Atomic mabara: nhoroondo yokusika, Photo

Hapana chinofamba mberi sekuda hondo. Zviri mhedziso chokwadi, kunyange zvakasuwa. Kuti adzivirire kodzero yavo kundima, vanhu invents tarenda zvigadziriswe uye nenheyo inokubvumirai kudzivisa muvengi, vane mukana nesimba uye simba.

Utsanzi vanobva 60s

Mumwe incredible zvigadzirwa Inoziva ne Soviet masayendisiti-yefizikisi panguva Cold War. The nhau kuti zvipfuwo nyanzvi iri kudzivirira michina zvakasikwa uye kuongororwa mabhomba mabara, akazarura panongova achangobva uye aiva kutekenyedzwa. Zvinyorwa zvose pamusoro chakavanzika kukura aichengeterwa munhu kunyatsotevera kurindwa. Chete mushure Soviet Union yakaparara, uye Semipalatinsk akava chikamu akazvimiririra Kazakhstan, chakavanzika akatanga achigarira maoko mashoko vezvenhau. Panguva iyoyo zvakazivikanwa kuti zvinomiririra mabhomba nemabara. Description uye zvinoratidza ichi chombo tarenda kumanikidzwa akashamisa vanhu vazhinji. Zvakanga zvisiri pachena sei chombo kwakadaro vakasiyana yenyukireya anogona uchanyauka guru warrior tangi, uye kudzima multi-storey chivakwa.

Mal uye akabvisa

Hongu, kukura mabara izvi chaizvoizvo aiva muduku kuti chikero mabhomba zvombo. Zvombo akanga caliber 14.3 mm uye 12.7 mm rinorema zvigwagwagwa dzaizopiwa. Asi kuti haana kurega masayendisiti uye akasika bara caliber 7,62 mm zvose zvakananga Kalashnikov pfuti. Nanhasi, pose pane mabhomba chombo, izvo zvinogona kuenzaniswa yakadaro vakasiyana warhead.

The hwaro zvose zvombo zvenyukireya ndiwo anonzi fissile zvinhu. The mabhomba vanoshingaira zvinoriumba chinomiririrwa uranium exchange 235 kana plutonium 239. In wefizikisi renyukireya pane pfungwa "vakawanda dzinonetsa" - uremu projectile, panguva iyo iri kushanda uye kuti vaite kuputika. Nokuti uranium exchange uye plutonium, parameter ichi hachisi asingasviki 1 kilogram. Hazvina musoro kuti pane mubvunzo mumusoro mangu: "Chii manufactures mabhomba mabara? Sezvinobvira zvakadaro duku caliber rekuisa simba zvikuru? "

Chii mukati maatomu mabara?

Mhinduro iri nyore, asi basa rakaoma yefizikisi Soviet chiri seri kwayo. Atomic mabara dzaigadzirwa transuranic maatomu akafanana californium, kana kuti kuva chaiyoiyo, waro radioactive isotope. fuma iyi ine mabhomba uremu akaenzana 252 dzakabatana. Zvinoshamisa, imwe isotope kuti californium chokukomborerwa yakaoma guru? G 1.8 chete asi ichi hachisi rinokosha mukana zvinoshamisa fuma. Nechepakati kuora californium 252 akava nepfuma anobudirira fission kuumba 5 kusvika 8 neutrons. Izvi hazvishamisi, sezvo Uranus uye Pluto vanogona kuti vaunze chete 2 kana 3 neutrons. yefizikisi Soviet vakanga anofara abudirira Zvaringana kutora pizi yose californium 252, uye iwe unogona kuita kuputika kukuru kwenyukireya! Izvi hazvidaviriki yawanikwa kwakaratidza kutanga kukura kumusoro-muchivande chirongwa kuumba idzva mhando chombo.

For California masayendisiti anogona kushandisa nzira mbiri. Nyore ndiyo nokuputika bhomba rimwe simba renyukireya, pamu plutonium. Imwe nzira - kusikwa isotopes pamwe mabhomba reactor. Pasinei ayo nyore, nzira rokutanga anonzi inonyatsobudirira, sezvo anobvumira kuwana Nyuturoni nekubudisa arambe achirema kwazvo kakawanda kuti reactor renyukireya. Zvisinei, kuti dzokubudisa nzira California kunoda kuramba yenyukireya nemiedzo kubvira vakawanda kugadzirwa mabhomba mabara kunoda replenishment kuti zvakafanira mbishi zvinhu.

