Yellowstone Caldera. The zvinobvira Kuputika Yellowstone rinoputika (Wyoming)

Anoputika akakwezva vanhu kubvira panguva yakare. Vakatenda vamwari vavo, vakanamata uye zvibayiro, kusanganisira munhu. Mafungiro Izvi zvinonzwisisika, sezvo kunyange zvino incredible simba izvi zvakasikwa zvinhu zvinoshamisa kunyange vakadzidziswa vatsvakurudzi.

Asi pakati pavo pane vaya kunyange kumira kunze sezvo oneka background. Zviri, somuenzaniso, Yellowstone Caldera muna National Park pamusoro Wyoming, USA. Simba riri wakaderera ari supervolcano, ari kuti zvakanaka kubatsira zvachose yebudiriro kwedu chiitiko nehope dzake. Hapana kuwedzera. Saka, Pinatubo rinoputika, iro kanoverengeka simba kupfuura ayo "vaunoshanda navo" American, panguva kuputika muna 1991 vakabatsira kuti avhareji tembiricha yose dzaiuya 0.5 madhigirii, uye vava nemakore akawanda pamusara.

Chii chinoratidzwa ichi dzinongoitika chinhu?

Masayendisiti refu rakapiwa chinzvimbo ichi kuti chinhu supervolcano. Unonzi munyika nokuda kwayo megalithic zvikuru. Mumakore okupedzisira pamwero mukuru kumutsidzirwa yake yose yokumusoro chikamu rinoputika chete akawira pasi, pova zvinoshamisa kukundikana hukuru.

It riri chaipo pakati North America mundiro, uye kwete pamuganhu, se ake "nevamwe" munyika, izvo pfungwa kunhivi micheto kwamahwendefa (ndiye "Ring reMoto" iri nePacific Ocean). Kubva 80-ies wekupedzisira remakore, Geological Survey of America inoshuma kuti uwandu chakamira pakunodengenyeka zvine iyo kumanikidza kusvikira usingabereki kusapfuudza matatu paRichter scale, ari kuramba kuchiita gore negore.

Kuti hurumende iri kufunga?

Zvose izvi haisi zvokungofungidzira. Kuipa mhosva masayendisiti rinotsigirwa ndechokuti muna 2007 rakavambwa kwakaitwa musangano wechimbichimbi, iyo wakapindwa Mutungamiri United States uye musoro deginamajai, NSA, FBI.

History of kudzidza

Unofungei, paakabatwa yakawanikwa pedyo Caldera? Mukutanga kukura American colonists? Chokwadi, sezvo hazvina kudaro! Takaona chete muna 1960, ichitsvaka Aerospace mifananidzo ...

Chokwadi, magetsi Yellowstone Park akanga akadzidza refu kusati kwatombova satellites uye ndege. Wokutanga zvakasikwa uyo akarondedzera nzvimbo idzi, aiva Dzhon Kolter. Aiva nhengo Lewis uye Clark rwendo. Muna 1807, akarondedzera pari Wyoming. State akarova incredible geysers ake uye vazhinji zvitubu zvemvura inopisa, asi yake kudzoka "mberi munharaunda" havana kumutenda, achinyomba akadanira basa musayendisiti kuti "Hero Colter."

Muna 1850 muvhimi uye zvakasikwa Dzhim Bridzher akashanyira Wyoming. Staff akanomuchingura sezvinoitwa nowakautangira: namakore hwemvura uye mvura inopisa yamatsime atiza pasi muvhu. Zvisinei, nyaya yake uye hapana vakatenda.

Pakupedzisira, pashure Civil War, hurumende US itsva kuchiri mari renguva pamwero kudzidza nharaunda. Muna 1871, nzvimbo akadzidza rwendo nesayenzi pasi murayiro Ferdinand Hayden. imwe chete gore kwave wakagadzirwa chihombe mavara mushumo nemifananidzo yakawanda uye zvaakacherechedza. Chete ipapo tichava zvose pakupedzisira akatenda kuti Colter uye Bridger haana kunyepa. Zvino akasikwa Yellowstone Park.

Development uye kudzidza

Musoro chinhu chokutanga akagadzwa Nathaniel Langford. Mamiriro akapoteredza paki pakutanga haana zvakare tariro: musoro tsama iyi uye regai kunyange kuvabhadhara, tisingatauri tsvakurudzo nzvimbo iyi. All zvakachinja makore mashomanana gare gare. Kana ichishanda kuNorthern Pacific Railroad, mumupata mafashamo revashanyi vanhu wakatangwa, uyo aiva nehanya uyu dzinongoitika chaiyo.

