Zvinokonzera uori. Russian uori mutemo

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, sangano rinoshingaira rinopesana nehuori rakaitwa muRussia. Ndezvipi zvinodiwa kuti zvibudirire? Ndezvipi zvinotungamirira uye zvemutemo zvinogamuchirwa muRussian Federation kuitira kuti zvidzivirire uori? Vanotsvakurudza vemazuva ano vanonzwisisa sei, chaizvoizvo, maitiro echiitiko ichi?

Chii chiri uori?

Uori, maererano nedzimwe tsanangudzo, ndeyekugara kwevanhu kunoratidza zviito zvevakuru vakuru nevamwe vanhu vane ropafadzo muhutungamiri hwemhando dzisiri kunze kwehutano hwepamusoro pemitemo, mashizha emitemo uye maitiro evanhu, zvinowanzokonzera kuipa kwehupfumi kunyika, makambani, sangano. Saka pfungwa yehuori, naizvozvo, inonyanya kukosha kwehupfumi. Munhu anoita rudzi rwechiito mubvunzo anowanzoda kufarira zvinhu zvenyama.

International Interpretations

Maererano nenotsanangudzo yakagamuchirwa nesangano reTransparency International, iro basa rayo rinowedzera pakuongorora huori hunoitika, rudzi rwebasa rinotaridzirwa rinonzwisiswa sekushungurudzwa kwezvakavimbiswa - kazhinji simba, mune zvekunze. Mutemo weRussian Federal "Mukurwisana Uori" ine chirevo chinonakidza. Inotaura kuti chiitiko chiri pasi pekufungidzirwa ndiko kushandiswa kwechinzvimbo uye chiremera, kupa kana kugamuchira kwechifuro, kugadzirisa zvekugadzira uye zvimwe zvingasarudzwa nekuda kwekushandiswa kusiri pamutemo nemunhu wepachigaro chake chepamutemo kunze kwezvido zvevanhu uye zviremera kuitira chinangwa chokuwana rubatsiro. FZ pane uori, nenzira iyo, inoparadzira kududzirwa kwezwi mumutauro weTI, kuwedzera pamwe nechokuti mhando yakakodzera yezvibvumirano zvisiri pamutemo zvinogona kuitwa kwete kwete chete nechiremera, asiwo nebhizimisi.

Kana zvisina kudaro, tsanangudzo yehuori yakagamuchirwa neUN inotaridzika seyiyo yakarongeka. Maererano nezvinyorwa zveUnited States, huori hunonzwisiswa sechiitiko chinosanganisa hukama hwevanhu, tsika, uye hupfumi, huri mune zvese zvese. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinofunga nezvekuti kunyange mune zvinyorwa zveUnited Convention pamusoro peHori, hapana humwe tsanangudzo chaiyo yezvakaitika zviri pasi pekufungisisa. Kunyange zvazvo, maererano nevamwe vatsvakurudzi, kune mamwe mazano pano - izvo zvinokonzera uye zvinokonzera uori zvakanyanyogadziriswa zvokuti kunyange pamwero weimwe yenyika dzakakura kupfuura dzose dzisina chinangwa kutsvaga tsanangudzo yakazara yechishamiso ichi. Munyika imwe neimwe yenyika pane zvingave zviitiko zvinobvumira kuti zvidudzire mukati mehutano hwemashoko angangodaro akasiyana nevaya vanobvumirwa mune dzimwe nyika. Nokudaro, dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotenda, ruzivo rwakanzwisisika nedzimwe nyika yezvinetso izvo kuoneka kwechikonzero chinokonzera uori hwepasi rose kunogona kuoma. Uye zvose nokuti hapana mazano ekutsvaga nzira yakabatana yekududzirwa kwechiitiko ichi.

Mhando yehuori

Tichifunga nezve pfungwa yehuori, tichadzidza zvakaratidzwa zvikonzero zvechiitiko ichi, chinogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo yekutsvakurudza. Pano pane, semuenzaniso, maonero ehupfumi. Pakati peizvi nderokufungidzira kwekubatanidza zvikwereti uye mari kune rimwe basa. Munyaya iyi, uori. Munhu ane rumwe ruzivo, mutungamiri, somuenzaniso, anoita chisarudzo chekuita zviito zvisiri pamutemo, achiziva kuti pane zvipingamupinyi, asi panguva imwechete achiziva kuti avo vanozobatsirwa nazvo zvinogona kubhadhara. Kana, zvakare, mugari uyu haaiti chero zviito zvakashata, uye acharamba achiita mabasa ake nenzira yakarongeka, zvisarudzo uye chiyero chekugutsikana nebasa rake chichave chakanyanya kuderera kudarika kunyange shure kwechirango mumamiriro ekutanga.