Zvinoita akafanana vakasiyana mabhomba bhambu?

Aongorora zvinyorwa racho, unogona kufungidzira Zvinoonekwa mabhomba nemabara. mudziyo yavo ichazivikanwa noku incredible chisingachinjiki. Hwaro mabara - dukuduku chikamu California, iyo inorema hakuna kupfuura 6 magiramu. In chimiro afanane ine dumbbell rine hemispheres maviri nhete zambuko.

Putika projectile mukati rakazara mune tsindirana bhora ane dhayamita ari bara pamwe caliber 7,62 mm ndiyo 8 mm. kukura peizvi kupa supercritical pehurumende uye kuti pave nekukurukurirana pakuputika yenyukireya. Atomic mabara, mapikicha paunogona kuona pazasi, yaiva mukati fiyuzi kuonana mhando. Rinotibatsira dzokupandukira mutariri. Iri nyore zano chombo bhomba. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kurema mabara dzakadaro akatendeuka zvikuru kwakanyanya kwakajairika ishamwari. To ballistic ehupfumi yacho yakagadzirwa vaiva pamusoro, ari ruoko aifanira kushongedzera mhosva kupfuura simba gunpowder.

Nei Soviet Union akarega basa racho?

Pane imwe chinokosha, izvo ane bara yenyukireya. chirongwa Soviet kuumba nekuita mu maoko chipo kuvamba rave rakaderedzwawo vakawanda nokuti chokuti anoshongwa dzapisa chaizvo. Ari kuora muCalifornia pane zvikuru kupisa. Ichi wechisikigo chakajairika, sezvo zvose radioactive zvokuvakisa vanotsamwira ne kuora. Izvi ndizvo zvikuru, duku dzavo nguva hafu-upenyu. Saka, mabhomba bara akazadzwa californium kwakaita kuti 5 watts or pamusoro chafariz simba. Pamwe izvi pane kuchinja zvivako zviri putika uye fiyuzi pacharo. Zvikuru ngozi ndechokuti kufambira uye simba kudziyisa anogona kukonzera jamhu bara mukamuri kana iri mudende, uye paiva nengozi huru vaingoerekana kuputika bara kana kudzingwa basa.

Tichifunga ezvinhu aya, kwakaonekwa kuti kuchengetera mabhomba mabara kunoda unyanzvi firiji. chikwata ichi chaiva ndiro rimwe Ukobvu masendimita 15, vakapakata Nezvigadziko vaitenderera 30 mhangura. Mune nzvimbo pakati anoshongwa achishandisa pasi kufurirwa refrigerant kutanga, waimira sezvo mvura amoniya. ino akapa aida tembiricha iri anoshongwa -15˚S. Kutonhora akasiyana mukuru simba (200 watts or) uye kwazvo kurema 110 makirogiramu. Kufambira kuvaka iyi zvaibvira chete kushandisa chaiyo chokufambisa kuti akapa zvakawanda kuzvuzvungudza.

Mune midziyo yacho dzekare mhando bhambu hurongwa, kutonhora mhosva zvakare chinhu chinokosha che kuvakwa, asi riri mukati. Kana mabhomba mabara akaona kudiwa kuderedza dzokunze anoshongwa tembiricha.

The chiri kushandisa mabara dzakadaro sezvinotevera: vakanga zvikachenge- firiji pa -15˚S. Pakangotanga goko rakabviswa kuchitoro, inofanira kuiswa kwehafu yeawa. Munguva iyi nguva kunodiwa hwokugadza bara riri pfuti chitoro, iro riri vachiridzira chinzvimbo, tora ndanzwawo pamwe inodiwa zvakarurama uye kuita vapfurwa. Kana murwi vasina nguva kuchengeta mukati chikuva ichi, kuti bara anofanira akadzokera mufiriji kuti okuchengetera. The projectile, iyo wakambovata pasina zvakakodzera okuchengetera zvinhu pamusoro awa, kuti kuparadzwa pachishandiswa chinokosha michina.

Features mabhomba mabara

Masayendisiti akaratidza chimwezve chakaremara zvakakomba, dzakanga inozivikanwa maatomu nemabara. izvi anoshongwa nemiedzo akaratidza yakakwirira inorwara kusagadzikana zviratidzi kubudiswa simba ari kuputika. zvazvingava Izvi zvinogona dzinosiyana 100 kusvika 700 kg asi pamusoro TNT nerokuti. Its anokosha zvakananga novimba mamiriro ezvinhu ayo zvakachengetwa mabara, uye chipfuro zvinhu.

