Amoniya - ndiye antipode uye analogue ... mvura?

Munhuwi gasi anozivikanwa kuti vose - unogona kuinzwa pakarepo kana iwe uvhure nechirongo amoniya. Chinhu pamusoro ehupfumi ayo, takaudzwa kuchikoro. Zvisinei Uyewo zvinozivikanwa, kuti mumwe kiyi zvibereko kwemakemikari indasitiri: kureva zviri nyore kuzodzosera senitrogen, izvo haadi kupinda nemakemikari. Amoniya - ndiwo pfungwa yokutanga kubva izvo kutanga kudhindwa zhinji senitrogen yeimwe: nitrites siyana uye nitrates, zvinoputika uye aniline madhayi, Pharmaceuticals uye mapurasitiki ...

kumashure

Zita pafuma rinobva pashoko rechiGiriki «hals ammoniakos», iyo anoshandura sezvo amoniya. Amoniya morekuru rimwe kufananidzwa Pyramid, iro vertex iyo iri senitrogen atomu uye nechepasi - rehydrogen maatomu matatu. The yokuita remubatanidzwa ichi - NH3. Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, amoniya - munhu Hauoneki gasi unopinza kwakanaka cheYangon. arambe achirema zvaro -33,35 ° C (achibika tembiricha) zvakaenzana 0,681 g / masendimita ^3. A fuma iri vavhunduka -77,7 ° C. Matadza guru amoniya ndiyo magiramu 17 paminiti nhuta. Kumanikidzwa 0,9 MPa pa nzvimbo tembiricha, Anoita amoniya kuti ndizvipete. Gamuchirai panzvimbo indasitiri pasi kufurirwa Via CATALYTIC kwetunhu rehydrogen uye okisijeni. Liquid amoniya - zvikuru kuramba mupfudze refrigerant. With ichi zvinhu anofanira kungwarira, nokuti chepfu uye putika.

dzinonakidza zvinhu

Liquid amoniya ane nani kujairika ehupfumi. Externally afanane mvura pachena. Kufanana H ₂ O, izvozvo anonyatsorayiridzwa urwa zhinji Organic uye inorganic yeimwe. munyu Most mairi dissociate kupinda ions kana chikaparara. Panguva iyoyowo, kemikari maitiro, kusiyana mvura, parinenge zvakasiyana.

Data patafura iyi zvinotungamirira yokuti mvura amoniya - rakasiyana zvakatipoteredza vamwe Exchange siyana kuti havasi noitika mune aqueous mhinduro. Somuenzaniso:

2AgCl + Ba (NO _{3) 2} = 2AgNO ₃ + BaCl _2.

Nekuti NH ₃ akasimba hwepurotoni acceptor, acetic acid, pasinei kuti vaiona simba, izvozvo prodissotsiiruet zvachose, sezvinoita simba acid. Of mubereko mukuru vari kugadzirisa mu mvura amoniya alkali simbi. Kare muna 1864, mishonga wakacherechedza kuti kana iwe kuvapa imwe nguva, kuti amoniya runopwa, uye emadhaka yaizova yakachena simbi. Zvikuru ndiye vechokwadi aqueous munyu mhinduro. Musiyano ndechokuti alkali nesimbi, kunyange zviduku zvakawanda, asi zvisinei vakaita pamwe amoniya, nokudaro achiumba munyu-zvakadai amides:

2Na + 2NH ₃ = 2NaNH ₂ + H _2.

Ekupedzisira vari kugadzikana chaizvo zvinhu, asi vaaisangana nemvura pakarepo collapses:

NaNH2 + H ₂ O = NH ₃ + NaOH.

In kuferefeta zviri zvivako emura amoniya mishonga wakacherechedza kuti kana simbi ichiputswa mairi, mushonga vhoriyamu kunova huru. Uyezve, nepo ayo arambe achirema kunoderedza. Ichi chimwe musiyano vaiona solvent nokuda zvavo mvura. Zvakaoma kutenda, asi pfungwa uye rakasanganiswa mhinduro chero alkali simbi iri mvura amoniya havana aivhengana, pasinei nokuti simbi iri vose zvakafanana! Nemhaka kuedza nguva dzose kuwana zvitsva zvinoshamisa chokwadi. Saka, zvakanga vakawana kuti chando mu mvura amoniya mhinduro kubva yavaibvisa iri dikisa nemishonga, uye nokudaro, NH ₃ anogona kushandiswa pave superconducting hurongwa. Hazvishamisi, ichi gasi yayo mhinduro vachiri kuziva mupfungwa zvose yefizikisi uye mishonga.