyoni 220 emadhora. mari iyi unoenderana 147% kubva GDP. The chikwereti kwokunze - handiyo chete vakauya 1998. Default mu Russia kwakatungamirira kuti mumhuri chikwereti. General nokubatira hurumende kuti vagari venyika vakasvika mabhiriyoni 300 emadhora, iyo unoenderana 200% kubva GDP. Kusimbiswa kumadokero sezvakarayirwa 1,2 matiririyoni emadhora, asi maererano ndibatsireiwo Data kubva America. A guru ndinoiitawo kuti nyika akagamuchira mushure "Black China" - kurambwa wakakwana hwenyika pamusoro yakatsvuka muenzaniso uye tichishingaira kukura zvinenge zvikamu zvose basa iri panzvimbo iyo kusvikira dambudziko rakanga kupinza.