The pahwaro paki Kutarisira uye hurumende kuti zvakonzerawo mutsika kuziva, achiri haana ichi nzvimbo yakasiyana mune ungwandangwanda hwezvinhu vashanyire kukwezvana, uyewo nguva akakokwa kuti idzi inozvikudza masayendisiti kubva pasi pose.

Zvikurukuru akakwezva Nyanzvi duku kuputika pasikweya kuti vari munzvimbo nguva nenguva kuramba kubuda mumazuva edu. Chokwadi, yakakurumbira zvikuru National Parks vasiri vakauya Yellowstone supervolcano (zvino shoko harisi anoziva), uye yakakura, geysers kusimba yakanaka. Zvisinei, kunaka hunhu uye kupfuma hwemhuka nyika chiri kusiya vanhu hanya.

Ndechipi supervolcano ari ano mupfungwa?

Kana isu nezvazvo nezvaiitwa kuputika, kazhinji chinhu kumbonyanya kuipa chikomo mu chimiro truncated cône pamusoro wayo ndiye muromo, kuburikidza iyo inopisa magasi uye yakaumbwa magma Rwako. Chaizvoizvo, worugotwe Leaf - chete mitswi muvhu. Kana rinoreva dhaka wakaumbwa uye anoomesa, akakurumidza anoumba anozivikanwa cone.

Heano chete supervolcanoes vakadaro kuti havasi chaisvika noWokumusorosoro dzavo "nevanun'una." mhando iyi "maronda" pasi, pasi "ganda" dzakaonda iyo unotsamwira magma wakaumbwa. Mundima inotungamirwa kwakadaro kunogona kazhinji kuumba kwakajairika kuputika vent dzinoverengeka kuburikidza iyo nguva pane akabuda akaunganidza zvigadzirwa. Zvisinei, kunyange mumakomba zvinoonekwa apo kakawanda: pane kuputika Caldera, izvo vanhu vakawanda vave dzose Dip muvhu.

Vangani vavo zviripo zvachose?

Pari, pane zvinenge 20-30 remasangano. Kuputika zvavo zviduku, izvo unganyanya kuitikira pedyo "kushandiswa" zvavo mapazi kuputika zvinogona kufananidzwa nokusunungurwa chiutsi kubva huzere vharuvhu. The dambudziko rinotanga panguva chaiyo kana mhute kufurirwa kukuru, uye anotora kure mumhepo, "muhari". Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti rinoputika muUnited States (uyewo Etna, nenzira) rinoreva zvakananga kuti "bhomba" chikamu nokuda zvikuru gobvu magma.

Ndokusaka vari kudaro ngozi. The simba rokudzora idzodzo dzakadaro kuti vave simba kwakakwana kubvisa ari guruva rinopfumburwa imwe kondinendi yose. Pessimists vanodavira kuti kana rinoputika muUnited States achiri putika, kufa angava 97-99% zvavanhu. Kutaura zvazviri, kunyange netariro Zvaifungidzirwa regai kusiyana zvakawanda kubva chinorwadza Muchiitiko chakadaro.

Iye anopepuka?

Kuwedzera nguva yakanyorwa pamusoro gumi apfuura. Vakawanda vaigara America havazivi kunyange kuti pagore wakaiswa rimwe kusvika kumatatu pachivande makuhwa. Nepo vakawanda vavo vari wakaiswa chete rinokosha michina. Chokwadi, munenge kuputika iri mangwanani, asi nhamba uye simba ukapisa murwi kwakadaro zvishoma kuwedzera. Facts Zvinogumbura - Zvimwe pevhu tangi uzere dhaka.

Kazhinji, yokutanga nguva masayendisiti akateerera National Park muna 2012, apo ndima yayo akatanga kubuda vakawanda geysers matsva. maawa maviri chete pashure kushanyirwa masayendisiti hurumende yakarambidza kuwana dzakawanda National Park kuvafambi. Asi seismologists, Vanodzidza, nyanzvi dzezvinhu zvipenyu uye vamwe vatsvakurudzi kwaiva kagumi.

Pane dzimwe anoputika ngozi muUnited States. In Oregon, pachine hofori Caldera pamusoro Crater Lake, rinova kuumbwa somugumisiro kuputika basa, uye haikwanisi kuva zvishoma pane ngozi ake "nevamwe" kubva Wyoming. Zvisinei, chete nemashanu kana makumi maviri apfuura, masayendisiti vaidavira kuti munhu supervolcano waida emakore ukamuka, saka unogona nguva dzose mberi kufanotaura njodzi. Zvinosuwisa vari pachena kururama.

