Watergate aidanana muUnited States: History

Watergate pezvaitika - nezvechimwe chinyadzo enyika kwakaitika America muna 1972, izvo zvakazoita kuti kusiya basa iri purezidhendi - Richarda Niksona. Ndiwo wokutanga uye saka kure chete nguva munhoroondo American apo purezidhendi hwake, akashaya kuruboshwe pambiru. Shoko "Watergate" achiri anoonekwa sechiratidzo uori, unzenza, uye kuparwa kwemhosva pamusoro chikamu nezviremera. Nhasi tinoziva nemi, chii zvinhu raiva Watergate yevarume iri US, sezvinoita kukura chinyadzo uye chii akauya.

Mavambo enyika basa Richarda Niksona

Muna 1945, Republican-makore 33, Nixon akava chigaro muna Congress. Panguva iyoyo akanga atova kuzivikanwa kwake Anti-mukomiyunisiti yezvavaidavira kuti policies haana kuzeza kutaura kuvanhu. Nixon kwakaita rezvematongerwe kwakasimbiswa nokukurumidza, uye muna 1950 akava gotwe Seneta weUnited States nhoroondo American.

Young enyika vakafanotaura tarisiro yakanaka. Muna 1952, magetsi US President Eisenhower nominated Nixon kuti mutevedzeri womutungamiriri. Zvisinei, izvi handizvo zvaizoitika.

The kunetsana rokutanga

Mumwe aitungamirira New York mapepanhau mhosva Nixon zvisiri pamutemo kushandisa rutsigiro mari. Kuwedzera kune dzakakomba mhosva vakanga anosetsa zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, maererano venhau, Nixon aipedza chikamu mari kutenga mbwanana cockerspanieli spaniel vana vavo. Pakupindura kupomera enyika akaita nhaurwa paTV. Chokwadi, akaramba zvose, achizviti kumbobvira ari haana kupara zvisiri pamutemo uye unzenza mabasa anogona kukanganisa ake enyika basa zvakanaka hwake. A imbwa, maererano mukwirirwi, vana vake chete kukurukurwa. Pakupedzisira, Nixon akati akanga asiri kuenda abve zvematongerwo enyika uye regai chete mapfumo. Sezvineiwo, yakafanana mutsara anobudisa mushure Watergate kwamakuhwa, asi zvakawanda pamusoro paikoko.

kaviri Fiasco

Muna 1960, Richard Nixon akaita run yake yokutanga nokuda utungamiriri America. mupikisi ake aiva George Kennedy, uyo munhangemutange chete haana kuenzana. Kennedy nomukurumbira chaizvo uye vanoremekedzwa munharaunda, saka vakakundwa navanopinda kumucheto. 11 months pashure Kennedy agadzwa sezvo President Nixon nominated pachake nokuda pambiru gavhuna California, asiwo akarasika pano. Pashure miviri kukundwa, akanga kufunga kusiya sei mutemo, asi kupanga simba vachiri akatora zvaita.

utungamiriri

Muna 1963, apo Kennedy vakaurayirwa chigaro, akanga yakatsiviwa Lindon Dzhonson. Iye kurarama zvakanaka waro basa. Apo nguva inotevera nesarudzo, mamiriro ezvinhu America akarwarisa zvikuru - the Vietnam War, izvo yakaenderera mberi zvakare, izvozvo kwakaita okutsutsumwa mhiri United States. Johnson vakasarudza kuti angatsvaka kechipiri izwi, chakanga chisingatarisirwi chaizvo kuti vanhu enyika uye vehurumende. Nixon aigona usarasikirwe mukana uyu uye akazivisa candidacy yake purezidhendi. Muna 1968, mberi wowakatarisana yake hafu muzana, akatungamirira White House.

makodzero

Chokwadi, Nixon ari kure nevatungamiriri huru American, asi hatigoni kutaura kuti akanga yakaipisisa purezidhendi US munhoroondo. Iye Kutarisirwa ake aigona kugadzirisa nyaya America kubva Vietnam achisangana uye kuti normalize ukama China.

Muna 1972, Nixon akauya pamusoro yepamutemo kushanya kuMoscow. Munhau ukama pakati US uye Soviet Union, yakanga musangano wokutanga kwakadaro. Akaunza anoverengeka zvibvumirano zvinokosha bilateral noukama uye maoko rutapudzo.