Zvikonzero zvehuori zvakabatanidzwawo nevamwe vanotsvakurudza kune dzidziso yekuumbwa kwetsika yehutsika, iyo inobva pachikonzero chekuwana zvisarudzo pamutengo webhadha. Izvi zvinorevei? Ichokwadi kuti munguva yekuita mabasa ake munhu uyo, ari mumamiriro ezvinhu, achitaura, panzvimbo yekutonga, anoziva kuti iye ane maoko ake asina mhosva mune dzimwe nguva nhumbi yekutsvaga kubatsirwe uye kubatsiro pazvinodhura nzvimbo yake yepamutemo. Ichi chikonzero, vaongorori vanotenda, vanogona kukonzera uori hwakadzika kupfuura pasi pezvokutanga, izvo zvinopa hupfumi hwezvinhu zvisiri pamutemo. Kubva pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokonzerwa nemunhu anenge agere "kubhadhara" zvinosanganisira ngozi duku. Semuenzaniso, uori mukati mehutano dzemasangano, nyanzvi dzinofunga, zvinogona kunyatsotsanangurwa nehutano hwechinhu chiri pasi pekufungisisa.

Pano pane tsanangudzo inotsanangura chiitiko ichi pasi pechidzidzo kubva pane chinangwa chekutambudzika kwehupfumi uye hupfumi huri munyika. Zvinokonzera uori zvinokonzerwa nokusakwanisa kwebasa rehurumende nebhizimisi. Ichocho, somuenzaniso, zvinova nyore kune vagari vemo kugadzirisa nyaya yakasiyana (kubvumirana pamusoro pebhuku, kuronga chigadzirwa kana basa), kuburikidza nehutano hwevashandi dzakagadzirirwa mumitemo kana zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi. Panguva imwecheteyo, mukuru wehurumende kana mushandi wekambani ane basa rekubvumirwa kwemagwaro, kuburitswa kwekubudiswa kana kupiwa kwebasa, kazhinji haabvumirano kuita sarudzo dzisina kukodzera dzenyaya yacho pasina rusununguko. Uye ndicho chikonzero iye, nenzira imwe kana imwe, anova mutongi wemitemo nemitemo, simba rinokuvadza, bhizinesi uye sangano.

Chinokonzera Uori muRussia

Maererano neTransparency International tsvakurudzo, munyika yedu maonero evanhu nezvechiitiko ichi anoramba ari kumusoro. Chigaro cheRF muchikwata chakaenzana chakagadzirwa nesangano iri pasi pe100 nzvimbo. Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa - maererano nekubatana kwehuori hunogamuchirwa sei nehupenyu uye chii chaicho chaiyo muRussia, nyanzvi dziri kukurukurirana zvine chokuita. Ichocho, zvingave zvakanaka kuti pamwe nekukwanisa kuchinja mune nzira yekudzidza, kukohwa kweRussia Federation kuchava netariro yakawanda. Asi vashomanana vashoma vanopesana nekuti sezvo zvakadaro, kune uori muRussia, sekune imwe nyika ipi zvese munyika. Kunyangwe kune avo vari kutungamira mune kuongororwa kwakaitwa neTI nemamwe masangano.

Ndezvipi zvinokonzera uori muRussia? Vamwe vatsvakurudzo vanoona zvinhu zvitatu zvepamusoro apa, vachitsanangura chimiro chechiitiko ichi, chinoshanda kunyika yedu kuti ishandise. Mukuwedzera, nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti, pane zvimwe zvikonzero zvehuori muRussia - zvakawanda zvehupenyu hwemarudzi. Funga nezvazvo.

Maererano neimwe yezvinyorwa zvakapararira, zvikonzero zvehuori munyika yedu zvinofanira kutsvakwa mumitambo yakagamuchirwa munharaunda, pamwe chete nemanzwiro ehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika uye zvehupfumi.

