Aster mhuri (Asteraceae): unhu, mapikicha, uye vamiririri

Mubvunzo achava mumwe mhuri kupfuura pakati dicotyledons - Asteraceae (Asteraceae). Pasina Pavakaona, tatarisana nevamiririri varo anenge mazuva ose - pamba, mukicheni, uye mumigwagwa. Flowers asteri mhuri zvichida ndiyo inonyanya kwedu ruva mibhedha uye minda, uye ndicho chikamu kicheni pasina mafuta sunflower.

Aster mhuri: mukuru unhu

The mhuri zvinosanganisira yakakura kwazvo kuzvarwa, zvakaoma kupa chaiyo mufananidzo, zviri kuwanda kubva 1100 kusvika 1300, uye vanopfuura 20,000 marudzi Vazhinji zvinomera mukume ne nezvipembenene. Nzvimbo nokuparadzirwa rakafara zvakakwana, vamiririri vemhuri iyi inowanika zvose okunze zones: kubva inopisa uye ine uma dzinopisa kune chando achinaya mvura, marefu mumakomo uye pamhenderekedzo yamakungwa. Vanokura pamusoro vadanana dema murenje sand. A dzakawanda kwemarudzi inopiwa Astrov paupamhi zvoupfumi kushanda muupenyu hwomunhu.

A pachena chinoratidza zvose miriwo, zvinosanganisira Asteraceae - kunzwisisa Inflorescence - tswanda rine maruva maduku uye asazivikanwa vazhinji, asi pamwe chete ivo vanoumba boka anoyevedza chaizvo mufananidzo.

The nemamiriro ruva

Zita Inflorescence sezvo anotaura pacharo: tswanda, saka pane kukwanisa, iyo kana akapeta. Capacity - chinoshanda kuna pamugumo peduncle, kungava sandara, convex kana concave. Just pamusoro payo, uye pane zvakawanda nemaruva diki. Uye kumativi ose rakombwa mumwe kana kupfuura mitsara bracts. All maruva mhuri rakakamurwa nezvemarudzi shanu:

• Tubular, kazhinji androgynous uye ndoda ngochani. It ane chimiro kumicheto iyo kunosvika pakuguma kana ane gumbo.
• Lozhnoyazychkovye maruva - vari inoumbwa jointing ari petals matatu uye zvakafanana nhamba mazino dzinongoda pamusoro mucheto.
• Reed - Corolla chimiro ane mapfupi chubhu iyo tsaukai kwenzwi, fused pamwe. Kazhinji, vane Stamens shanu uye mumwe pistil.
• Funnelform - maruva asymmetrical chimiro, genderless, sezvo refu Corolla chubhu kunosimudzirwa zvakasimba pakupedzisira (fanera).
• Two-lipped maruva - Corolla chubhu refu zvakakwana, uye akatsunga nokuda Tabs zviviri (miromo). Zvingava chete-kana zvepabonde nevarume uyewo nevakadzi.

Kana tikatora Somuenzaniso, imwe sunflower, tose vakajaira kurinzwisisa somunhu yoga akasvibirira uye akanaka ruva. Asi ichi ndicho hazvisizvo kubva pfungwa nemaonero bhotani. Sezvo chokwadi chiri Inflorescence, iyo ine maruva vanopfuura 1,000 munhu diki (tubular), uye rakapamhamha petals uye yakajeka Orange kana yeyero - Rutsanga maruva. Zvinoshamisawo kunzwisisa uye kusimba sangano, hunhu repfungwa kuti zvidukuduku.

Vamiririri mhuri vane mutoo ruva:

* Ca _{(0, fused)} Co ₍₅₎ A ₍₅₎ G _(2).

Zviri kwese kuti mhuri yose Asteraceae. Formula ruva deciphered sezvinotevera: maruva zvepabonde nevarume uyewo nevakadzi vane ndege wandei symmetry, Calyx, Corolla pamusoro petals shanu, Stamens 5, vaviri pistil, ovary pamusoro pavo.

Sechivako mashizha uye mudzi

Sechivako mashizha zvinogona kutaurwa chete zvavo nemashoko, sezvazvakaita zvikuru boka guru miti inopiwa siyana upenyu siyana. Sunflower mbeu, burdock, norukato, asters uye zinnias, Jerusarema artichokes, muti chimiro, yarrow, gerberas uye vazhinji nevamwe - zvose asteri mhuri. A vakawanda maitiro ndechokuti urongwa mashizha, kazhinji nguva dzose, asi anogona kuva panguva imwe chete kubva kumativi akasiyana. Kukura uye chimiro siyana pamusoro navanopinda chaizvo zvinobva mashoma millimeters kusvika 2-3 mamita. Venation vamiririri mhuri vainyanya pinnate. The Mashizha zvinogona pubescent, ukuru zvakaoma zvinosiyana, zvirimwa zvakawanda vane minzwa.

The mudzi kunokudziridzwa zvakanaka uye ruzhinji zvinomera ane unokosha marongerwo (zvakanaka kunyatsobudirira Taproot uye vazhinji paranasal). Somuenzaniso, zviri zvakakwana kuyeuka hwokufananidzira mumiririri mhuri - voikukka, naye uye ake midzi avanoziva zhinji. Uye okunatsiridza inogona thickened pamwe nowenyika tuber Somuenzaniso pa burdock.

Ndezvipi michero ndivo miti Aster mhuri?

