Zvakawanikwa mu samolecular wefizikisi.

Pano ini kupa pfungwa, vachiti zvakawanikwa. Zvisinei, hapana ndazviona nepanomboratidza nayo. Pfungwa zvinoreva Chiitiko pamusoro kwemvura, kureva kuti anovhura imwe chinhu chose idzva sezvo huru zvikonzero kutonhora mvura iri nedanho kwemvura. The klassiske tsananguro iri: mvura vabudiswa chete zvikuru nokukurumidza mamorekuru, avo kuti vanokwanisa kukunda hondo intermolecular kukwezvana. Izvi zvinoderedza paavhareji kumhanya ari mamorekuru yasara. Somugumisiro, izvozvo akaderedza muviri tembiricha, chiri kuvimba pakukurumidza.

Asi kana ukatarira zvishoma pedyo nedanho kwemvura, izvozvo zvinogona kuonekwa mumwe, zvikuru, kana asiri mukuru, ari kutonhora chinhu. Fani iyi (chinhu) hazvina kunyorwa chero bhuku iri wefizikisi. Kubva venguva pfungwa kunofanira vatiwo kuti evaporating Morekuru hazvideredzi vytolknuvshey mamorekuru ayo kusvika razero yayo mwero nokukurumidza. Asi ichi hachisi chokwadi.

The pose akaturikidzana emura mamorekuru akaronga pa mukuru madaro kupfuura zvakadzika akaturikidzana. Izvi zvinokonzera kutanga pamusoro pemvura makakatanwa.

The pemvura nemvura

Morekuru 1 V1

V2

morekuru 2

V3

morekuru 3

Muonde. 1.

The unganyanya sasana ari ejection-1 Morekuru (ona. Fig. 1) raro kudhumhana pamwe morekuru 2, rava pamwe chete morekuru 1 pamusoro perpendicular kune mvura pamusoro uye ane shoma tangential zvinoriumba velocity. Mushure kudhumhana, nechokure kupfuura radii pakati mamorekuru maviri, ari yakawiriranwa kuvenga mauto inotsiviwa kukura mauto kukwezvana. Masimba aya wakaderedzwa kusvika razero nokukurumidza netembiricha muna Kelvin chaibwinya kwete chete 1 Morekuru, asi 2 Morekuru chinoramba iri mvura. Morekuru 2 haana nguva kutamira yavo kinetic simba kune morekuru pedyo 3: kwayo "mira" Morekuru evaporating 1. nyaya fungidzira kuti mawa kukwezvana mumwe morekuru zviri morekuru vaviri. Panyaya iyi, iyo morekuru anogona kuva mumwe chete avhareji nokukurumidza. Zvisinei, mune rokupedzisira mbudo danho 1 Morekuru, 2 mamorekuru kuchaderedza kwayo kumhanya uye Mhedziso tembiricha Kelvin kusvika razero. Zvimwe uye matambudziko pedyo Morekuru maviri lateral mamorekuru kuti kuderedza deceleration kwepasi "kununurwa" ari kinetic nesimba Morekuru 2. Asi kunopindirana mugumisiro kutopedza chinovhiringidza kuti zvinokosha nokuti kure pakati mamorekuru ari pamusoro akaturikidzana emura zviri zvakakwana guru. Chokwadi kuti simba kukwezvana akafanana inertia mauto evaporating mamorekuru, akati Fani pamusoro pemvura makakatanwa, mauri unorema pamusoro Urume paiva mamorekuru iitirwe kusvikira equiprobable nokuda mamorekuru zvose zvikuru simba kudhumhana pamwe Hwokutengesa 2. Naizvozvo Morekuru, evaporating morekuru kunoderedza 1 ayo kumhanya uye kumhanya ari mamorekuru 2 kusvika razero.

Kusimuka kwemvura Fani anofanira kufungwa zvose sayenzi kuti kudzidza zvinhu nyika. The apa itsva tsananguro zvikonzero kutonhora mvura panguva yayo kwemvura vanofanira kupa unoshanda kujekeserwa mune Masvomhu zvose, izvo zvinofanira kufunga izvi.