Ichokwadi ndeyekuti kare, Russia ndiyo nyika umo musimboti wemutemo, nenzira iyo yakagamuchirwa munyika dzekuMadokero, kwenguva yakareba yakanga isina kuonekwa nevagari vemo. Vanhu vokuRussia vaida kurarama mukururamisira, uye kwete maererano nemitemo yakanyorwa. Sekushandiswa kwekupedzisira - akabvumirwa kudare. Asi kwete maererano nezvakanyorwa pamapepa. Mune dzimwe nguva dzeSoviet, vatsvakurudzi vanotenda, hukama hwemagariro evanhu hwakachinja. Kukanganisa kwakakosha kwehurumende muhupenyu hwevanhu uye hupfumi kwakaita kuti kubudiswa kwenhamba yakawanda yekutonga mitemo, mitemo, uye kuwedzerwa mutemo wepamutemo. Somugumisiro, vanhu veSoviet vakawanda kana vashoma vakatanga kutaridzirwa kurarama zvakafanana maererano nemutemo. Nokuda kwesimba rebato, rakatsigirwa nemigumisiro yepamusoro yehupfumi, nzvimbo dzakagadzikana dzenyika munzvimbo dzomunyika yose, vagari veUSSR vakasarudza kusaputsa mitemo yakatemwa nehurumende. Nokudaro, huwandu hwehuori muUSSR, maererano nevakawanda vatsvakurudzi, hwakanga huri pasi. Mhando dzakadaro dzezviitiko, zvechokwadi, dzaive (zvichida pamwero wemumvuri wemari), apo zvimwe zvinhu zvepfuma zvakagoverwa kunze kwemasheni enyika, chete yakabvumirwa zviri pamutemo. Asi maitiro ehutano hwechinetso chehuori muUnited States, sevanyori vakawanda vanotenda, zvakadaro. Panguva imwecheteyo, pane shanduro iyo munguva yeSoviet zviremera zvisati zvichange zvisina kudiwa kutora upfumi zvachose pasi pekutonga kwavo. Vashambadziri vega vega, nyanzvi dzinoti, dzinofanira kugadziriswa - zvishoma mumhando dzakaoma. Izvi zvingaita kuti kugadziriswa kwezvizhinji zvevanhu vagare kune zvitsva zvitsva zvakauya mumakore ePerestroika nguva shoma.

Apo Soviet Union yakapinda mudambudziko dambudziko rekufambira mberi, iyo iyo Perestroika yakawanzoonekwa nayo, simba rehurumende uye sangano rakatanga kuenderera mberi zvishoma nezvishoma. Izvo zvezvemari zvakakoshawo - basa rehupenyu hwevanhu rakawira. Munzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika - mukati, munyika yose - nyika inonyanya kupfuura munzvimbo. Somugumisiro, vanhu vakatanga kudzokera kune "tsika" yezvematongerwo enyika, hutano hwevanhu, bhizinesi - kunze kwezvinodiwa nemutemo - apo iwe unoda kuita pane pepa.

Izvi zvinokonzera kukanganisa muRussia naizvozvo kuchinja kukuru kwakabva kune imwe mienzaniso yehurumende kune imwe, uye dzimwe tsika dzezvakaitika kare, pamwe chete nekusagadzirira kwevanhu uye, kusvika pamwero mukuru, simba rezvematongerwo enyika. Izvo zvinofungidzirwa, nyanzvi dzinofunga, zvinowanzoitika kukura munenge chero nyika ipi zvayo inoshandurwa. Uori hahudzivirirwi nekambani, vaongorori vanotenda, uyewo nyika dzakabudirira, vazhinji vavo vari iye zvino vane zvinetso zvekwereti uye zvemari, ndicho chikonzero ivo vachifunga nezvekuongororazve maonero ezvino ekusimudzirwa kwezvemari, uye saka variwo mumatsetse emamwe magetsi. Zvisinei, muRussia, sezvinozivikanwa, kwete mari chete, asiwo zvematongerwo enyika zvakatsiviwa. Somugumisiro, musiyano pakati pekutungamira nekukura kwemashoko yakawanda zvikuru kudarika munyika dzekuMadokero, uye simba rekuora kukura (semugumisiro) rakakwirira.

