Yepamusoro Education

Ph.D., purofesa Dobaev kd

On yezwi itsva dzidzo munyika Kyrgyzstan

With itsva zvedzidzo gore, kureva September 1, 2012 yepamusoro dzidzo masangano Republic vari kutamira maviri weDanho maumbirwo nokudzidziswa - Bachelor uye vaTenzi (KR Hurumende Mutemo № 496 kubva 23.08.2011g.). Maererano chirevo Republic mumayunivhesiti vanofanira kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu ane mbiri-weDanho mamiriro nokushandiswa chikwereti kwemichina.

Mumakore achangopfuura, Kyrgyzstan ave akazviunganidzira vamwe Zvakaitika Implementation nemapurogiramu ose Bachelor uye Tenzi madhigirii, uyewo kudzidzisa nechikwereti michina. Uye saka muRepublic basa iri yezwi maviri weDanho mamiriro hakutangi kubva muvare. Uye kana iwe yeuka mutemo wehurumende musi August 25, 1993 № 396 "On kufarirwa mitemo wedare mabasa Kyrgyz Republic of dzidzo hurongwa" uye chisarudzo Ministry of Education uye Science of Kyrgyz Republic kubva May 23, 1995, №3 / 1 "The State Education Standard Kyrgyz Republic "dzidzo yepamusorosoro. General zvinodiwa "kuti tine anopfuura 17-makore regadziriro nguva kuti yezwi maviri weDanho nemamiriro ezvinhu dzidzo yepamusorosoro.

Ko isu tine? Africa, vakawanda, tazvigadzira kutamira kugadzirira bachelors uye vanatenzi. Kana kare kwave munharaunda nokuda kutadza kunzwisisa zvedzidzo inosiyana Bachelor uye Mudzidzisi, uye saka siyana kukurukurirana, kunyange chokwadi kuti BA haisi dzidzo yepamusoro, asi ikozvino hurukuro yakadaro zvishoma kuparara. The Kuziva kuti tsvimborume - kumboenda yepamusoro dzidzo, zvinonyanya kuita zvinhu zvizhinji kuti zvinodiwa zveupfumi zvainanga chete pane imwe dzakagadzirirwa yakava duku. nguva ipi iri dictating mazwi ayo, kana munhu muupenyu kungachinja kakawanda munzvimbo yebasa, anoita zvakakodzera kuva inokosha yepamusoro dzidzo, iyo anobvumira, ipapo "tambo" izvozvo akabvunza unyanzvi - atova chaicho.

Uye saka ari kugadzirira bachelors rinonyanya inotungamirwa zvakafanana yezvisikwa competencies. Analysis kudzidzisa zvirongwa mune dhigirii vatorwa nemasangano dzinoratidza kuti inenge 2/3 nguva rakazvipira paumbwe nevakawanda, nokudenga kugona. Izvi zvinonzwisisika. Pasina zvakanaka paku, interpersonal uye systemic competencies haagoni kuva kubudirira nyanzvi basa chero munda. Mukugadzirira mapurogiramu bachelors dzidzo, tinofanira kufungawo ichi chinokosha. Saka zvinokosha kufunga uye kuita asi chimwe, kureva kwegadziriro tsvimborume zvedzidzo mirayiridzo uye Bachelor of nenyanzvi vaifarira mirayiridzo.

Panyaya Bachelor zvedzidzo nhungamiro, pano, zvimwe kana zvishoma yakajeka. A kudzidza zvedzidzo nzvimbo nomufungo vanofanira kuramba kudzidzisa ari magistracy. Kana nyanzvi vaifarira mirayiridzo, kana kunyange sei chinonzi Zvakarurama baccalaureate, pane mudzidzi anosarudza imwe Profile, kuitira kupedza basa. Izvi hazvirevi kuti zvaasingafaniri mune ramangwana kudzidza dhigirii tenzi wacho. Pashure tsika ndiende kupedza chikoro kuti zvimwe zvakadzama specialization. Kyrgyzstan akashandisa baccalaureate pfungwa itsva. Sezvo vaongorori vanoti dambudziko iri (Chugunov D. Yu, Vasiliev kd-Shafranov Kutsev GF.), Zvakarurama baccalaureate - ichi ndiye zvinodiwa kuti achibvumira mbune kuti basa kumusika, uye kashoma kunosanganisira humwe kudzidzisa, kunyange hazvina siya nayo. Zvakarurama baccalaureate chirongwa rakanakira avo vanoda pakarepo mushure mekugamuchira tsvimborume kuti dhigirii kutanga.

KuMadokero uye Russia iri tsvimborume chirongwa aishanda akatanga kubika chete yapfuura, kana kuti, kubva kumagumo kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri. Zvisinei, pane dzimwe kusiyana kugadzirira vakashandisa tsvimborume muEurope uye Russia. Kutanga, izvo chokuita chine competencies kuti vari muhurukuro hwekudzidza. European purogiramu vakashandisa tsvimborume dhigirii, sezvo nyanzvi dzinoti, mukuwedzera kuita unyanzvi, anoratidza paumbwe nesangano uye managerial unyanzvi. Vakapedza Zvakarurama tsvimborume dhigirii - a zvikuru unyanzvi, uyo usingagoni chete basa mirayiridzo, kutevera mirau, asi tanga mumaoko avo, kuti wekuvamba itsva nzira matambudziko.

Nezveshoko Russian Zvakarurama baccalaureate, hazvina zvachose nezvezvandaifanira upfumi chaihwo, haana chokuita upfumi chaihwo, iro rinowanika kuMadokero. Uye zviri dzidzo iri anyanye academicism, pane imwe basa pamusika. Zvichakadaro Zvakarurama Baccalaureate anofanira nechokwadi nyanzvi kudzidziswa tsika vaifarira. Kugadzirira ndikarangarira tsvimborume inofanira kuva pedyo pamwe vashandirwi, pamwe kwavo zvakananga kuita zvatinokanganisa. Chete muchiitiko ichi zvinokwanisika kudzidzisa unyanzvi zvinodiwa kuti basa pamusika.

Tinotenda kuti Kyrgyzstan ruzivo Zvakarurama Rokutenderwa anofanira koshesa.

With pamusoro yezwi chikwereti gadziriro kudzidzisa, nokuti vakawanda mumayunivhesiti mune Kyrgyzstan kutanga itsva? New kwete mupfungwa kuti havazivi chii mbiri, uye chikwereti rwokugadzira. Kwete New tichitaura hunobatsira Implementation. Paaiva panyika, pane dzidzo masangano kuti kushandisa kadhi ano. Tine mupfungwa zvikurukuru neAmerican University of Central Asia.

Chokwadi, pane imwe nguva kuenda chikwereti hurongwa, hazvibviri. Tinofanira kupfuura ngavasununguke. Havasi vose haisati anonyatsoziva uye kunzwisisa zvose pamusoro chikwereti hurongwa. Asi pane vamwe kunzwisisa ruzhinji vashandi nedzidzo yepamusorosoro. Chinhu chikuru kupa nhungamiro yakarurama. Zvino pamusoro pfungwa mbiri.

Credit - chikwata nechiyero mudzidzi pokuwanda kwebasa tichitarisa nguva inodiwa kuti vawane zvimwe zvaitika pakudzidza. Credit - chikwata yakayerwa of "uremu" kosi kana chirongwa (nhamba mukirasi uye neauditornyh maawa, etc.) mu yechinangwa yakakodzera zvinodiwa.

Credit - quantitative (nhamba) mashoko, bhuku nezivo, kufungisisa zvabuda kubudirira mukufamba kurovedza, uye Implementation. The chikwereti inogona paakavapa kuti mudzidzi sechiratidzo Kuzivikanwa aumba somugumisiro kudzidza competencies kwakavakirwa tinyatsonzwisisa zvaitika kudzidza.

Sezvo isu zvikurukuru pfungwa, zvinhu Bologna muitiro, vaiti, kuchinjwa uye kuunganidza Tera reEurope maitiro (ECTS), mudzidzi panguva kudzidziswa anofanira zvibodzwa kushoma pakati 180 kusvika 240 waZerubhabheri kuwana tsvimborume kuti dhigirii. Shoma nguva yokudzidza kwemakore 3-4. Kana tikati, uye vangani maawa chikwereti, ipapo isu muna Republic hapana tenderano. Vamwe mumayunivhesiti Russian pashure kusarudza maawa 36, mumwe maawa 30. Tinofunga hazvina kudaro unopfuura. Kunyange zvazvo gwaro Tuning - Tuning Educational hurongwa muEurope, mumwe chikwereti unoenderana 25-30 maawa nguva yokudzidza. Zvichida ichi ndicho chikonzero nei ari Resolution of Government of July 4, 2012 № 472 imwe chikwereti (Tera) vakatsunga maawa 30. Panguva iyoyowo, tinofanira kunyatsonzwisisa kuti Tera kunoyerwa chete uwandu mutoro kudzidzisa, asi kwete mudzidzi waivako, mukati kana pamwero kunzwisisa kwakaita zvinhu. Zvikwereti vanopiwa mudzidzi chete kana zvapedza chimwe module, Chokwadi, kuranga, kurovedzwa, uye akagamuchira zvakanaka kuongorora. Zvikwereti The vasabatanidzwe kana nokugamuchirwa vadzidzi vari hama tsika, iyo anoratidza uwandu basa raida kupedza zvizere zvedzidzo gore. Zvinofanira kusimbiswa kuti zvikwereti Havazvimiririri variables, asi nguva dzose anorondedzera basa rakapera sezvo chikamu hweutungamiri. Achitaura chikwereti kuwanda ezvinhu, isu zvinoreva hurongwa umo Tera vari vaunganidza nedanho chirongwa zvine musoro vakavaka yokudzidzisa. Mupfungwa iyi, kadhi iri chikwata iyo inoratidza imwe yakawanda basa rinoitwa zvinobudirira munzira pakuwana zvimwe zvinodiwa.

A mashoko mashoma pamusoro kugona uye ari kugona kusvika muna dzidzo. Izvi chinetso Kyrgyzstan ndiye kutanga itsva, kure zvose vanoziva. Kazhinji dambudziko iri itsva kwete chete nesu asiwo European dzidzo hurongwa.

Kugona kusvika dzakatangira kuUnited States muna 70-ies ose XX remakore maererano aifanira kuwana chingapedza inotevera: zviri vamiriri, vaya vakagadzirira zvinogadzirisa munyika dzichiri kusimukira, vari inokosha chinangwa rakasikwa chifananidzo akanaka pamusoro US, tinazvo ruzivo naka uye zvakazara pakuva pasi nedzenyu unyanzvi, kwete zvose takakwanisa kuzadzikisa ichi basa. Kunyatsoverenga ongororo akawana kuti pasinei dzoga nyaya kudzidzisa, zvakasiyana chaizvo kubva mumwe unyanzvi, izvo vasiri nhau Implementation, asi zvinokosha chaiko kutoshanda. Unyanzvi izvi zvaipiwa chinokosha rokuti kugona, nekuti havana chokuita chero chipi zivo kana kuti yakananga algorithms upi maitiro, kana kuti chero nyaya yacho. Simple familiarization pamwe nhoroondo nyaya inoratidza kuti kugona vari dzinongoitika maitiro munzanga chiito - vakasiyana zviito nyaya, zvange inorondedzerwa vanorondedzerwa uye nguva dzose uchava kunzi maererano ruzivo, unyanzvi uye mano [2, p. 48].

Chii chinonzi kugona? It - kudzidza zvaitika kwakunoitwa chine competencies - yakananga uye yakajeka mazita chii mudzidzi anofanira kuziva, kunzwisisa uye kukwanisa kushandisa pashure pakupera hwekudzidza. Competencies inogona kuumbwa vaviri toreva mapurogiramu zvedzidzo (module kana kosi chikwata). Kugona akaumba sequentially uye zvishoma nezvishoma. Saka, paumbwe chaiwo competences zvinogona inopiwa namapoka akawanda kana modules panguva dzakasiyana zvokukura chirongwa. Panguva magadzirirwo chokutambudzika chirongwa chisarudzo musi kuti chii chirongwa chikwata kuchaita rinotungamirirwa kuti paumbwe dzimwe competencies yakananga. Panguva iyoyowo, vamwe mudzidzi Muchawana competencies mu "namano" nzira yose purogiramu yose, asi kurondedzerwa migumisiro vanofanira kupiwa competencies avo chete, asi kubudirira izvo zvichava pasi wakatarwa. Panguva iyoyo tinofanira kuyeuka kuti chirongwa kudzidziswa hachisi kutaridza randomly vakasarudzwa kosi uye interconnected kunzwisisa kuti kukura iyo rinoda RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA nzira. Kosi yacho yaitaura mudzidzi uye zvakaguma zvaitika kudzidza, zviyero zvose mune imwe nzira kana mumwe zvine chokuita nomumwe. Kutonga uku rinoshanda kwete chete kune dzakabatana uye modules anoumba chinoumba yepurogiramu, asiwo yechipiri uye zvokuwedzera mapoka. The Zvabuda kubudirira kudzidza chimwe chikwata kana module chinowedzera zvinonakisa zvabuda uye paumbwe achida bhuku competencies mune ukama hwepedyo nemigumisiro kuti kubudirira mune mukudzidza mamwe vamapoka chirongwa.

Mubvunzo unotevera kuti tinofanira kuwana pachako - sangano dzadzidza kwacho pamusana mapurogiramu modular yedzidzo. Pakugadzirwa competencies akanakisisa wakanyatsokodzera modular zvirongwa. Vanonyanya segirazi, zviite mudzidzi kuchinjirwa kubva kupfungwa mumwe, uye kuziva zvabuda panguva imwe yunivhesiti, uyewo unokubvumira optimally ugovere Batsiranai mabasa pamusoro siyana maitikiro yepurogiramu. Uyezve, nyika modular hurongwa anobvumira kuti tisanyanyozvidya Kupwanywa uye, saka, doro uwandu bvunzo. Zvakaipira ari modular kwava kuti zvinoderedza dzidziso rusununguko, Kuderedza uwandu kunyorerana maawa mukati module. Kana modular hurongwa kunowedzera mukana wokushandiswa, sezvo zvava zvinogoneka kuvaka zvakasiyana curricula uye zvirongwa, nepfungwa kunyorerana. In asiri modular hurongwa (kureva, yakadai seyedu, apo vadzidzisi kurangwa chete rokudzidzisa) ndiyo yokutanga kusarudza zvinhu, ukuwo modular hurongwa ane kumikidzo nemamiriro zvezvaidzidziswa rose.

Izvi Anoteterera mubvunzo, uye chii isu kureva nokuda module? The module chinhu rakazvimirira chikwata panyaya rokudzidzisa zvainanga wezvamatongerwe chaiwo nyanzvi kugona kana competences mapoka. Nemamwe mashoko, module - iri chikwata zvakakwana purogiramu yedzidzo, dzikaumba mumwe kana kupfuura chaiwo nyanzvi competencies, aine kudzora ruzivo uye unyanzvi vanodzidziswa panguva goho. Naizvozvo, munhu modular yedzidzo chirongwa - mubatanidzwa uye kutevedzana kwezviitiko modules zvainanga ugone chaiyo competencies zvinodiwa zvinodiwa.

