The chikuru zviri nesayenzi, unhu

Nzanga ipi, kutanga mhuri uye anopera vanhu vose, ane hana magariro. Unoumba nyasha ruzivo yake, tsika, chitendero, uye zvichingodaro. Asi, hapana mubvunzo kuti, chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha siyana ari sayenzi. Anoumba munyika itsva ruzivo nzanga.

Chii sayenzi

Science - haasi chinhu asi pakunamata dzidzo kunzwisisa kwakavakirwa dzinoverengeka anokosha zvinhu. Pfungwa, features, uye sayenzi zvinhu izvozvo chinonzi musimboti ruzivo yesayenzi. Pachishandiswa zvinokosha zvine chokuita nesayenzi kunoonekwa se:

1. Wegadziriro ruzivo. Nemamwe mashoko, sezvo romutoo kuwana ruzivo itsva. Izvi zvinoumba kunosanganisira kudzidza tichibatsirwa epistemology - dzidziso ruzivo nesayenzi. Pakushandura pamusoro penyaya uye kuzivikanwa. Ruzivo rwesayenzi mugumisiro chinangwa ruzivo pamusoro nyika. Objective zviri, nokuti hakubvi mamiriro yacho.
2. A mhando chinokosha maonero. Kutaura zvazviri, chigadzirwa ichi kunokonzerwa mumudzimu upenyu hwevanhu, embodying okusika kukura. Kubva panguva iyi maonero nesayenzi vari pakati inokosha zvigadzirwa zvakasikwa nemunhu sezvo chitendero, unyanzvi, mutemo, uzivi, uye vamwe. Sezvo sainzi zvikamuka, nayo tawirwa kuchinja uye dzimwe nzvimbo tsika. mutemo uyu anoshanda neizvi negwara.
3. Social inisitichusheni. Muchiitiko ichi tiri kutaura pamusoro upenyu paruzhinji, sainzi kunonzwisiswa umo somunhu richikurukura dzakawanda kuyeuka siyana masangano. Mienzaniso nemasangano vakadai ndivo kumayunivhesiti, mumaraibhurari, academia uye nevamwe. Vari achitaura pamwero uye mabasa zvakakodzera ayo nzvimbo ushande. Saka, sainzi - zvakajeka muronga sangano vane chinangwa kugutsa zvinodiwa kwenzanga.

Siyana zviri nesayenzi

Kuti tizive zvainyanya nesayenzi, zviri kutanga zvakakodzera kunzwisisa musimboti pfungwa dzakadai nesayenzi zvinodiwa. Kazhinji, vari munyaya dzidziso ruzivo. kudzidza anonyanya inobva chido havatsananguri epistemological divi ruzivo yesayenzi, takaberekwa tine nemamwe maitiro tichienzanisa nedzimwe zvibereko ruzivo. The Nyanzvi dzekare akafunga kuwana zvinokosha zviri ruzivo yesayenzi kuburikidza ukama hwakadaro siyana sezvo pfungwa, kufembera, zvekungofungira, uye vamwe. In nedanho pakukura masayendisiti vaziva vanhuwo zviratidzo nesayenzi zvakabatsira nani kunzwisisa izwi. Research akabvumira kuziva zvikuru nomwe.

• Chiratidzo nesayenzi wokutanga kuvimbika uye kwemashoko neruzivo yesayenzi, inova musiyano wakajeka kubva zvavo kuziva.
• Wechipiri - the kubudirana pachena, kana nemamwe mazwi, ruzivo kukwana zvesayenzi, kureva, ayo utochnyaemost uye complementarity mu nedanho kwaita itsva chokwadi.
• Third - rinosanganisira chido kutsanangura mamiriro, kushandisa chokwadi uye zvine musoro inowirirana nzira.
• Criticality pachinhu ruzivo ndicho chiratidzo chechina nesayenzi.
• Chechishanu - zvinokwanisika zvichiberekana ruzivo rwesayenzi pasi ezvinhu kukodzera zvachose kwese, pasinei nguva.
• Rechitanhatu uye rechinomwe zviratidzo nesayenzi - kushaya ruzivo yesayenzi, zvichienderana pachavo zvechadenga musayendisiti uye kuvapo mutauro wavo, midziyo, unyanzvi, ukuwo.

General kupatsanura sciences zvose

Kupindura mubvunzo pane chikonzero dzinoiswa sayenzi, B. M. Kedrov akapa zvayo tsananguro. Maererano naye, sayenzi zvose zvinogona kukamurwa makirasi mana. Kirasi yokutanga - sayenzi ane kwouzivi izvo zvinosanganisira pfungwa uye dialectics. Chechipiri akatora sayenzi ari akarongeka, kusanganisira masvomhu uye akarongeka zvisingarambiki. The wechitatu - zvikuru zvakawanda, nokuti zvinosanganisira sayenzi rworudyi zvekushandisa uye dzinongoitika, ndandanda iyo:

• hurongwa;
• asitironomi;
• zvokuongorora nyeredzi, nyika;
• Physics (makemikari uye panyama);
• kemesitiri;
• geochemistry;
• jogirafi;
• zvemaumbirwo;
• nemakemikari omuviri;
• physiology;
• bhayoroji;
• Anthropology.

Zvino boka chokupedzisira Kedrov ndivo sayenzi zvemagariro, izvo akakamurwa zvitatu Sub-mapoka:

1. History, ethnography, akiyoroji.
2. Political upfumi, unyanzvi, jurisprudence uye nhoroondo ounyanzvi.
3. Zvemutauro, sainzi inodzidzisa uye zvepfungwa.

Zviratidzo sayenzi yemazuva dzinoiswa maererano nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana. Rakajairika ndiyo nyaya uye nzira nezivo pamusoro izvo pachena sayenzi dzinongoitika (dzinongoitika science) uye vanhu (magariro zvidzidzo) uye kufunga (pfungwa). Engineering akasarudza. Chokwadi, mumwe nomumwe mapoka aya sayenzi inogona mberi kwoita Sub-mapoka.

Kupatsanura of Sciences akasiyana nhoroondo yakareba

Nokuti nguva yokutanga iyo mubvunzo kuzvitsaura nesayenzi makirasi mumazuva ekare, Aristotle akataura. Akazotaura mapoka matatu makuru: rinoshanda, yokungotaura uye zvakasikwa. Roman weduramanzwi Mark Vorron sokuva Pamazita nokupfupikisa kupatsanura sciences: ari dialectic, girama, zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe, svomhu, geometry, mumhanzi, hwenyeredzi, mapurani uye mishonga. Kupatsanura pakati vechiArabhu nyanzvi vaMuslim chainyanya nyore uye unonzwisisika. Ivo akapora makirasi maviri sayenzi - Arab uye vatorwa. Aimbova anosanganisira kwakarungwa kwounyanzvi uye poetics, kune wechipiri - masvomhu, mushonga uye zvenyeredzi. KuMiddle Ages, masayendisiti aida kusunda ayo shanduro weboka. Hugh St. Victor, pane zvaakaratidzwa, akazivisa mapoka mana akasiyana sciences:

1. Yokungotaura - Physics uye masvomhu.
2. Ruyamuro.
3. Mechanical - kuvhima, kurima, mushonga, navigation, mitambo.
4. Musoro - girama uye zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe.

Uyewo, R. Bacon akatanga kupatsanura yakavakirwa zvishande mano. Boka rokutanga inosanganisira nyaya, kutsanangura chokwadi, wechipiri - sayenzi iri yokungotaura, ari wechitatu - unyanzvi, nhetembo uye mabhuku ari Mupfungwa yakazara. Rodzhen Bacon aidavira kuti sayenzi anofanira Classified nenzira ina. Yoga inofanira kuva pfungwa, girama, nezvetsika, metaphysics, mune chemwenje woga chikwata - mumire masvomhu uye dzinongoitika uzivi. Masvomhu, yake pfungwa, ndiwo sainzi inokosha zvakasikwa.