Asi pane imwe nguva yose chikwereti kuUnited States Nixon sezvaari maturo. Zvakanga zvakakwana kwemazuva mashomanana. Sezvaungave wafungidzira, chikonzero kuti - the Watergate mashandiro.

political hondo

Zvinozivikanwa kuti pavanotaurirana muUnited States pakati Democrats uye Republicans atopiwa vaiona hakuzivani. Vamiririri mumisasa maviri kusvika zvinozoita vanogamuchira neHurumende, kungoita rwevamiriri vavo kuti sarudzo uye kuona kutsigira kwavo akakura. Chokwadi, kukunda mumwe kunounza mufaro mukuru Kumukundi webato uye guru mwoyo vavengi. Kuti tiwane makabatisisa simba, vaida kazhinji kuenda unopinza chaizvo uye nevasina tsika dzakanaka hondo. Panyaya anopinda anoparadzirwa, tsvina uye dzimwe nzira akasviba.

Apo mumwe kana mumwe wezvematongerwo enyika inowana itsvo, upenyu hwake ichichinja kurwa chaiye. Munhu wese, kunyange zvishoma chikanganiso anova nguva vakwikwidzi chiito. Kuti vazvidzivirire pasimba enyika vaimushora, President ane kutora hombe yakawanda chiito. Sezvinoratidzwa nenyaya Watergate, Nixon panyaya iyi haana kuenzana.

The Secret Service nemamwe simba Ezvemutauro

Kana gamba wedu kukurukura aine makore 50 vakauya utungamiriri mumwe zvaaikoshesa chisikwa upenyu pachake zvakavanzika. Chinangwa chacho chaiva kuongorora vavengi uye vangangodaro vavengi purezidhendi. Mukati mutemo nepo vachiregeredza. Zvakatanga nepfungwa yokuti Nixon akava kuteerera runhare kukurukurirana vakwikwidzi ayo. Muzhizha 1970, akaenda mberi: kupiwa go-mberi Nekuti chakavanzika mabasa nesektsionnyh anonzvera Congress Democrats. The President haana averse kuti nzira "kamura uye kutonga".

Yokubudisa Kuratidzwa Anti-hondo, akashandisa kuminamato Mafia gunmen. Havasi nemapurisa, izvo zvinoreva kuti hapana anogona kutaura kuti hurumende anozvidzawo dzevanhu uye mitemo ine hweruzhinji muvanhu. Nixon haana kudzivisa tyisidzira uye pfumbamuromo. Kana ava mumwe kunhivi sarudzo, akasarudza kutsvaga rubatsiro kumachinda. Uye yokupedzisira vakamuzvidza vakavimbika, ndakabvunza pamusoro mitero kubvunza nevanhu pamwe rakadzika mari. Kupa ruzivo akadaro, zvakanga zvisingaiti, asi purezidhendi vakasimbirira, achiratidza yakunda simba ravo.

Kazhinji, Nixon akanga yokutsoropodza. chaizvo enyika. Asi kana imi tarisai enyika nyika, mune mazwi akaoma chokwadi, vakatendeseka vanhu ikoko kuti kuwana zvakaoma. Kana zviripo, uye kazhinji kacho kungoti kuziva sei kufukidza pamakwara avo. gamba redu haana kudaro, uye vazhinji aiziva nezvazvo.

"Plumbers chikwata"

Muna 1971, gore risati rakatevera musarudzo akaramba chete pagore, pepanhau "New York Times" rakabudiswa muna rimwe wamakamuri deginamajai mashoko akavanzika chokuita matanho zvechiuto yokuVietnam. Pasinei chokwadi kuti zita Nixon haina kutaurwa munyaya ino, iwo anonzi kupinda mubvunzo kugona hwomubati uye tsvimbo yake yose. Nixon akatora acho sechipo kwakaoma.

Papera chinguva, yakanga yarongwa vanonzi weboka Plumbers - akavanzika basa, musori, uye kwete chete. Kuferefeta inoitwa akazoratidza kuti vashandi basa iri yakatanga urongwa kugadzirisa vanhu, kungatadzisa mutungamiri, uyewo disruptions pamusoro Misangano mikuru dzaidzidziswa Democrats. Sezvingatarisirwa, panguva musarudzo, Nixon aifanira kushandisa "puramba" kakawanda kupfuura panguva inoda nguva. The President akanga agadzirira kuenda zvachose, iye akasarudzwa kuti wechipiri izwi. Somugumisiro kunyanya webasa vasori sangano kwakaita kuti chigumbuso, rwakazokura seshanduro Watergate mashandiro. Impeachment - harisi chete mugumisiro makakatanwa, asi ichi ndicho akaderera zvishoma.

How zvakaitika

Makuru Committee US Democratic Party panguva iyoyo pahotera "Watergate." One June manheru muna 1972, hotera zvinosanganisira varume mashanu masutukezi Plumbers mu rabha Magorovhosi Chipfeko. Ndokusaka vasori sangano akazozivikanwa sezvo Plumbers. Kuti manheru vakaita zvakasimba maererano schema. Zvisinei, nemasanga kwakavanzika mabasa vasori hazvina kuitika. Ivo chaitadzisa murindi uyo pakarepo yakasarudza vazvidavirire unscheduled dhituwa. Atarisana yokupora mueni, akatevera mirayiridzo akadana mapurisa.

Uchapupu aiva zvinopfuura hunogutsa. Chief pakati pavo - kuputsa gonhi kusvika kumuzinda democrats. Pakutanga zvakanga sechigaro nyore kuba, asi munhu anotsvakisisa pakati nhandare akawanikwa pamabasa zvakawanda rinorema. Mutemo enforcers vakawana matsotsi yakagozha yakarekodwa michina. Zvakatanga rakakomba kuongorora.

Pakutanga, Nixon akaedza Shii kukwira chigumbuso, asi anenge mazuva ose kuziva itsva chokwadi, ndokuzarura chiso chake zvechokwadi, "notupukanana", yakasimbiswa padzimbahwe Democrats, achinyora nyaya kwakaitika muna White House uye mamwe mashoko. Congress akakumbira President kupa kuferefeta Zvisinei, zvose zvinyorwa, Nixon akaratidza chete vamwe vavo. Sezvingatarisirwa, izvi hazvina aenderane vaongorori. Muchiitiko chino, takanga vasingabvumirwi napaduku nzwisisa. Somugumisiro, zvaibvira kuviga Nixon - yemaminitsi 18 kurekodha, iye zvapera. It vakakoniwa kumutsiridzika; asi hazvina basa, nekuti mashoko kupona yaiva kupfuura zvakakwana kuratidza kuzvidza pamusoro purezidhendi nzanga nyika yake yaakaberekerwa.

Vaimbove vemutungamiri mubetseri Alexander Butterfield vakati kurukurirano White House kuti nhoroondo yakanyorwa. Somunhu hunogutsa nharo, akataura kuti mumazuva Franklin Roosevelt akaita dzepamutemo zvinyorwa wenyika kukurukurirana. Asi kunyange kana isu anobvumirana nharo ichi, chokwadi chinoramba kuteerera enyika vavengi, risingagoni kururamiswa. Kunyanya muna 1967 eavesdropping richirambidzwa panguva zvemitemo chechetere.

Watergate aidanana muUnited States akakonzera resonance kukuru. Sezvo feya pachena kushatirwa rakakura nokukurumidza. Pakapera February 1973, mutemo vatevedzere vakuru zvakaratidza kuti Nixon rave kuita zvakakomba yokutyora toreva yokubhadhara mitero. Zvakanzi yakawanikwa kuti purezidhendi akashandisa guru mari paruzhinji mari kuzadziswa pachavo zvavanoda.

Watergate penyaya: matongero

Early yake basa Nixon akakwanisa ruzhinji wake mhosva vagutsikane, asi nguva ino zvakanga zvisingabviri. Kana panguva iyoyo President akapomerwa kutenga mbwanana, asi zvino yaiva mubvunzo muumbozha misha maviri California uye Florida. "Plumbers" vakapomerwa rangano uye akasungwa. Asi musoro wehurumende pamwe roga zuva rakaramba zvakanaka pamwe White House uye ake mubatwa.

Iye musoro asi remuSamoa akaedza kubvisa mhosva yake uye akaisa akaputsa pamusoro Watergate mashandiro. Rondedzera muchidimbu mashoko purezidhendi mamiriro zvinokwanisika, mashoko okuti "hondo vapone". With kunoshamisa kufarira President akaramba basa. Maererano naye, zviri pasi hapana ezvinhu haana kuda kusiya pambiru yaakanga neMutungamiriri vanhu. Vanhu American, akavapindurawo, haana kumbofunga kuti atsigire Nixon. All zvakatungamirira impeachment. Congressmen vakanga vakatsunga kubvisa purezidhendi kubva yepamusoro.

Pashure azere kuongorora weSeneti uye House of Representatives vakaita mutongo wavo. Vaiziva kuti Nixon vaita zvisina kunaka kuti mutungamiri uye nzira kuchera Dare hurongwa States. Nokuti ichi akanga abviswa pachigaro uye pamberi pedare. Watergate penyaya chaiva chikonzero wenyika yokurega, asi kuti haasi zvose. Nemhaka zvakarekodhwa, vaongorori vakawana kuti enyika dzakawanda kubva wenyika boka racho aigara zvisirizvo hofisi, vakagamuchira fufuro uye pachena akatyisidzira vavengi vavo. VokuAmerica chinonyanya kushamisa haisi yokuti pamusoro yendarira akamuka kukodzera vanhu, uye kuti uori kwasvika chikero yakadaro. Chokwadi kuti kusvikira ichangobva aiva kunze uye kungaita kuti kusingarapiki nemigumisiro, yava chenhando.

kurizaina

August 9, 1974 huru waitirwa of Watergate Richard Nixon nyaya akaenda kumba, vachisiya yapurezidhendi. Mhosva, sezvingatarisirwa, haana kuziva. Gare gare, kuyeuka chigumbuso, aiti kuti, sezvo mutungamiri wenyika, akakanganisa uye akaita tichizengurira. Zvaaida kutaura kudaro? Imhandoi zvokuita mu mubvunzo? Zvichida nokuti ruzhinji okuwedzera tsvina pamusoro machinda uye pedyo vanhu. Ko Nixon aizoenda pamusoro mukuru Kuzivikanwa kwakadaro? Ungangove, zvose aya aiva nyore kuedza kuzviruramisa.

Watergate penyaya uye nhau

Basa vezvenhau kukura chigumbuso rakanga zvakajeka kusarudza zvokuita. Maererano neAmerican mutsvakurudzi Samuel Huntington, panguva Watergate kwamakuhwa, ndiyo nhepfenyuro akakanda musoro wehurumende uye chikumbiro somugumisiro ndokukuvadza kusingarapiki kwazvinoita. Kutaura zvazviri, wokudhinda akaita ndisina kukwanisa chero sangano iri US munhoroondo - akudzivisa purezidhendi pambiru yake, yaakanga apiwa, achitsigirwa ruzhinji. Ndokusaka Watergate nyaya uye kudhindwa US mapepanhau vachiri kumirira kudzorwa nesimba uye yakunda venhau.

dzinonakidza zvinhu

Shoko "Watergate" rakabayirwa enyika akariposhera yenyika dzakawanda. Rinoreva chigumbuso kwakazokonzera impeachment. Uye shoko "gedhi" rava suffix, iro rinoshandiswa wenyaya mutemo mutsva, uye kwete zvinonyadzisa. Somuenzaniso: Monikageyt pasi Clinton, Reagan Irangate vanonyengedza motokari kambani "Volkswagen" zita romusere rokuti Dizelgeytom uye zvichingodaro.

Watergate aidanana muUnited States (muna 1974) kanopfuura kamwe kuti kunosiyana madhigirii vakaratidza mumabhuku, firimu uye kunyange mumitambo yemavhidhiyo.

mhedziso

Nhasi takazoziva nemi kuti Watergate nyaya - kusawirirana kuti wamuka muUnited States paitonga Richarda Niksona uye kwakaita kuti kusiya basa okupedzisira. Asi sezvo unogona kuona, tsanangudzo iyi nani zvishoma kundorondedzera chiitiko, kunyange kufunga chokwadi kuti, kokutanga muna US munhoroondo, akatungamirira purezidhendi kusiya ake pambiru. Watergate pezvaitika, nhoroondo iri nyaya kukurukura kwedu nhasi, aiva guru yakachinja pfungwa vokuAmerica uye, pane rumwe rutivi, akaratidza yakunda kururamisira, uye kuno rumwe - padanho uori uye kutsoropodza vaya simba.