Pfungwa yake I kuramba dzekare kwemvura pfungwa, zvinoti:

1. "Speed emura mamorekuru vaporized kupfuura avhareji". Kweanopfuura makore 15 I anotaura pfungwa dzako dzakasiyana zvesayenzi masangano-pasina mhinduro. With zvibudirire akanyora V. V. Putinu uye D. A. Medvedevu aine chikumbiro kuti dzinoendesa kuti kuongorora kuti akwanise masangano yesayenzi. Kubva ichi I Akagumisa, hapana kuramba, asi zvinosimbisa - ngozi kuti basa musayendisiti. April 28 gore rino, ndakasangana pfungwa yangu aikwikwidza sciences unyanzvi, nyanzvi mune samolecular wefizikisi. On mubvunzo wangu wokutanga, "Chii kumhanya ari Ipwa mamorekuru," Iye akati, "Magona, pamusoro avhareji." Pashure kunyatsoziva pfungwa yangu kuti kutura mwero ichi, "Hongu, zvichida, vamwe mamorekuru kumboderera. Asi mamorekuru emura kwazvo, ukuwo, yakawanda mikana yokubudisa kuti evaporating mamorekuru kuti kumhanya. " I akaramba ichi: "Kuti mhanyisa kuti nokukurumidza kupfuura avhareji Ipwa mamorekuru" 1 ", zvinokosha evaporating mamorekuru" 1 "yokubudisa kusvika akurumidze, kupfuura avhareji, kupfuura kaviri. Uye chiitiko ichi, uye kana zvichiita, asi zviri zvokuti kashoma kuti zvinofanira kungosiyiwa. Molecules - "shoroma" nokuti kinetic simba anofanira kunge kushoma chaizvo ". Kufanana zvemari Pyramid simba kuti hochekoche zvinokonzera uye migumisiro nemvura udzamu kuwedzera evaporating anouya "1" iri Morekuru - inogona achimiririrwa mamorekuru munhu cône pamwe vertex ari morekuru "1". Chakadzama paiva mamorekuru, kwakondiko ichi tsvagai simba vaparadzirwa. The chiitiko fungidzira - morekuru neavhareji nokukurumidza. Molecules kuva kumhanya, zvishoma zvichidzika zvishoma pane avhareji - ndiyewo Kazhinji. Kumhanya ari evaporating mamorekuru, yekudyidzana pamusoro paavhareji, kuti hunonzi zvinokonzerwa kunzwisisa zano dzokutambura Kusanzwisisana pakadzika akaturikidzana. Asi sezvo ari mukudzika ose mamorekuru riri akamira zvakaenzana uye zvose simba yedzimudzangara mirayiridzo vanoitirwawo zvichida, ipapo ndingangokuvara siyana mamorekuru pazvinoitwa rimwe divi uye mumwe morekuru "1" - zvakafanana pasi, sezvo ndingangokuvara nomuzvarirwo kuwana chero uninsulated mugove bhuku emura rakasiyana nemamwe nzvimbo tembiricha. The ungangotarisa Chiitiko ndiko kumhanya ari evaporating mamorekuru, zvishoma kupfuura avhareji (kana akaenzana, kana mu chokupedzisira chokutambudzika kwemvura kuti "1" iri Morekuru, kana kuderera kwayo Achazova kudzoka: asi velocity ndiyo razero - nayo mwoyo iri Morekuru mhute kana mhepo yakadaro chiitiko chiri zvikuru kazhinji. mhepo nguva, asi kashoma zvinoita kana yakamira mhepo).

