Zvenyaya rwezvemabhengi hurongwa. rwezvemabhengi kwezvivako

Pakukura upfumi munyika dzakawanda munyika kunoenderana kunyatsoshanda ari rwezvemabhengi ino kushanda nehurumende. Chii chiri specificity? Ndezvipi pezvokuvamba kwezvivako kuMudzidzisi ezvinhu?

Chii rwezvemabhengi hurongwa?

Ngationei kudzidza chaizvo kutanga pokukurukura mazwi. Pasi rwezvemabhengi hurongwa kunzwisisa raora mari masangano - nemabhengi nezvimwe zvikwereti masangano kushanda wenharaunda yaitongwa imwe State. Relevant zvemamiriro ari rwezvemabhengi hurongwa kuti patsanura kupinda 3 mhando huru:

• yenyika mabhanga;
• rokutengesa anomukweretesa masangano ari batana chechetere;
• vemo zvemari nzvimbo (rakazaruka kumatunhu, makanzuru).

Zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti vakawanda rinoti ano, kusanganisira Russia, makasimbiswa 1 Bank. In nyika yedu, kuti runoenzanirana basa rinoitwa ne Central Bank of Russian Federation. Uyewo, yezvokutengeserana anomukweretesa masangano munyika zvinogona kwazvo. Asi chii ndiwo vaviri mhando yemari masangano, uyewo haritauri kuti kushanda zvinhu izvi pamusoro rwezvemabhengi hurongwa? Ngationei kudzidza mubvunzo uyu zvizere.

Chii National Bank?

Ngatitarisei ndiani anokonzera nyika goridhe uye wokumwe Exchange Fund. National Bank kana Central Bank, - inokosha reDare zvemari wemuTesitamende upfumi enyika dzakawanda.

mabasa aro anonyanya pamutemo. Vari anowanzodanwa chokuita:

• pamwe nyaya National mari;
• pamwe Implementation kuti chikwereti mitemo;
• pamwe kukarukureta software, anosarudza siyana masangano mari ukama;
• ari Implementation ari kutarisira pamusoro mabasa asiri ehurumende chikwereti masangano;
• pamwe kuita refinancing yemutoo wezvikwereti ipiwe;
• pamwe sezvakarayirwa vatorwa mukutsinhana reserves veHurumende.

Yakashuma Central Bank mabasa zvaizobatsira basa Central Bank. Zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti huru Russian pamahombekombe - hurumende, asi kunoratidzwa pazera yakakwirira rusununguko nemamwe masangano batana.

Central mabhanga vane vainyanya private. chikwereti kwakadaro uye zvemari Fed kunogona kunzi masangano. Guru tsika inoumbwa mipiro chinoitwa zvokutengeserana mabhanga. Funga chaizvo kwaiita zvemari masangano zvizere.

Chii chinonzi Commercial Bank?

Pamwe chete Central Bank of zvimwe chinhu chinokosha pamusoro rwezvemabhengi kwava zvokutenga pamahombekombe, zviri pamutemo vasingatungamirirwi zviremera munyika (asi chikamu pamusoro mamiriro anogona kuva nhaka kuMudzidzisi twa-kubhengi sangano zvemari). Zvisinei, bhengi zvinofanira yakazvimirira panyaya sarudzo kuderedza guta.

The zvakakodzera mhando nemasangano zvinopa siyana mabasa zvemari. Commercial Bank - ane chinhu kwemutongo uye rwezvemabhengi gadziriro, iyo:

• anopa zvikwereti kuvanhu, masangano, bhajeti mamiriro, dzimwe nguva kune mumwe mabhanga;
• refinance zvikwereti;
• It anoita kwema siyana, dzakadai semubhadharo vamwe vanhu uye vamwe nomutemo masangano akanyorwa bhajeti ino sezvo mitero uye mari;
• Kunoitawo kuti placement pamusoro deposits;
• kusimudzira mari nenzira dzakasiyana-zvinhu.