Studies Margaret Mangan

Margaret Mangan, mumwe dzepamusorosoro masayendisiti ari Geological Survey of America, kwenguva refu nguva yava pedyo richiona nezvezvabuda kuputika basa munyika. Kasiri kare, iye akaudza dzakawanda kuti seismologists vatsvakurudzi rakadzokororwa maonero avo zvizere nguva kumutsa vakawanda mikuru anoputika panyika.

Uye ichi ndicho - nhau akaipa chaizvo. ruzivo edu kuwedzerwa zvakati mumakore achangopfuura, asi zororo kubva ichi hapana. Saka, rinoputika guru rave kuramba akaratidza kuwedzera basa muUnited States: paiva nenguva apo pasi kurutivi Caldera akanga neshungu kuti 550 Celsius, akatanga kuumba mazibota ari muchimiro hemisphere matombo akanamatira kumusoro, uye gungwa iri zvishoma nezvishoma kutanga kubika.

Makore maviri apfuura, vamwe seismologists vari kukwikwidzirana nechokwadi zvose kuputika basa pamusoro akatevera emakore, vanhu havana pangozi. Chaizvoizvo? Mushure huru tsunami sezvariri zvitadzo Fukushima, fungidziro dzavo, vakarega kupa. Zvino vanoda kubvisa pesky venhau maturo ouzivi vakawanda kukosha. Saka chii chavanotya? Pazvinotanga rutsva chando zera somugumisiro chikuru kwemakomo?

Yokutanga anokangaidza Zvaifungidzirwa

In kururamisira zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvishoma nezvishoma rutapudzo kuti nguva pakati njodzi, masayendisiti vaiziva kare. Zvisinei, akapa muchadenga mashoko, vanhu ari kuchengetwa zvishoma. Pakutanga, nezvirwere zviri Yellowstone muna US zvinotarisirwa munenge 20,000 makore. Asi pashure muchidzidza akaunganidza Data zvikazooneka kuti izvi zvichaitika muna 2074. Uye netariro kwazvo, nekuti anoputika vari nezvimwewo chaizvo uye ngozi chaizvo.

Mumwe mutsvakurudzi kubva University of Utah, Robert Smith, akati muna 2008 kuti "... kusvikira magma iri kudzika 10 makiromita kubva mwena (panguva dzose kuwedzera ayo 8 masendimita pagore), hapana chikonzero kuti tidzikame ... Asi kana unomutswa kanenge makiromita anosvika matatu, isu nesdobrovat zvose ". Ndizvo Yellowstone ngozi. US (more zvazviri, vezvesayenzi munyika) anonyatsoziva.

Zvichakadaro, shure muna 2006. Ilya Bindeman uye Dzhon Valey yakabudiswa mumagazini inonzi "Earth uye mapuraneti nesayenzi," uye bhuku havana Anotadzira vateereri achinyaradza zvakafanotaurwa. Data yokupedzisira matatu apfuura, maererano navo, womuratidza unopinza kumhanyisa pamusoro mabota simuka, nguva dzose pave Kunetsana itsva kuburikidza iyo rinouya pemvura rehydrogen sulfide uye carbon dioxide.

Ichi chokwadi chiratidzo chokuti vamwe chakakura dambudziko chokwadi zvichaitika. Nhasi, kunyange vamwe vanonamata dzinobvumirana kuti ngozi iri chaiyo.

anonongedzera itsva

Asi nei "muitiro" mumakore gore rakanga dingindira rino? Pashure pezvose, vanhu vakamborara zvakakwana chemaneka chete gore ra2012? Uye zvose nokuti muna March maiva rakapinza kuwedzera zvizivikanwe nemichina basa. Kuramba vakatanga kumuka kunyange geysers kuti vaionekwa-refu nehope. Tiine National Park akatanga tama chirwirangwe mhuka neshiri. Asi izvi zvose - the harbingers chaiye chinhu chakanaka kwazvo.

Zvichitevera bison yenondo vatiza, nokukurumidza siya Yellowstone Plateau. Total nokuti gore nechetatu vaitama vakawanda, izvo kunyange Indian vaAborigine kumbobvira zvakaitika ndangariro. Kunyanya zvose kufamba izvi chinoshamisa dzemhuka kuonekwa muchiedza kuti hapana ari kuvhima mupaki. Zvisinei, vanhu vane kubva kare zvinozivikanwa kuti mhuka vanonzwa zvakakwana anonongedzera heralding zvikuru dzinongoitika dzoga.

Available Data mberi kusimbisa kunetseka yesayenzi nyika munharaunda. Muna March gore rapera, seismographs yakanyorwa chakamira pakunodengenyeka zvine simba kusvika mana pfungwa, asi ichi hachisi chinosekesa. Mukupera March, nzvimbo zvinooneka akazunza pamwe simba 4.8 pfungwa. Kubvira muna 1980, ndiye kuratidzwa simba kupfuura zvizivikanwe nemichina basa. Uyezve, kusiyana-gore matatu okuberekwa zviitiko, kuti chipaparadzungu iri zvachose vemunyika.

Sei rinoputika saka ngozi?

Kwemakumi emakore, panguva iyo akatapa vamwe kudzidza nzvimbo, masayendisiti refu vaifunga kuti Yellowstone Caldera haisi rinoputika ngozi, zvichipomerwa, kare kubva abuda. Asi maererano nemashoko matsva kubva geodetic uye geophysical prospecting ari tangi pasi Caldera magma iri anenge kaviri kupfuura zvinoratidzwa kupfuura tariro nemishumo.

Nhasi zvinozivikanwa kuti dura asiwo sezvinongoitawo 80 makiromita pakureba uye 20 - pahupamhi. Akadzidza ndiye Robert Smith, mumwe geophysicist kubva Salt Lake City, kuunganidza uye ongorora hombe uwandu zvizivikanwe nemichina mashoko. Pakapera October 2013, akaita mushumo nezvazvo muguta Denver, panguva wepagore yesayenzi musangano. shoko rake rakanga pakarepo kudzokororwa, migumisiro pakutsvakurudza vanofarira zvinenge zvose aitungamirira seismology rabhoritari munyika.

mukana Assessment

Kuti muchidimbu dzavo zvakabudiswa, masayendisiti vaifanira kuunganidza Statistical mashoko pamusoro vanopfuura mamiriyoni 4,5 kwepasi kunosiyana zvikuru. Ndizvo akaita dzakatemerwa vamwe muganhu ndokupfuura Yellowstone Caldera. The Data akaratidza kuti ukuru munzvimbo "inopisa" akanga understated neinopfuura hafu mumakore achangodarika. Nhasi zvinonzi ichaongororwa kuti bhuku magma - mukati zviuru zvina cubic metres inopisa namatombo.

Zvinofungirwa kuti "chete" 68% kuti mari iyi inowira yakaumbwa magma, asi zviri zvikuru, kwazvo. Saka Yellowstone Park - bhomba chaiye, izvo zvichaita putika rimwe zuva nyika yose (uye achiri kuzoitika, nhamo).

kuonekwa

Kazhinji, kokutanga rinoputika akaratidza zvakajeka pacharo anenge mamiriyoni 2.1 apfuura. A kota yose North America panguva iyoyo akazadza gobvu paiva kuputika nedota. In Zvinotaurwa, hapana anopfuura pamwero mukuru kubva ipapo uye haana zvaitika. Masayendisiti anodavira kuti supervolcanoes zvose anozviratidza kamwe mumakore 600,000. Kwakapiwa kuti nguva kwokupedzisira Yellowstone supervolcano vakaridza kwemakore anopfuura 640,000 apfuura, pane zvikonzero kugadzirira njodzi.

Zvino inogona zvikuru kuipa, nekuti zvose zviri okupedzisira mazana matatu apfuura, kuti arambe achirema yepasi kuti vakawanda yakawedzera kakawanda. Chiratidzo chii chakazoitika, ndiye Caldera pamusoro rinoputika. Ichi cyclopean mwena, inova mugumisiro simba sanzwisisika muna kwenyika yacho, kwakaitika makore 642.000 apfuura. Zvino sei vabudiswa dota, uye gasi hazvizivikanwi, asi chiitiko ichi zvakasimba kufurirwa okunze yedu inotevera chemakore.

Enzanisa mumwe pfupi ichangopfuura (mu Geological mashoko) Etna kuputika, kwakaitika makore zviuru zvitanhatu apfuura, uye kuti akanga kakawanda kusimba kupfuura kusunungurwa Caldera, akaita guru tsunami,. Anotaura vanochera matongo vakawana reMediterranean. Zvinofungirwa kuti hwaro ngano pamusoro Biblical mafashamo. Kunenge madzibaba edu zvechokwadi akararama kuburikidza zvinosuwisa zhinji ipapo mazana mumisha vaingonyepedzera shambidza mune shoma. Vagari kugarwa Atlit-mbambaira kwainyanya wakakomborerwa, asi kunyange vazukuru vavo kuramba kutaura rwunotyisa mafungu, rinopwanya zvose munzira kwayo.

Kana zvakaipa kuzvibata Yellowstone, nezvirwere achava 2.5 zviuru (!) Times zvikuru simba, nemadota mumhepo vachasunungurwa munguva 15 kupfuura Yakasvika pashure wokupedzisira kuda Krakatoa, dzikavauraya zvuru 40 vanhu.

Kuputika - kwete kukosha

Smith pachake rave akasimbisa kuti nezvirwere - zviduku. Iye nevamwe vake seismologists vanoti huru ngozi iri ipapo rakatevera kudengenyeka, izvo zvichava zvakajeka nesimba kupfuura sere paRichter scale. The National Park uye ikozvino anenge ose gore vaduku chipaparadzungu. Harbingers ramangwana vane: muna 1959 zvakaitika nokudengenyeka kwepasi kuyera 7,3 pfungwa pakarepo. vanhu 28 chete vakaurayiwa, sezvo vamwe vane nguva yakakwana kutama.

Kazhinji, asi Yellowstone Caldera kuchaita zvakawanda kwezvirwere zvakawanda. Ungangove, nemabota Rwako pakarepo kufukidza imwe nzvimbo kwete zvishoma pane chimwe zana mativi makiromita, uye ipapo gasi aibuda achaita bitirirwa zvipenyu zvose muna North America. Zvichida guru padurunhuru gore kuchasvika nemahombekombe Europe kuti vaifanira vaviri mazuva.

Hezvino chii anovanza Yellowstone Park. Panoitika njodzi munyika yose, hapana anoziva. Tinovimba kuti izvi zvichaitika achiri refu chaizvo.

Inotorwa muenzaniso njodzi

Kana rinoputika rinoputika, zvinogona kuenzaniswa detonation ane gumi simba intercontinental zvombo. goko The Earth wacho vamazana makiromita achamuka hwakawanda metres yakakwirira uye zvakafadza kusvika pamusoro mazana Celsius. Nhindi dombo muchimiro kuputika mabhomba kuchaita kunotutirwa pemvura North America kwemazuva anoverengeka. In pave ezviuru nguva kuwedzera zviri carbon monoxide uye carbon dioxide, rehydrogen sulfide nezvimwe yeimwe ngozi. Ndezvipi zvimwe nemigumisiro kuputika Yellowstone?

Nhasi, zvinofungidzirwa kuti kuputika kuchapisa pakarepo nharaunda dzinenge 1,000 ^km2. All US Northwest uye zvakawanda Canada ichava renje inopisa. Not asingasviki zviuru 10 mativi makiromita pakarepo yakafukidzwa paiva dzvuku-inopisa matombo, izvo zvichaita nokusingaperi kuchinja nyika!

Kwenguva yakareba, vanhu vaifunga kuti nhasi hungangokanganisa nebudiriro kuparadzwa chete kana vaviri hondo yenyukireya. Asi nhasi, pane chikonzero chose chekufungidzira kuti takakanganwa hapana nezvesimba zvakasikwa. Zvinonzi akaronga panyika vashoma echando mazera umo akafa akabuda zviuru zvizhinji mhando zvinomera, mhuka neshiri. Haugoni kuva saka manyawi uye vanofunga kuti munhu - mambo wenyika. mhando edu inogona zvabviswa kuti nyika ino kakawanda kuti zvakaitika kare chemakore.

Ndezvipi anoputika nengozi?

Rinoshanda anoputika pane imwe puraneti? The mazita avo munogona kuona pazasi:

• Llullaillaco muAndes.

• Popocatepetl muMexico (rokupedzisira kuputika muna 2003).

• Kluchevskoy Kamchatka. It yakagundika 2004.

• Mauna Loa. Muna 1868, Hawaii akanga chaizvoizvo zvitadzo achishandisa hofori tsunami kwakamuka nemhaka yebasa rake.

• Fuji. The akakurumbira chiratidzo Japan. Kokupedzisira "zvakafadza" Kunyika Sunrise Sun muna 1923, apo anenge akaparadza kupfuura 700,000 misha, uye uwandu zvisipo vanhu (pasingaverengwi vawirwa vakawana) vakapfuura 150 zviuru vanhu.

• Shiveluch, Kamchatka. Sopka yakagundika panguva imwecheteyo.

• Etna, izvo isu kare kutaurwa. Kuonekwa "vakarara", asi rinoputika akadzikama - chinhu hama.

• Aso, Japan. In akanyorwa kare - anopfuura 70 kwemakomo.

• The yakakurumbira Mount reVesuvius. Sezvo Etna, aionekwa "vakafa", asi pakarepo vakamutswa muna 1944.

Zvichida ichi rinofanira kupedzwa. Sezvaunogona kuona, ngozi nezvirwere Akaperekedzwa vanhu munyika yose nenzira kwayo kukura.