Topographical zviratidzo - arufabheti makadhi

Kuratidza zvimiso topographical zviratidzo kushandiswa mepu tsaukana zvinhu uye chinonyanya kukosha pezvokuvamba mamiriro enzvimbo. Izvi Graphics imwe saizi, chimiro uye ruvara, iro havana kusiyana munyika dzakasiyana pamusoro makadhi. Uyu ndiye ABC kadhi, pasina iro hazvibviri kudzidza kufamba nomunzvimbo dzakaipa.

Topographical zviratidzo ape nzvimbo, saizi, chimiro, interconnections akasiyana nomunzvimbo dzine zvinhu, uyewo kukosha quantitative uye Qualitative zviratidzo. Zvichienderana ari vakaratidza zvinhu zviri rakakamurwa pamwero mukuru uye scaleless. First kushandiswa kureva zvinhu vane saizi inogona pakutsvaga mepu (madhamu makuru, dzinogarwa nzvimbo, masango, etc.). Tichibatsirwa wechipiri anoratidza zvinhu zvomunharaunda, mupfupi uye zvisina kwakunoitwa mepu pamwero (zvitubu, kuvaka shongwe mhando, matsime, uye zvakawanda).

Uyezve, zviri zviratidzo topographic mepu dziri rakakamurwa nezvemarudzi zvina: areal, mutsetse, dot uye tsananguro.

Areal inomiririra nemisha, masango, marshes, minda nezvimwe zvinhu zvomunharaunda kuti kugara munzvimbo huru. Zviratidzo izvi ine nematunhu uye rinotsanangura mazita achizadza contours (izvo angava mamiriro coloring, shading kana akafanana mifananidzo yepasi). areal zviratidzo zvose zviri chinzvimbo.

Linear topographical zviratidzo zvinoshandiswa mugwagwa mifananidzo nenzizi duku uye nehova, mafuta uye gasi mapaipi, kukurukurirana uye zvimwe zvivako kuti chikero akaratidza chete kureba. Mhando chaiye Linear zvinoratidza zviri gandiwa mitsetse unobatanidza pfungwa muchiva kukwirira pamwero, udzamu kana zvimwe tsika. Izvi zvinosanganisira chinjikira uye izvo chinangwa kumiririra mamiriro enzvimbo. Vazhinji vacho rinoreva Linear scaleless.

Nzvimbo zviratidzo ndiwo kubva pamwero uye inoitirwa kuti mufananidzo mumwe zvivako (mabhiriji, machechi, shongwe, dzimba, simba zvirimwa), matsime nezvimwe pfungwa-zvakadai zvinhu.

Rinotsanangura topographical zviratidzo kupa mamwe mashoko pamusoro vakanyora mamiriro ayo zvinhu. Ndiyo mirayiridzo murwizi aibuda, dondo maitiro, upamhi migwagwa uye mabhiriji, mazita nemisha, anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri uye Nhongonya, nzizi, madhamu uye zvakafanana.

akadhindwa namavara, maererano iyo mufananidzo nzvimbo rakakamurwa nomumwe zvinhu kuvandudza kuverenga pamusoro mepu. zviratidzo zvakafanana ruvara pamusoro nemakadhi hukuru zvose uye, sezvo mutemo, dzinoenderana ruvara chaiye zvinhu zviri inodziya mwedzi. On makadhi ose nhema kuratidza zvivako siyana, zvivako, migwagwa unpaved, kutaura, muganhu, uye zvichingodaro. D. Brown iri kuratidza kwenzvimbo yaro unhu, uyewo jecha uye takyrs. Blue - ruvara mvura uye zvose hydrographic zvinhu, uyewo avo anoenderana vakasaina. Turquoise ruvara rinotarisirwa kuratidza mvura nzvimbo dzezvimwe uye mutema - kuti mufananidzo uswa. Purple akasarudzwa pamiganhu uye Orange - mugwagwa zvemapuranga namatombo nemisha rurefu arambe achirema kukura (ari kutambudzwa 1: 25,000 uye 1: 50,000) uye maguta makuru kadikidiki (ane chikero 1: 100,000).

Kukwana kwesimba nenzvimbo midziyo pamepu kunoenderana zvinoitwa nharaunda uye vakasarudzwa akamboona. Large-pamwero mepu vari uwane, ivo anomiririrwa vakaparadzana zvinhu (semuenzaniso, pamba), paaiva madiki mepu zvinhu ikashandiswa kupinda chimwe chikwata (somuenzaniso, kota kana guta rose).

Ndaziva kuti kuverenga topographical zviratidzo, haugoni chete zvinobudirira kufamba chero kwenzvimbo, asiwo kushandisa kadhi kubatsira pabasa, kudzidza uye nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda.