Victorian kwokukurukurirana mapurani: zvinhu uye mapurani ounyanzvi. The Victorian panguva

Nguva yokutonga Queen Victoria muUK ndeimwe anokosha uye kunyange echimurenga. Yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19 yakanga nguva kugadzikana shanduko zvose nzvimbo Chirungu, uye izvi zvinofanira mumatauriro mapurani. Tiudzei kuti Victorian werudzii mapurani chii, chii chacho specificity uye vamwe dzakasiyana ayo zviripo.

Nhoroondo yaitonga

Muna 1837, chigaro of British Empire akamuka muduku Koroleva Viktoriya. Akatsungirira nemiedzo yakasiyana-siyana, iye akagara simba kwemakore 60 uye akakwanisa kugadzira nyika yakabudirira, tsika uye yakabudirira. Victorian nguva (makore - kubvira 1837 kusvika 1901) asina kufanana nhoroondo nguva. Panguva ino akanga nokukurumidza kukura maindasitiri, tsika uye upfumi. Britain kwemakore zvachose nzira yedu muupenyu, hwavo mafungiro. The nyika yazova rimwe simba kupfuura umambo hwenyika, achisimbisa pesvedzero aro Asia uye Africa. Mumakore achangopfuura, Victoria Kutonga anotanga kuderera kukura, asi vazhinji nebudiriro iyoyo vachiri kukosha muBritain ano. Koroleva Viktoriya aiva chinoshingaira tsigira kwokuoma dzetsika, izvo zvichida ndicho chiratidzo chikuru ichi nguva. zviri vaiona chinokosha hwokugadzira mazuvaano uye kukura tsika. Saka panguva ino nguva ndiyo nokukurumidza maruva kuti Chirungu mabhuku uye mapurani.

Victorian Culture

Kunyanya nguva Queen Victoria yokutonga ndiyo kusavapo hondo uye unyanzvi kuwedzera. The British chaizvo akapfuma rudzi uye kukura kirasi pakati Nde Rinokurudzira evanhu kukura. Nguva vakaona basa kukura dzidzo, pane zvakadai kutanga sezvo toerisme nezvechinhu chimwe nzira itsva kufunga pakati pevagari hwacho. Vachitevera muenzaniso wavo British Queen Vanobvuma kunyatsoteerera uye kuchinja tsika maonero, havana kudzora mune zvevaraidzo vanobishaira, uye nezvose - chimwe chikonzero nei upfumi kukura munyika. New nemaonero anova hwaro budiriro iri unyanzvi. The Pfungwa hwaro hwaiva Fusion pamusoro Victorian utilitarianism uye kuparidza. Last asi kwete mudukusa basa reDare netsika mabhuku Chirungu. Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, C. Doyle, Brontë hanzvadzi - ndicho hwokufananidzira vanyori nguva. Visual pfungwa rinosanganisa Nguva Pre-Raphaelites. Zvikuru kukosha kuti nyika mapurani chinova Victorian maitiro mapurani. The British Saka akateerera zvikuru kumba kwako. Naizvozvo, mapurani uye dekoratorstvo ave anokosha chaizvo chikamu mararamiro matsva.

Common zviri Victorian yaitonga mapurani

Shoko rokuti "Victorian kwemanyorero" vari kuedza kuona guru munguva, izvo dzinoratidzwa simba heterogeneity. Saka, chaizvoizvo mapurani pfungwa hapana chakajairika zvakadaro mananara. In vanotaura Chirungu kunyika yaitonga hunodzorwa eclectic retrospectivism, vakabatana pasi vashoma, asi akasiyana mirayiridzo yakafanana. Izvi manyorero Italian, chiNazi gothic werudzii Umambo Chechipiri, Indo-sarantsinsky manyorerwo uye zvimwe zvakawanda.

Victorian-munguva mapurani yonhuwa kushanda, uyewo yose tsika, uye eclectic. Ane zvinhu zvakadai mubatanidzwa zvinhu kubva epochs siyana. Zvivako zvakaitwa pachishandiswa vakawanda zvikamu, zvine mavara, shinda achitevedza France. Towers, balconies, friezes, kwakanyanyisa denga, mahwindo dzakasiyana siyana, tenuka, yakakwirira napo zhinji ine yeberere, zvakawanda textures uye zvemaoresa - zvose izvi Victorianism.