The Reserve Bank, sezvataona kumusoro, anoita basa chokuita Implementation rokudzora pamusoro mabasa zvebhizimisi zvemari masangano. Saka, basa rechipiri zvakakwana zvachose inodzorwa. Kazhinji, pakutanga ezvokutengeserana Bank zvinogoneka chete kana rezenisi nekanzuru Central Bank uye pasi vabudirire okuguma inspections sangano huru nemari ehurumende.

zvino isu vanoongorora muudzame ndezvipi zvinoitwa pezvokuvamba rwezvemabhengi ezvinhu, yatakurukura. Kutanga, zvinobatsira kuti unyatsoteerera mabasa avo chokuita Russian upfumi.

Mashandiro anoita pezvokuvamba rwezvemabhengi wemuTesitamende Russian Federation

Russia ine zvose zvinokosha zviri rwezvemabhengi ino: musimboti pamahombekombe, hwezvokutengeserana anomukweretesa masangano yeUnited vanochiva uyewo vemo zvemari masangano. Huru sangano rine kupfuura kuwanda simba ndiye Central Bank of Russian Federation. Its chikuru mabasa isu vanozivikanwa. Pakati iwayo Implementation ose anobuda gwara, vatorwa mukutsinhana murau hwenyika, mutemo zvemari ukama, pakatangwa pamutemo dzemunharaunda uye waivako mitemo private chikwereti masangano.

Zvinotevera anokosha STRUCTURAL zvinhu wokuRussia rwezvemabhengi hurongwa - yeUnited private-kubhengi zvemari masangano. Pakati mavanga avo makuru akadai Sberbank, VTB, "Rosselkhozbank". basa ravo kutora kiyi zvisarudzo yokuRussia rwezvemabhengi zvekutepfenyura, akarondedzera zvikurukuru zvikwereti uye mamwe mabasa makurusa emakambani, masangano, budgetary hurongwa, dzakawanda zvirongwa.

Major National pezvitsiga vangava Regional mahofisi kuti kuitisa mabasa kumatunhu Russian uye makanzuru. Mukuwedzera, kumatunhu vangava yavo masangano zvemari, kwete pasi yeUnited masangano. Masangano aya aite vemo mabasa. Regional pamahombekombe, kana mumiriri yeUnited zvizivikanwe kana sangano hwakagadzwa panguva ufanane sangano kana Municipality, anogadziriswa matambudziko chokuita, akavapindurawo, achiposa uye SERVICING emakambani uye vanhu kuti ushande munzvimbo dzakasiyana mudunhu.

Zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti mudunhu Russia uye vaite mabasa Central Unit. Vanosarudza kazhinji matambudziko chokuita kwerunyararo mari kwema private mabhanga, kuongorora mabasa vomunharaunda zvemari masangano.

Zviga kushanda rwezvemabhengi hurongwa

Zvatakurukura hunhu uye zvinhu zviri rwezvemabhengi ezvinhu, tinogona kuongorora dzinokosha dzaro inoshanda. Nyanzvi ndeakaita dzakananga mazita pavo. Saka, pane zvinotaurwa:

• pamutemo;
• masangano;
• functionality.

Tichadzidza unhu hwavo zvizere.

The epamutemo Misimboti rwezvemabhengi nehurongwa

Mirayiridzo inokosha yakakodzera mhando vari:

• Standardization pamusoro kwema zvemari;
• kuona kuti pakavanda nokuda deposits uye kwema;
• kudzivirirwa deposits uye kubhadhara.

Standardization remapazi kuitwa mabhanga, kwakavakirwa normative mitemo mabasa mari masangano. Chinyorwa chino wayo, sezvo isu munotoriziva, national kumahombekombe nyika. Inokudziridza mitemo nemirayiro maererano izvo kudiwa kuita kushandiswa, yeUnited uye emunharaunda private ezvirevo.