Asteraceae (Asteraceae) ndivo achenes muchero. Zvaoma, mbeu ine mumwe. Pericarp uye Rakaunyana kana kuibva haina kuputswa. Kwakapararira dzidzo iri achene siyana vhudzi, namaberere zvokukochekera yepakutanga, izvo zvinokonzera kupararira mbeu nemhepo (voikukka, gavakava), nemhuka kana vanhu mbatya (series, burdock).

Asteraceae Life fomu

Life siyana vanomirirwa zvinenge zvakazara, uye ichi ndiko kunonyanya kukonzerwa chihombe Kuparadzirwa nzvimbo, asi achiri bitmap (Asteraceae) - zviri kunyanya herbaceous zvirimwa (pagore kana perennial). Dimensions siyana mukati zvakawanda - kubva tuduku kwazvo hofori vamiriri anoverengeka mamita dzakakwirira.

Vazhinji howa vari nemiti kana mumakwenzi zvikuru chaizvo kukura (kusvika 5-8 metres kureba). Somuenzaniso, melampodium Marsh, chizvarwa kunyorovesa, marshy Masango Louisiana muUnited States.

The bitmap Mhuri ine vamiririri uye pakati pemiti, kunyange ivo vose vagere wokumaodzanyemba mucheto. Somuenzaniso, skaleziya muna Galapagos Islands, izvo zvinogona kusvika 20 metres urefu, asi hazvina endemic, uye zvakawanda haisi kuwanikwa chero pakona nyika. Kana miti genus brachylaena kubva South Africa. miti Giant, vane huni simba zvakakwana husingakwanisi kuora, nokuti raakanga vanokosheswa.

Musi Zvikwenzi paMaare New Zealand haatsiya pushkovidnaya anoumba munhu wose mumatenhere. muti uyu mamiriro kuti gobvu makapeti kufukidza hafu mita kureba uye nharaunda zvakakwana yakakura (imwe chirimwa vanogona kukura metres maviri dhayamita).

Found pakati mizambiringa Asteraceae (Mika, Mutisya), Succulents uye kunyange isingawanzowanikwi muchimiro noupenyu tumbleweed (Centaurea diffusa, asteriscus pfupi).

Setsika, zvose Asteraceae vari rakakamurwa subfamilies maviri: trubkotsvetnye nenhokwe.

Subfamily bitmap (trubkotsvetnye)

Ruzhinji mavara - tubular. Ichi boka zvinomera rinosanganisira pamusoro chiuru zvizvarwa uye marudzi anopfuura makumi maviri (taxonomic chinzvimbo muna bhotani, riri kuvatumwa kukosha kwemhuri, asi yakakwirira hurongwa). Somuenzaniso, vakawanda akakurumbira - a bitmap, kalendulovye, nemaringazuva, anthemideae, tageteae uye nevamwe.

Subfamily chicory (kana latukovye)

Dzavo rokuremekedza wechipiri rurimi, vakasiyana yapfuura mhuri ine marudzi manomwe chete, uye uwandu marudzi anenge mazana maviri - chiduku chikamu uwandu miti enzvimbo Asteraceae. Vamiririri chicory kukura hunenge ose kondinendi, nyika yedu wakakurumbira zvikuru maonero - iri chicory, kunoshamisa maruva inopenya rwedenga uye kupararira sezvinoita bundo. Kunyange zvakadaro, muti wakanaka uchi chirimwa, uye rinoshandiswa kubika mudzi kofi.

Aster mhuri: muviri ukoshi

Case zvidzidzo zvinomera vemhuri iyi kare zvakakurumbira kubika, muenzaniso wakakurumbira zvikuru - a sunflower oilseed. nyika yokumusha kwake - North America. Iye zvinobudirira acclimatized munharaunda yedu, uye ikozvino nemaringazuva vari akura ari dzokutengesa pamwero. The chikuru yemudzimu nayo - Ichokwadi, sunflower mafuta. Asi mhiri yaibereka mbeu, hydrogenated mafuta (tallow, kushandiswa achigadzirira margarine uye sipo), kugadzirwa tsvina rinoshandiswa sezvo mhuka zvokudya.

Chimwe inopenya uye dzinodyiwa, asi zvinosuwisa, hatidi kukura mumiririri mhuri - artichoke (aimiririra). Setsika, riri kuonekwa romuriwo, asi chaizvoizvo zviri unopened maruva. Somunhu yoga dhishi kana divi dhishi, zvinonzi rinoparadzirwa muMediterranean munyika uye America.

Famous ayo kuravira unhu Jerusarema artichoke, kurimwa kwete chete sezvo zvokudya asi uyewo hwokugadzira uye zvezvipfuwo chirimwa.

Decorative uye somushonga ukoshi

Ake decoration uye maruva marudzi ose asteri mhuri (mufananidzo) inozivikanwa kwenguva yakareba.

Breeders hwokurara anenge zvisingaverengeki akasiyana mubindu maruva. All vanoziva yakakurumbira florists chrysanthemum uye gerbera. Kanenge kamwe ose ane ruva mibhedha, kurimwa asters kana daisies, zinnias uye marigolds, dahlias uye ageratum.

Makwenzi ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa uye anobatsira: chamomil, yarrow, arnica, series, rukato, gavakava, tansy, Marigold uye vamwe vakawanda. Dzavo kuporesa zvainoita muviri kunoedzwa nekusimba, decoctions kana infusions wemiriwo ndiwo chinokosha Homeopathic mishonga.

Aster mhuri, vane nhengo zvinozivikanwa, zvichida, mumwe nomumwe, akapa nyika Zvaifadza yakawanda mubhizimisi, zvishongo uye makwenzi.