Panguva iyoyo tinofanira kuona kuti Europe wide kunzwisisa rokuti module haako. Vamwe vanoona module senguva-shoma, akavharwa pamusoro vanogutsikana kuti akadzidza kudzidzisa zvinogumbura. Mumwe module Inonzi remubatanidzwa kudzidziswa kutigumbura, chikwata pamwe chete mu neizvozvi. Zvinofungirwa kuti modules dzinogona kubatanidzwa mune dziri kugutsikana zvose mukati rimwe kuranga kana anoranga akawanda.

In pfupi modules - ane chinhu yepurogiramu yedzidzo, izvo zvakawanda kwenguva, mumwe namahwindo gutsikanai dzakananga nemigumisiro kuti kubudirira uye akaratidza kuti vadzidzi.

Ndichiverenga vadzidzi modules mumwe nomumwe wavo anofanira kupomerwa imwe mari Tera (Tera) kuita sezvo chiyero kunzwisisa kudzidza uye achingoratidza seti ose akakodzera rokudzidzisa muitiro. Kana pakuverenga kuti Tera kuti module iri kunzwisisa akaverenga: mukirasi mutoro, yakazvimirira basa vadzidzi, kunyora yokupedzisira Kukodzera basa, etc. Kazhinji, asi module anopa 6-15 kwezvikwereti.

In kukura module zvinogona kutungamirirwa zvinotevera zano:

1. Kuona chinangwa module.
2. Information chikwata - the yokungotaura zvinhu, anoruka kudzidziswa pamusoro okunze muchimiro emirayiridzo, Workbook, emirayiridzo anogadza pamwe mafomu ari kutsigira synopses, dzidzo ekombiyuta.
3. Iva kupima mabasa (kuyera kubudirira).
4. Dudza pachikumbaridzo dzekuziva kuti nokukoshesa (kushandisa scoring dzekuziva kuti kuongorora kukurudzira vadzidzi).
5. Iva kudzidzisa uye kudzidza nzira (kuita aivabatsira vadzidzi vabudirire zvabuda uye abvume zvinodiwa).
6. Nyora zvaitika kudzidza (kwakavakirwa pamiviri descriptors).
7. Kudziridza uye dzokorora module (inobva ruzivo uye dzinovaka).

The modular nokudzidziswa hurongwa unokubvumira:

- the kusangana pakubhadhara siyana uye siyana dzidzo;

- huru-chinogumbura sangano mashoko edzidzo, pamwe kunenge uye mabasa ayo kudzidza;

- kunakisa yakazvimirira chidzidzo vadzidzi zvinhu edzidzo;

- dzidziso utariri kuburikidza chirongwa (kutevedzana mabasa uye zvokukura kudzidza) uye algorithms ose zvishande basa;

- kubudirana pachena nenzira yakarongeka mudzidzisi hurongwa;

- Chisarudzo pamwero kugona nevadzidzi, nezvimiro, nzvimbo uye kumhanya yokudzidza zvinhu;

- kusikwa zvinhu vakabudirira zvishande basa iri kudzidza;

- kugona kushanda maererano nomumwe kudzidza nzira yokudzidzisa zvinhu, yayo nzira kudzidza;

- nouchapupu operative richiona uye kunyatsoongorora migumisiro rokupedzisira kuzvidzora.

The kugadzirisa rokudzidzisa muitiro pamusoro pemisimboti modularity zvinosanganisira:

- rokutanga yakadzama interdisciplinary kudzidza zviri zvirongwa aripo dzidzo kuitira kudzivisa pindana zvimedu zvedzidzo anoranga.

- Kutsunga pamazita yokurovedza modules vanobatanidzwa PLO.