Kuona kuti pakavanda nokuda deposits uye kwema mari - chikuru musimboti naro masangano vari kushanda zvemari hurongwa. The yeGmail.END_STRONG ane chikwereti sangano anofanira kodzero nechokwadi zvakavanzika mashoko pamusoro pachavo uye pamusoro deposits dzavo nezvimwe kwema, somuenzaniso, yakaumbwa muna muitiro SERVICING ari chepamusoro vachiongorora nyaya.

Nheyo rwezvemabhengi pachivande chinosimbiswa pachiyero pamutemo mitemo pamutemo. Muchiitiko ichi tiri kutaura pamusoro zvinokonzera murairo, mukuru zviri pamutemo simba. MuRussia, mitemo yeUnited vari. Saka, nheyo iri mubvunzo, iri enshrined muna Federal Law nhamba 395-1, vakagamuchirwa musi 02.12.1990 gore. Wenharaunda yaitongwa mutemo uyu vasiri chete vaiona zvinhu rwezvemabhengi enyika, asi vamwe masangano kushanda zvekutepfenyura zvemari. Somuenzaniso, mashoko Deposit Insurance Agency, siyana odhita mamiriro.

Chimwe pamutemo chinokosha pamusoro rwezvemabhengi ino - kudzivirirwa deposits uye kubhadhara kuti vatengi kuti zvikwereti uye zvemari masangano. Munhu kana sangano kushandisa mabasa akapa Somuenzaniso, mumwe kana rimwe bhengi romunharaunda vanofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti mari yavo muchimiro rubatso kana muripo achadzivirirwa kubva kunze komutemo kuwana. Nzira iyo pemahombekombe tinosungirwa nechokwadi zvaidiwa kuti chokuratidza ichi, sezvo kudzorwa mutemo batana.

Mukuwedzera, mamiriro uye nechepakati pamahombekombe anogona kuunza mitemo mukuwedzera yeUnited zvinyorwa, kuongorora mabasa zvikwereti masangano tichitarisa kuunza rakachengeteka deposits uye kwema. Izvi zvinoumba kushanda mubhangi riri pakati chinokosha yemakwikwi zvakwakanakira mumusika. Mutengi anosarudza kuzvishandisa kuti chikwereti sangano anokwanisa nechokwadi rakachengeteka kwema mari.

Nzira huru kuona kudzivirirwa deposits uye kubhadhara mu nemabhangi - ari kuziva vatengi. Kune nzira dzakawanda iyo igotakurwa. Nokuda vanoshingaira kukura paIndaneti kwema izvi zvinodiwa mutengi ukama nemabhangi National Bank of mamiriro anogona kubhadhara vainyatsotarisirwa zvose maererano vachiongorora mabasa private zvemari masangano, uye mune zvinoumba murau basa masangano hanya.

Zvechechi misimboti rwezvemabhengi nehurongwa

Rinotevera boka rwezvemabhengi gadziriro kushanda dzemitemo - zvechechi. To avo vanosanganisira:

• maviri-pamwero kudzora chikwereti uye zvemari gadziriro ehurumende;
• centralizing utariri rwezvemabhengi masangano munyika.

Chokutanga musimboti ndechokuti, kufanana nevamwe vakawanda, kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti kushanda Russian mari yezvinhu, pachiyero mitemo batana. Anoti ari kupatsanura pakati mabhanga Russian 2 nhanho: normative uye dzichipfekeka.