Zvakaitika zvinoratidza kuti maatomu mabara - chiri chinhu chinokosha pamusoro pezvakaita kuputika. Zvakasiyana chaizvo kubva zvatinosiita mabhomba bhomba uye namakemikari zvinoputika, ayo dzinounzwa nokukoromora vhoriyamu inopisa magasi hombe. Tembiricha rinosvika mazana ezviuru rworwendo. A duku bhora shoma muripo haisi kukwanisa kuudza ake ezvinhu simba fission zvenyukireya muviri.

Tinokwanisa kufungidzira sei simba kuputika achava kunyange makirogiramu 100. zvinoputika. Atomic mabara vari dzinoratidzwa simba kuvhunduka wave, asi ivo rakapfuura dzavo makemikari dzomuzana mu nemwaranzi mumatunhu. Maererano ezvinhu ichi anoshongwa mashoko aigona chete kushandiswa kukunda zvinangwa zvikuru kure. Asi kunyange vaisagona kuchengeta museve kubva chinokosha chokupfeka. Mauto akavanda aingopfura chero, shandisa mabhomba mabara, vaisabvumirwa kuzoposhera refu watsemuka uye kubereka vaitenderera anopfuura matatu.

Apo Ndinogona kushandisa mabara izvi?

Vanobvumirana, projectiles izvi - asi whimsical kushandisa mauto midziyo, uye mubvunzo unotevera: "kupi maatomu mabara inoshandiswa? Kuparadza zvinangwa zvavari irreplaceable? "The ano tangi dzokurwa akasimba zvakakwana kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti projectile chibhakera napo. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kunodiwa. Kana jekiseni muimba tangi mabhomba bara allocates ane chitsama kupisa kuti unodzivirira rukoko kubva muhondo motokari nyore sasana, uye simbi uchanyangadika. Somugumisiro, nomupedzachose akava shongwe akaumbwa, uye tangi akava zvachose kuita chinhu uye haisi akakodzera kushandiswa yacho. Chimwe mabhomba bara anokwanisa kurichinja kuguruva cubic mita brickwork.

Colossus netsoka zvevhu

Asi panguva colossus ichi ine simba gwapa. Zvinozivikanwa kuti kana maatomu mabara kuwira hwemvura kwezvakatipoteredza, kuputika renyukireya kunoitika. Izvi imhaka yokuti mvura svikiro ruchigona kunetesa uye kuratidza neutrons. pfuma uyu wabatwa nhoroondo nemasayendisiti uye Soviet Matangi akatanga kudzivirira Matangi nemvura. A mhando dzokurwa inodzivirira rwisana motokari kubva mabara muvengi, California.

Inodhura, nezvimwewo cup

Nhoroondo maatomu mabara rakamanikidzwa kunyura kupinda yokukanganwa pamwe kutanga moratorium pamusoro yokuedzwa Ezvemutauro tinazvo zvenyukireya nezvaanogona. Dambudziko rose kuti reserves avo California, izvo akakwanisa kuburikidza kuputika simba kunyangarika nani nokukurumidza. Pakanga chete ane nzira nzira yokuwana - kuburikidza reactor yenyukireya. Zvisinei, nzira iyi yainzi zvinodhura uye zvibereko zvinokosha chaikosha raiva duku. mhando iyi ezvinhu akanga kutsigirwa kushaya yakasimba kudiwa pakuzadzisa kukura mabhomba nemabara. Atungamirire kudzivirira ehondo nyika vakasarudza kuti muvengi anogona kuparadza zvombo, izvo regai zvinoda zvikuru nesimba pamusoro kugadzirwa, okuchengetera uye kukurukurwa. Maererano chirongwa ichi "mabara Nuclear" pamusoro USSR akapeta akatuma kuunganidza guruva echiShinto ari pakavanda yamabhuku.