Periodization pamusoro Victorian mapurani

The vanonzi Victorian kwokukurukurirana mapurani hunobuda apo mhinduro yapfuura eras - georgianstvu uye werudzii Queen Anne, izvo zvakasiyana zvikuru nehasha uye kuzvidzora. Mavakirwo Victorian rakagara richidudzirwa muzvikamu zvitatu zvikuru nguva:

1. Early (1835-1855). Iyi neostiley, historicism mabasa aunofarira. Panguva ino pane kusarudza pamwe chivakashure neo- zvakadai zvitaera yakakurumbira kufanana Gothic, Rococo, Moorish, Byzantine, Chinese.

2. Avhareji (1855-1870). Panguva ino zvakakodzera maruva ari Pre-Raphaelite kufamba, okugadzira zvinhu womufananidzo William Morris. Munguva iyi, pane kudzokera kukosha yakasiyana uye dzakaitwa nemaoko vakasiyana kwokutanga kumwedzi, kana hunodzorwa vakawanda-yakabereka zvinhu. Kamwe zvakare mukuru kukosha munhu akazvimiririra ari kuzivikanwa.

3. Late (1870-1901). Nguva iyi anonziwo Victorian Renaissance. Zvinonzi redefining ari Baroque tsika Gothic. Architects rangarira Tudor uye rakashandiswa pakuvaka nzira itsva, zvimwe nguva remakore rechi16.

Gothic rumutsiriro

Mavakirwo nyika, pashure yaitonga siyana "guru", pane nguva nenguva kurapwa dzakasiyana kutsika mapurani, haana vakapukunyuka "unodzokera" izvi uye England. Remakore rechi19, kunyanya ayo yechipiri hafu - inguva uongorore zvakare uye kujairika kuverenga unyanzvi uye negadziriso akasiyana zvitaera uye eras. Mune 40s remakore rechi19 England sefungu chiNazi Gothic. Lancet mahwindo, turrets uye spiers, namaberere mumweya kuMiddle Ages vari kuva nevakawanda zvikuru. Uye siyana zvinhu Ages machechi ikozvino vachishingairira kushandiswa kushongedzwa yokugara uye ezvokutengeserana zvivako. In England panguva Queen Victoria rokutonga, yakanga yakavakwa zvivako mazhinji Gothic Revival manyorerwo. The kupfuura nomukurumbira zvavo London Parliament pamwe yakakurumbira wachi neshongwe Big Ben, London Royal Court kunzwisisa, sezvinoita upenyu hwaAbhigairi hwaizova Ages yamambo, uye chakajeka St Pancras Station dzvuku chidhinha. Style iyi yakanga yakakurumbira saizvozvo Victorian nguva kuti dzimwe nguva maviri mazwi aya sinonimiziruyutsya.

Italian Victorianism

Queen Victoria yaitonga iri ichazivikanwa noku eclectic mapurani rinoedza chokubatanidza mativi akasiyana zvitaera uye siyana yenyika ezvinhu. Panguva ino, vachiva yakakurumbira Italian werudzii, zviri kunyanya zvakanaka wakaratidzwa chokugara mapurani, munyika dzimba muUnited States. zviratidzo Its chikuru yakaderera, yakafara denga, nembiru, namaberere, Gables Roman uye akapfuma inlay pamadziro. Style Izvi chakakwana kushongedzwa dzimba, iyo vakavaka kirasi pakati muruwa uye namafuro London.

Second Empire Style

tsika French uye mavakirwo zvakasiyana nguva aiva chinokosha nezvainoita yose mapurani. Ini ndisingagoni kunzvenga kufurirwa ichi, uye England, remakore rechi19 yakanga nguva glamour Empire Style, anonzi Empire Second. Pasinei kunzwisisa ukama Chirungu uye chiFrench tsika munguva kubvira 1855 kusvika 1885 yokuBritain haaripi mutero mavakirwo panguva Napoleon III. The chiratidzo chikuru zvidavado iyi denga simbi denga, iro vaionekwa dzichipfekeka chaizvo, uyewo varefu, yakamanikana madhoo uye mahwindo makuru curved. Style muEngland anyanya pfupi nguva uye ainyanya kushandiswa nokuda kushongedzwa paruzhinji zvivako mufurati dzimba.