2. Zviri musoro kufunga kuti pamusoro makakatanwa akabata mamorekuru zvose kuva svikiro uchingodzikira nokukurumidza mukati nemvura (kunze Hoods kana mhepo mhute mamorekuru kubhururuka akaererana mushonga pamusoro). Zvino zvakafanira kugumisa kuti ungangotarisa chiitiko ndiyo kwemvura kubva morekuru ane nokumhanya kwazvo shoma avhareji. Ndizvo musiyano pakati kinetic simba pamusoro morekuru "1" uye kunogona nesimba rayo yakavakidzana kukwezvwa molekulami- usingashandi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pashure kukurira izvi zvinogona simba, kukurumidza - uye tembiricha iri Mhedziso madhigirii Kelvin - the chaibwinya mamorekuru "1" achava pedyo razero. "Uye apo anoita kinetic simba pamusoro vabudiswa mamorekuru"? mubvunzo uyu akandibvunza nyanzvi mune samolecular wefizikisi. Ndakati (nezvazvo pamberi) - Zvimwe achipinda excitation simba pamusoro maatomu, mupfupi, haina panoonekwa murume sezvo tembiricha; Zvinogona zvishoma airatidza kupinda nonthermal orangy remagetsi chakarondedzera.

3. 2.Speed mvura asara ari Morekuru "2" pashure evaporating morekuru "1" haisi kudhumhana anoramba kuchinja sezvo anotevera kubva dzekare dzidziso, asi zvinoderedza kusvika razero.

4. Maererano Scheme anokumhan'arira rangu (iye rikatora bhuku), "The pemvura akaturikidzana vari chaizvo yakabatana mumwe. A kure guru pakati mamorekuru nerimwe rukoko. " Akataura izvi yangu zvinonzwisisika achinyatsoramba kutaura kuti "2" Morekuru Fig. "1" haana nguva kutamira simba ravo dambudziko. Zvisinei, kubva nyore kufunga kunge zvinoshingaira kugadzikana nzvimbo akaturikidzana mu "vakadzungairira": ndiko, pasi (uye "pamusoro") neimwe morekuru 2, 3, 4, 5 akaturikidzana vanofanira kuva "mugomba". Muonde. 1 riri zvinoshingaira zvikuru fungidzira nzvimbo "2" mamorekuru uye "3" - mamorekuru kuburikidza zvakaturikidzaniswa. Morekuru "2" iri wechitatu layer iri morekuru "3" - rechishanu rukoko uye morekuru "1" - pakutanga rukoko. Muchiitiko chino, morekuru "2" pashure ejecting, akadaro morekuru "1" kudhumhana - rinobhururukira kuburikidza musiyano uri pakati mamorekuru pedyo pasi wechina rukoko unotevera, wechishanu, samolecular rukoko - uye zvakatikwanira kuderedza daro pedyo razero velocity uye tembiricha. "1" evaporating Morekuru. kuderera kusvika razero pacharo, nguva yokurembedza pasi kusvika razero Morekuru "2". Ichi - chiitiko zvikuru fungidzira.

5. zvinofambidzana "ruoko" In sainzi, ruzivo uye dzidziso. Handisi chokwadi kuti, "Gibbs simba", iro zvinofungidzirwa pakakoromoka mabhomba uye samolecular zvisungo - zvakarurama unoratidza chaiyo mananara. Asi kana Ndakakwanisa pfungwa yake imwe nyanzvi mune samolecular wefizikisi vabvume (iye seiyi pashure yedu gakava, kunyange kusvika muvare, asi zvakanaka pazasi avhareji) - saka, mu pfungwa, ari kutonhora evaporating mvura vane utera uye maburi. Sezviri pachena, izvi imhaka yokuti mauto samolecular nekuita - pfupi-siyana uye kumhanyisa uye deceleration - renguva pfupi. Vakwegura, kushandisa kuverenga avhareji kumhanya mamorekuru. Izvi ndezvechokwadi nokuti mamorekuru mukati nemvura. Asi nzira izvi zvakaita kuti zvikanganiso kudzidza kwemaitiro mamorekuru Ipwa.

6. My pfungwa yokuparadza gwanza ichi. Zvichida pakunzwisisa zvakadzama zvinokonzera kutonhora evaporating mvura kuchaita kuzarura mutsva munda nezvebasa nokuda vanotanga rikurumidze sefiriji, mhepo conditioners uye takurika. m. p.