Zvikonzero zvekukurudzira uori

Nyanzvi dzinoona zvinhu zvinopesana nezvimwe zvinopesana nekugadziriswa kwekurwisana nehuori uye panguva imwechete zvinokonzera kukurira kwechinetso chakakosha. Chokutanga uye chinonyanya kukosha, uku ndiko kusawirirana pakati pezvido zvezviremera uye bhizinesi mune zvisiri izvo zvekutanga. Mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma ekuita bhizinesi: hukuru hwehurumende kupindira, kuoma kwakaoma kwechikwereti - kubetsera bhizinesi kutsvaga zvimwe zvido zvinenge zvichiitwa nemabasa akaipa.

Imwe dambudziko ndechokushaikwa kwechido chakanaka chehurumende mumaonero evanoverengeka vanoverengeka kuti "tsika" yakasiyana nevaRussia kare kare yakatsiviwa nepamusoro pemitemo yepamutemo. Saka, sangano haigoni nguva dzose kusarudza nzira dzekukurukurirana nevane masimba, izvo zvisiri izvo kune izvo zvinowanikwa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi nhasi.

Zvisinei, muma2000, hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika uye zvehupfumi muRussia Federation hwakadzikama. Pane zviratidzo zvehupenyu hwevagari vemo, mabasa mune zvematongerwo enyika, Russia yakadzorera nzvimbo dzakasvika muUSSR. Panguva imwe chete, matambudziko ehuori muRussia Federation yakaramba. Izvi zvakabatanidzwa, vatsvakurudzi vanotenda, nekusakwana kwekuzara kwekutsvaga kwemupfumi - kuchinja kweRussia kubva muhutungamiri hwemagariro ehutungamiri kune huwandu hukuru hwevanhu vakuru. Kazhinji, vaongorori vanodavira - maererano nehutano hwemitemo, pamwe nekubudirira kwebasa rezvematongerwe enyika uye masangano ehurumende. Soviet yemitemo yezvematongerwe enyika nekunyorwa kwepamutemo kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzehukama hwepamutemo dzakapera nguva. Mutemo mubasa rebhizimisi rakanga richivandudzwa kubva pakutanga - kwakanga kusina bhizimusi rega rega muUSSR kwemakumi emakumi emakore. Somugumisiro - sangano, simba, bhizimisi nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana yakatanga kukura kuburikidza nekuedza uye kukanganisa, iyo yechipfuva iyo yaiva uori.

Zvisinei, mumakore achangopfuura, sevamwe nyanzvi vanotenda, mamiriro ezvinhu atanga kuvandudza. Nheyo yepamutemo yakagadziriswa, kutanga, zvose zvigadziriswa zvakaitwa mune dzimwe nhengo dzehurumende. Funga nezvenyaya yepamutemo muchidimbu. Matambudziko ehuori, sezvatakatoona, muRussia yemazuva ano inonyanya kukonzerwa nedambudziko rekugara kwenguva refu rekutonga kwemasangano makuru ehurumende.

Mhirizhonga mutemo weRussia

Ndezvipi zvitubu zvemurairo iwe unogona kutarisira? Imwe yevaya vatakambotaura pamusoro apa ndeyeRF Federal Law yeRorruption. Asi haisi iyo chete inowanzoita mutemo wepamutemo uye iyo inobva pakushandiswa kwemashoko akakodzera mune zvematongerwo enyika munharaunda yehurongwa. Pamberi pemutemo weRF wakakwana wehuori hwakabuda, zviremera zvakagadzira nzira yenyika yekudzivisa chiitiko ichi chiri kuongororwa. Chimwe chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chirongwa chenyika yegore ra2014-2015, icho chinopawo basa rehurumende masangano munzvimbo yekurwisana nehuori. Tichadzidza ruzivo rwezvemitemo pamusoro pezviitiko zvepamutemo zvakataurwa.