Style Queen Anne

paitonga Queen Anne - kutanga muzana remakore rechi18. Yakanga ichatonga zvine mbiri Chirungu Baroque, pamwe ake chido pahupfumi yakarongedzwa. Architectural ounyanzvi kwenguva vakanga reinterpreted munguva Victorian nguva. The chikuru ideologist Mambokadzi Anne Revival ainyatsotsanangura murongedzeri Richard Norman Shaw, ake kuita kuEngland, kwaiva dzimba zhinji, iyo yakava pakarepo ainakidza British mapurani. Izvi zvinosanganisira imba "Swan" muna Chelsea, wokutanga furati pedyo Albert Hall, imwe misha shoma pamusoro St. James Street, chikamu chikuru chacho weChicago Bedford Park, vazhinji dzimba dzakasiyana UK uyewo New Zealand uye India.

Romanesque

Mapurani werudzii ari Victorian yaitonga vakaedza kuwana dudziro itsva zvakawanwa ezvivako pakati yore. Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19 ezvivako vakarangarira vekare tsika weRoma kuvaka temberi nemisasa ose 11-12 emakore. In Victorian nguva utsinye chivakwa ibwe zvikurukuru akagadzirirwa kuti igarwe nevanhu kana kuti ruzhinji zvinangwa. Gare gare, Genri Gobson Richardson nokushingaira akatsigira manyorero iri US chokugara kuvakwa. The huru yacho yaiva laconic monumentality uye kuvimbika. Solid nedzimba shongwe vachena ibwe iri kudiwa kwazvo kuti vamiririri zvichiitika bourgeoisie.

zvavo Style

Folk (acho) Victorian Style mapurani razova chinhu makemikari mubatanidzwa tsika yekare Chirungu kuti kuvakwa dzimba mhuri vashandi uye michina mitsva panguva. Saka pane dzimba wakashongedzwa huni kana huni vakatsigira usina kukonekita (shingles). Style Iri kungogumira vakabata pamusoro ndokunzwisisa kupararira kukuru muna US mapurani. Vatama kubva yeBritain vaida kuvaka itsva nyika nhindi England akare, uye varipo wakapamhama yemapuranga nedzimba turrets, balconies, tenuka uye cornices. Cheap zvinhu achitirega kushanda mhuri kuzochera musha uye pedyo pakati kirasi nemararamiro.

rutanda

The Victoria yaitonga, kunyanya paya nguva, kuti ezvivako akatsvaka anofambidzana itsva zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana. Saka panguva mhesano ari Gothic manyorerwo, uye Queen Anne rinowanika rutanda - hafu-nematanda kuvaka imwe mhando. Architecture sezvo unyanzvi wemishonga kare tsika uye michina mitsva tsvakai zvinogadzirisa matsva wakanaka uye hwomutambarakede kwedzimba. Dzimba manyorero rutanda zvinenge zvachose yakavakwa huni pepuranga michina. Asi kurerutsa uye kuderedza mari kuvakwa iri kunyanya kushandiswa pani uye pinion rwokugadzira. Style iyi zvakawanda vakava rakakurumbira muUnited States.

Indo-Saracenic maitiro

akitekicha UK kwete chete vakatsvaka kududzira okuruka European mapurani, asi kuteerera yenyika netsika nyuchi. Saka, muna British India, rakasvika Indo-Saracenic werudzii nako dzakadzidzvinyirira vaida kuratidza chamazuva yavo zvemo nevatongi venyika. The British tote dzoushe, dzokugara, stylized kuvakwa moguls. tsika iyi yakanga nechido anhonga nenzira vatongi vemunharaunda, iro rakatanga kuvaka ichi ekunyebera National werudzii dzavo dzoushe. Akazotevera Indian motifs uye Saracenic mapurani akatanga kupinda chokugara pakuvaka, kunyanya munyika anamapako amachinda kirasi pakati muBritain uye United States.