- pokugadzwa zvichibvira trajectories dzidzo mune imwe PLO (nyaya proflizatsy, specializations, zvirongwa tenzi wacho, zvokuwedzera nyaya uye zvirongwa dzokuwedzera dzidzo).

- kukura wegadziriro Implementation yokurovedza modules, izvo zvinoda wandei fakaroti nesimba uye Qualitative yokuti logistics, mashoko uye raibhurari, uye rokubudisa uye kudhindwa mujinga kuyunivhesiti.

- Implementation management uye rokutarisira mune mazano matsva anokonzera ano kugadzirisa dzidzo kwacho uye vamwe [3, mapeji 12-13] ..

By mutsetse Bologna mukati ESTS Rating pamwero yakazokudziridzwa pamwe nomwe pfungwa reference, varehwa tsamba A, B, C, D, E, FX, F [4]. ESTS grading chikero anobva chinzvimbo mudzidzi vamwe iwe, izvo zvinoratidza kukura kwayo waivako hama kune vamwe vadzidzi. Kwakaita ESTS classifies vadzidzi mumapoka maviri okutanga - achievers uye Charles Charamba. vadzidzi Kunobudirira vari rakakamurwa subgroups shanu: yakanakisisa 10% of mhinduro correlated pamwe pakafunuka runotaurwa tsamba A pfungwa, vachitevera 25% mutsamba, imwe 30% netsamba C anotevera 25% D chiratidzo uye okupedzisira vadzidzi vanobudirira kupindura tsamba E.

Underachieving vadzidzi vari rakakamurwa subgroups zviviri: FX (Isingatadzikari - kuwana zvikwereti zvakawanda basa chinodiwa) uye F (Isingatadzikari - waida inokosha mari mberi basa iri zvinhu rokudzidzisa ari yaizoongororwa).

hurongwa scaling zvaitika kwakadaro kudzidza mudzidzi zvinoda modernizing kupima uye scoring zvinyorwa tsika uye nzira kugadzirisa nyika yose rokudzidzisa kwacho.

Uye pane imwe nguva isu taida kurega - ichi vaigadzirira bhuku zvinhu nokuda tinyatsonzwisisa zvaitika kudzidza. Kazhinji, mabasa mune zvesayenzi uye yakarongeka chose kuti kunyatsoongorora zvaitika pakudzidza zvinopiwa kuomerera zvinotevera kutevedzana paainyora uye kukura wayo zvabuda. Chokutanga, funga pamusoro kuva kuti zvichaguma nei kuongororwa. Chechipiri, kuwana iine wayo mabasa. Chechitatu, tsanangura zvinodiwa, uchapupu, kunyatsoongorora kubudirira kana zvakakodzera unhu. Chechina, iva nechokwadi chokuti nzira inogona yakavimbika uye zvinobudirira akayera kana Zvinofungidzirwa uye kuti vane wakajeka.

Kazhinji, Kyrgyzstan, kwete chairwo pendi muudzame kudzidza zvaitika .Chetko yakatanga nzira haana kuongorora. Uye saka soundly akaanyora nokufungidzira nezvinhu, mumwe mukuru zvinoumba chekunatsiridza dzidzo.

References:

1. State mureza dzidzo yepamusoro dzidzo Kyrgyz Republic. - Volume 1 - Bishkek, 1996. - 138 p.
2. Shafranov-Kutsev GF Mazuvaano wokuRussia nyanzvi dzidzo: matambudziko uye tarisiro. - Monograph. - Tyumen. - 2011. - 296 p.
3. Scientific anouya kusikwa mapurogiramu zvedzidzo uye nyanzvi iri modular hwaro mumunda hwemashiripiti dzidzo. - M - s. 12-14
4. The Bologna Process: Midway / pasi nesayenzi. Rakapepetwa VI Baydenko. Moscow, 2005.
5. Bohr AV Rozov NH misimboti Activity-chokuita mune pedagogy uye kudzidzisa pfungwa. - M:. Max Press, 2010. - p. 48.