Anti-Corruption uye FZ

Nhoroondo yekare, iyo yekutanga yekutanga-iyo Federal Law on Corruption, yakagamuchirwa musi wa25.12.2008. Inofungidzirwa kuti ndiyo inowanzosimudzira tsika muRussian Federation, iyo inotsanangura mazano anokosha ekurwisana nechiitiko ichi chiri kuongororwa, uyewo sangano rehurongwa hwekudzivirira maitiro pamusoro payo. Uyewo, mutemo uyu pamusoro pehuori unosanganisira zvirongwa zvinotarisirwa kubvisa zvinogona kuitika zvechikonzero chekukanganisa.

Anopesana neUori muNational Strategy

Chimwe chinhu chinokosha mutemo ndecheNational Anti-Corruption Strategy. Maererano nehuwandu hwehutano, ndiwo murairo wehutungamiri wehutungamiri. Tsamba iyi yakasayirwa musi waApril 13, 2010. Nevanyori vezvemitemo, inoratidzirwa sechinhu chinodarika shanduro yemashoko ayo mashoko anotsvaga kubvisa zvinhu zvinokosha zvinoumba hwaro hwekubuda kwehuori munyika. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvigadziro zveNational Strategic zvichagadziriswa kwenguva yakareba, zvichienderana nezvinangwa zvezvematongerwe enyika uye zvezvematongerwe enyika. Iyi purogiramu yepurogiramu inoratidza zvinhu zvinopesana nehuori kumativi ose ehurumende - federal, regional, municipalities.

Kupesana nehuori mukati mehutano hwerongwa rwenyika

Kuzadzisa mutemo pamusoro pehuori, uyewo purogiramu yepurogiramu yakataurwa pamusoro apa, National Plan yezvinoenderana. Yakagamuchirwa musi waApril 11, 2014. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvitsva zvinopesana nehuori. Chirongwa chenyika, sechirongwa, chinzvimbo cheMutungamiri weMutungamiri.

Masayendisiti anozviita semudziro, wakagadzirirwa kuva chigadziriro chekushandisa sarudzo yezita rimwe chete. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti rugwaro urwu ruchagadzirisa urongwa hwezviito zvinotarisirwa kurwisana nehuori, kutsvaga vanhu chaivo vane basa rekushandiswa kwavo, uyewo nzira dzekushandisa kushanda kwemabasa anoitwa nokuda kwechinangwa chakakosha.

Inopesana Nehurumende Mutemo weRussia: Maitiro ekushanda

Iko inobatsira sei ikozvino inopesana nehuori inotungamirirwa nehurumende dzeRussia? Mafungiro evanoongorora panyaya iyi anowanzosiyana. Kune avo vanotenda kuti nyaya yepamutemo yehurumende mutemo chete haikwani. Kunyange kana mutemo une chimwe chiitiko pamusoro pehuori uye inofungidzirwa matanho ezvomutoro - iyi chokwadi, nyanzvi dzinofunga, zvine maitiro asinganzwisisiki pamagadzirirwo emagetsi ezvinenge zvichiitika.

Zvakakosha kushingaira kushanda kwete mumutemo wekuita mitemo, asi zvakare kuterera kune dzidzo yezvinodiwa zvitsva munharaunda, uye, zvakakosha zvakafanana, kudzidziswa kwevashandi vehutungamiri avo vane huori husingabatanidzwi mukuremekedzwa. Nokudaro, chiyero chekudzivirira zviito zvisiri pamutemo hazvifaniri kungova nyaya chete yehuori inotaurwa mumitemo, asiwo maitiro ehutsika hwevanhu hunokurudzira vamwe vagari vemo kuti vabatane nevana vavo, masimba emagariro nevashambadziri mukati mehutano hwemutemo.

A yakawanda basa, vaongorori vanoti, zvakare mumabhizimisi. Makambani Private pamusana chikamu chinokosha vashandirwi Russian Naizvozvo, pamwero mukuru itibatsire muvanhu kuburikidza pezviri yemakambani zvigadziriswe. uori Economic ari siyana vari yaingowanikwa mabhizimisi zvinogona yekudyidzana kuderedzwa kana kambani uchatanga kukudziridza pakati dzavo nemaonero revashandi, zvikaita kuti agadzirise penhau pamwe ari private nemauto, uyewo mamiriro masangano nenzira yepamutemo. A kubudirira mabhizimisi Mutemo mirayiridzo iyi, maererano nenyanzvi, kubatsirawo pamusoro yokurera anoratidza pachena maonero uori zvavo.