7. Kugadzirwa mabhuku asati aswedera kunyatsotevera. Pakanga pane mumwe mukuru shanduro, uye zvose zviri mairi zvinoenderana maonero pamutemo nesayenzi.

8. Heino Tutorial 1976, Grade 9, peji 68. "Kana tembiricha iri kugara, nemvura ichichinja chiutsi asingadi kuwedzera kinetic simba pamusoro mamorekuru, asi ari pamwe nokuwedzera zvavanokwanisa simba. Pashure pezvose, paavhareji kure pakati mamorekuru ari gasi ndiyo nguva zhinji kupfuura kuti pakati mamorekuru nemvura. Uyezve, kuwedzera kuchinja kubva mvura nenhumbi kune gaseous mamiriro,

9.

10. Zvinorayirwa kuita basa pamusoro nemauto nechitarisiko kumanikidzwa. Pano, nhungamiro ano zvinoratidzwa Masvomhu: "Huwandu nokupisa vanoenderana kutendeuka pane kugara tembiricha kuti 1 kg. mvura kupinda chiutsi, kunzi chaicho kupisa vaporization. " Zviripachena, pasina nechitarisiko kupisa anotaura kwakakura chiitiko simba (uye - tembiricha) zvose kilogram ose kwemvura emura.

11. Asi kusingajekeswi kwese rangu - kwete zvisingawanzoitiki, asi zvikuru fungidzira chisarudzo: morekuru runopwa, ayo kumhanya uye kumhanya nemvura akasara ari Morekuru iri rinenge akachenurwa, kuti zvinogona nesimba nekuita kwavo akanyangarika. Where zvaitika kune simba? mubvunzo uyu interlocutor yangu kwete chete uye kwete zvokuti ake sezvo - zvose akashanda kuburikidza dzangu fungidzira pfungwa nemaonero wefizikisi. The excitation simba pamusoro atomu, ari remagetsi nemwaranzi asingadi kuenda? Mubhuku pamusoro wefizikisi, ndakanga kugadzirira kupinda Polytechnic Institute umo (kudzidza muna 1983), kupendwa chete zano uye akapiwa chete tsananguro yandakapa ichangobva nyanzvi. Asi yangu bhuku chikoro akatsanangura zvizere uye vanoronga siyanei. Peji 84. Kubva rondedzero iyi zvinoratidzika kuti masimba nekuita pakati mamorekuru kuti chiutsi zvinogona kungotariswa, nekuti arambe achirema wayo chaiye ezvinhu kakawanda zvishoma pane arambe achirema nemvura. "Mune rimwe morekuru nemvura pamusoro ndikaita chikamu 2 Morekuru uye sembura simba kubudikidza kukwezvana simba avete kudzama mamorekuru 3,4,5, IT d. 2 Morekuru pamusoro simba regiravhiti kubva mamorekuru avete kudzama 4, 5, 6, uye. t. d., uye sembura simba kubva Morekuru 3. Asi, mukuwedzera, anoita kunyange simba kubva kuvenga Morekuru 1. Somugumisiro, daro pakati mamorekuru 1 u2 paavhareji kupfuura chinhambwe pakati mamorekuru 2 uye 3 (morekuru 1, 2, 3 , 4, 5, etc. -... nhema pamusoro mutsetse perpendicular kune mvura pamusoro, uye chiverengero - sezvinoitwa Figure 1 -. chinokura zvakadzama). A chinhambwe 2 - 3 pamusoro chinhambwe 3 uye -4. t. d. kusvikira kusvikira hapana sei wanano Morekuru pemvura. " Izvi uchida hunogutsa hwokuti inotengwa kuti daro pakati imwe morekuru rokumusoro "rukoko" uye 2 Morekuru pasi payo - Fig. 1 -more zvichida. Izvi kupfuura zvinokwana braking Morekuru 2 Fig. 1 - kusvikira razero. 404118 Volzhsky, 30 M - nayo dom40 KV. 17.