Zvino kuona kukura makore iwayo, kazhinji kuti kumwe mumamiziyamu kana mudzimba kuunganidza mabhuku zvisingawanzoitiki, asi kubudirira kwavo yagara akarasika. Chokwadi chokuti pasherefu upenyu mabara idzi chete kwemakore matanhatu. Zvichida panguva iyoyo, uye tsvakurudzo riri kuitwa kuvandudza vakasiyana yenyukireya anoshongwa kubva California, asi iwe unofanira kupedza imwe titanic basa kuti vave vakasununguka kushandisa uye kuderedza mari inoshandiswa yavo. Dzivisa mitemo wefizikisi iwayo akaoma. Zvisinei, sezvo mabhomba bara Californium sezvo mumakomba vane unhu hwakaipa:

• inopisa zvikuru panguva okuchengetera;
• Vanoda kuramba kutonhora;
• zvinofanira kushandiswa hapana paya pane hafu yeawa pashure defrosting;
• kusagadzikana uye kusingadzoreki simba nokuputika vebasa;
• neutralized vaaisangana nemvura zvakatipoteredza;
• California kugadzirwa ari reactor yenyukireya - refu uye zvinodhura muitiro.

The raora ezvinhu izvi uye aiva chikonzero kuti rinoshamisa chirongwa rinonzi "mabara Nuclear" of USSR akachengetedza kusvikira nguva nani. Hazvina kunyange nokuda pakuzadzisa zvombo zvehondo yakanga urombo mari. Utungamiri munyika akaverenga chirongwa dzisingashandi uye zvakare zvekumwe nokuda mangwanani 80-ies.

Panguva iyoyo, Russia iri vakabata vanoverengeka Mobile chombo uye mhepo kuzvidavirira enyika, akadai "Strela" uye "Igla". In magadzirirwo wavo ane homing maitiro chinoda kutonhora kuti -200˚S. Izvi zvinoitwa kupa svikiro kubva mvura senitrogen uye zvinodhura zvikuru. Zvisinei, izvi hazvirevi kushumira nekunyepedzera Ushumiri Kudzivirira akaverenga ichi kunorwa mudziyo buda yakaoma uye seisingashandi. Kwerunyararo kurwa nesimba mamiriro anoruramisa kushandiswa michina zvinodhura. Zvichida inotakurika Mini kutonhora hurongwa zvenyukireya mabara dzichakurukurwa muhurukuro yemberi, uye ivo vachava zvombo zvikuru vanhuwo nemasoja.

Kugadzirwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya duku iri US

About ani kutanga akazogadzira mabhomba mabara, uye ikozvino handiregi gakava. Kwe Ultra-diki uye simba zvombo vokutanga yakabuda munzvimbo 60s remakore rapfuura, apo mamiriro ezvinhu nyika riri kufurira kukura rechiuto indasitiri. Mubvunzo maoko zvigadziriswe pakati kukuvadza chiito zvino chakanga chakaipisisa, uye nyika mbiri dzine - US uye Soviet Union akasvika pedyo asika zvigadzirwa yenyukireya kuramba rechiuto parity. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dziri kuti vanodavira kuti maatomu mabara - zvebhizimisi pfungwa uye maoko American unyanzvi. At moyo pakukura kwavo - pfungwa kuparadzwa zvipenyu mukati imwe nharaunda kuita pamusoro projectile achishandisa kurova gasi chaiyo akabudiswa munguva renyukireya zvakaitwa. Muna USSR kukura mabhomba mabara ndiyo tariro akakuitira anogona muvengi.

Nhasi, gakava yakapoteredza chirongwa makasimbiswa, zvingaita sokuti, nyaya akaramba rokupedzisira remakore. Zvisinei, munguva pfupi ichangopfuura racho American Vezvenhau akaita wose funga zvenyukireya nemabara. In Texas, rimwe boka yefizikisi akaita nhamba kuedza chokuita kuedza bhomba akazadzwa hafnium isomer. Kuti vawane fuma, chinoumba nhengo irradiated pamwe X-nemafungu. Masayendisiti vakashamiswa: acho akanga dzinounzwa chitsama simba kuti hunopfuura 60 nguva mari kudzidziswa. The chatingatevedzera zvichizoita mwaranzi kwaisanganisira chaizvoizvo kuti wegamma-chakarondedzera, riri anokanganisa zvipenyu. Hafnium anoparadza chinzvimbo zvakaenzana 50 makirogiramu pamusoro TNT nerokuti. Izvi mhando chombo kugamuchira nemitemo Mini-enyukireya kana kuronga imwe Mini-Newco, izvo zvinorondedzerwa muna Bush Doctrine kuchengeteka.

Hazvizivikanwi kuti panyaya kukura kuitwa muna Russia, Zvisinei, zvichida munguva yemberi iri pedyo vasayendisiti vedu vachava chinhu kutaura pamusoro pokumuka American navo.