Pasi pasi zvechechi sandara, mari ichaita ndiyo musimboti pamahombekombe uye ayo omurume emunharaunda hurongwa. basa rake, sezvataona apa, ndiko kuita normative mitemo dzimwe mbiri masangano kushanda munyika. The yokupedzisira, akavapindurawo, dziri pamusoro rechipiri chechetere. Ndivo, ari kudzidzira, kushandisa dzinokosha mabasa kuti anowanzoramba kuti mabhanga: kukweretesa uye kuramba vanhu uye mabhizimisi. Chaizvoizvo, izvi zvinoumba isu chaizvo inokurukurwa kumusoro, anoratidza nzira inogona Classified zvenyaya rwezvemabhengi hurongwa.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti Central Bank anoisarudzirawo inokosha dzichipfekeka mabasa. Zvisinei, chaizvoizvo yavo, kakawanda kacho zvikuru kure avo kuti munguva basa mbiri masangano rechipiri chechetere. Nokudaro, Central Bank achiposa kumakambani mabhanga kuti refinance navo, kana zvichikodzera, kunyoresa mabhanga, yeUnited dzakapoteredza, vobva kwavari rezinesi. Zviitwa izvi hazvina kuita zvokutengeserana establishments. The chete kugona of Central Bank ariwo nhamba mabasa asina chokuita kushanda rwezvemabhengi hurongwa zvakananga. Pakati avo: murau pamusoro mitengo, anobuda, mari mutemo. competencies izvi zvinosanganisira CBR ane chokwadi, kune dzichipfekeka misimboti rwezvemabhengi hurongwa. Ona zvinhu zvavo.

Functional misimboti rwezvemabhengi nehurongwa

Pakati kiyi nenheyo mubvunzo toreva rwezvemabhengi mamiriro Russia:

• chindingindingi kuna CBR kuti ape mari;
• exclusivity chikwereti uye mabasa mari nemasangano omurume wacho Central Bank.

Saka, nokuti kuti chete Central Bank ane simba chokuita nourongwa upfumi ehurumende ari mari, kwakagonesa Mvumo uye kutsiga rwezvemabhengi hurongwa. Izvi zvinobatsira kuti chokwadi chokuti rwezvemabhengi masangano uchishanda Russia, vaiita bedzi mabasa ari Profile, chete basa maererano nemitemo inodzora zvemari uye zvikwereti kushandiswa. Nokushanda kwenhengo nemabhangi rinoitwa nokushandisa chaiyo kwezvivako mari. Funga specificity kwayo.

Ndezvipi chaizvo rwezvemabhengi kwezvivako?

Banking kwezvivako - mitemo zviri pamutemo, akaendeswa nezviremera Vehurumende uye magariro pakuchengetedzwa anoita mari masangano, uyewo kwezvinhu zvokushandisa, nokuda izvo siyana kwema zvemari.

Vaimbova zvinhu zvinosanganisira pamutemo mitemo mabasa Central Bank uye private rwezvemabhengi masangano, administrative dzemunharaunda, yakawanikwa mukati wenharaunda yaitongwa munhu masangano zvemari, nemirayiro omunharaunda, kutora chaizvo hurongwa zvemari pachiyero madhipatimendi uye mahofisi.

Key masangano evanhu kuti anotsigira mashandiro ari mamiriro enyika rwezvemabhengi ino inogona anomiririrwa:

• Zviremera inodzora pezvakaitwa kwoupfumi panguva dzakasiyana-siyana mumatunhu;
• masangano dzidzo uye vashandi madhipatimendi, izvo basa achigadzirira nomazvo vanachiremba vari rwezvemabhengi akavhiyiwa;
• tsvakurudza uye nyanzvi nemasangano munyaya kudzidza uye optimize siyana maitiro bhizimisi ufanane rwezvemabhengi hurongwa.

Kwesayenzi pfuma kuti vanoumba mari kwezvivako inogona hunomiririrwa-siyana mhinduro:

• makombiyuta uye Software kuti kubudiswa rwezvemabhengi kwacho;
• kutaurirana mitsetse;
• Mari The Bank kuti chikuru - zvivakwa, zvivako, motokari.

Chokwadi chokuti rwezvemabhengi kwezvivako kuti vabudirire, vafarire vatambi vose mamiriro mari ichaita - zvechokwadi, vatariri Central Bank, private anomukweretesa masangano. Pakuti zviri kugadzikana, chadzo uye kwesayenzi, zvikuru anosarudza pachiyero zvoupfumi, kutsigira kudyidzana yakasimbiswa pakati akasiyana zveupfumi masangano. The rwezvemabhengi hurongwa kwakakosha kuti hurumende. Ngationei kudzidza izvi zvizere.

The kukosha rwezvemabhengi hurongwa kuti mamiriro

Saka, isu akatarira dzinokosha STRUCTURAL pezvokuvamba rwezvemabhengi ezvinhu ehurumende, tsanangudzo yakaperera kuMudzidzisi kwezvivako uye mabasa huru vanotongwa zvemari ukama panguva dzakasiyana siyana. Chii kunokosha ino nokuda nyika?

Banks anomirirwa pa siyana mumatunhu, kubva Central Bank kuti munharaunda bhengi mari masangano, nechokwadi kushanda kupfuura hupfumi ukama hurumende. mamiriro pamahombekombe ane vashoma zvemari masangano. Anogadzirwa masangano chete avo kuti asangane nzira dzekuziva uye zvinodiwa yakatangwa mutemo. Zvinofungirwa kuti chikwereti sangano achakwanisa kuita zvikwereti, kubvuma deposits uye kuvadzivirira, kuita mari, anosarudza vanhu uye zviri pamutemo masangano.

The rwezvemabhengi kwava pakati zvinokosha hwenyika. The itsige ndiye, zvikuru kubudirira pachava upfumi ehurumende. Nesungano pakati pezvokuvamba rwezvemabhengi ezvinhu, anosimbisa nomazvo nezviremera, zvinoratidza, saka, kutora chikamu vagari, mabhizimisi, budgetary masangano, dzimwe masangano.

Financial ukama vakaitwa upfumi chaizvoizvo rusingaperi. Munhu kubhadhara kutenga ari muchitoro, kushandiswa zvibereko rwezvemabhengi hurongwa - mari nekanzuru Central Bank, kana mapurasitiki kadhi, izvo, pakutanga, yakabudiswa chevanorwara zvemari private, iyo inoshanda maererano nemitemo nemirayiro of Central Bank of Russian Federation, uye chechipiri, kushandisa tikwanise kwezvivako, izvo neKomisheni chete pamahombekombe kana sangano naye. Sellers pachitoro kubhadhara chokuendesa nhumbi kubva Contractors kuburikidza akaundi, uyewo kuitwa ake mamwe kubhadhara muchimiro mari, zvemagariro mhosva, mitero yakasiyana-siyana.

Saka, ano rwezvemabhengi hurongwa zvinhu nguva dzose kutaura nemumwe. kushanda kwavo inodzorwa pachiyero renhoroondo manyuko mutemo, emo matsime. Zvinhu chikwereti uye rwezvemabhengi nehurongwa anoshanda Shandisai chaiyo kwezvivako, uko kunomiririrwa zvakawanda yenhengo. State anofanira kufarira kuti qualitatively vakavhiyiwa kutanga. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pane zvinodiwa nemasimba - rekuona pakukura anodiwa kwezvivako zvinoumba mari ichaita. Zvechokwadi, muchiitiko ichi tinogona kutaura pamusoro munyaya muitiro uyu oga masangano.

pfupiso

Saka taidzidza zvinokosha zvenyaya rwezvemabhengi ezvinhu, vaiona zvavo chikuru kushanda, uyewo chaizvo ari kwezvivako, izvo kushanda navo. Mukuru runoenzanirana zvinhu zviri upfumi vakawanda ano inoti - musimboti bhengi. Kazhinji, ari akapa vane widest siyana masimba kuti ape mari, mitengo kudzora, mutemo mabasa mamwe mapoka makuru zvenyaya rwezvemabhengi ino - basa chikwereti masangano. The yokupedzisira inoitawo inokosha basa rehurumende upfumi, ichipa akatakura kubva siyana kwema zvemari chete kutora chikamu vagari, masangano, uye hurumende masangano.