Kupatsanura of Sciences mhuka

Kutaura chii zviratidzo dzinoiswa sayenzi remhuka, pamire mumwe chinokosha - kuva imwe mhando. A classifier anoparadzanisa mhuka vertebrates uye invertebrates. Vertebrate kudzidza sayenzi shanu dzinokosha: ornithology (shiri), theriology (mhuka), batrahologiya (amphibians), herpetology (zvinokambaira), ichthyology (hove). Pane nguva apo yoga dzinounzwa nesayenzi kuti inodzidza primates, asi kazhinji kacho Rinowanikwawo mammalogy, sezvo nokuda kwayo chaiye primates vari mhuka. Invertebrates inogona kupatsanurwa, zvichienderana chii zviratidzo dzinoiswa Sayenzi mhuka. Majemusi zvidzidzo protozoology, arthropods - artropodlogiya, anoziva zvose pamusoro dzemugungwa malacology uye entomology angaziva pamusoro zvose zvinoitwa zvipembenene upenyu. Asi pane sayenzi kuti rinobatanidza zvose nzvimbo idzi - zvemhuka kuti inodzidza zvose mhuka.

Semiotics somumwe sayenzi anokosha

nyore kurapa chero chirwere yekare kare yemagwaro. Kuti tizive nenzira yakakodzera nenzira, zvakakodzera nokungwarira kuongorora zvichiitika zviratidzo. Semiotics, sayenzi nezviratidzo zvinoratidza chirwere, riri sika mumagazini ino. Rinoreva tsika zvokurapa, izvo, achishandisa nzira tsvakurudzo yezvokurapa inodzidza zviratidzo zvirwere. Sayenzi zviratidzo chirwere rakakamurwa zvakafanana uye pasiri paruzhinji. Vose kunosanganisira anotsanangura unhu uye kupatsanura zviratidzo zvose zvakakwana, uyewo nzira uye nzira yacho kwaita pathologies mauto kukura. Mienzaniso zviratidzo zvakadaro kuzvimba, degeneration, degeneration, uye vamwe. General semiotics kunewo symptomatic siyana chirwere kukosha:

• pathological;
• compensating (kuratidza Organic uye dzichipfekeka kuchinja substrates);
• pathognomonic;
• zvakafanana.

Maererano chimiro zviratidzo nguva akakamurwa mangwanani uye kunonoka. Uyewo private semeiology tsananguro rinobata nezviratidzo zviratidzo mamwe zvirwere. Chirango mishonga ipi kunotanga kunotoda muedzo kudzidza semiotics imwe chimiro. Panewo semiotics kunobva nhaka pathologies. Sezvo chikamu tsvakurudzo nzvimbo akadzidza nhaka zvirwere, nezviratidzo zvavo uye zvokurwara.

On vachengetwe murayiro

sainzi Legal anonzi hurongwa ruzivo pamusoro pehurumende uye mutemo, mitemo mavambo dzavo, budiriro uye kushanda. Zviratidzo jurisprudence vanokamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu. Maererano wokutanga pachena kudanwa sayenzi iyi rikashandiswa hunhu. Mukati ichi kunyanya inofanira kudzidza zvinodiwa kwenzanga, jurisprudence uye dzidzo, uyewo kupa vanoita chikamu ichi kuti dziti ruzivo kuti bhuku remitemo idzva.

In wechipiri riri kuonekwa sezvo kureva sayenzi chaiwo. Izvi imhaka yokuti jurisprudence kunobva dzakananga ruzivo, varehwa mu chaiwo ratios. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vakawanda mutemo wakafanana mushonga, sezvo vose vanobatanidza vaviri yokungotaura uye vakashandisa chikamu. In sezvinongoitawo chiremba, gweta akatarisana nechisarudzo penhau chokuita noutano uye upenyu. Basa zviri pamutemo kuti vaite pakuita basa iri "mushonga" kuremara munzanga uye nyika mumwe munhu pakunamata. Izvi zvinoratidza humanistic unhu nesayenzi (mu iyi, mutemo uye mushonga), izvo zvakatanga kare.

Chechitatu musimboti ariko nesayenzi pamutemo kukwanisa rayo embody unhu hwakanaka sayenzi chepfungwa. Mashoko aya inobva ndechokuti mutemo rave kuongorora nyaya kupangidza chinangwa chaichoicho iri pamutemo zvinhu kuti kuchimuka nedanho inotungamirwa uye anobatsira Implementation kwemitemo mitsva. Ndokusaka forensics somumwe anoranga nesayenzi pamutemo, zvainanga zivo chaiyo zvatariswa nemafungiro evanhu uye kushandiswa zvikuru nezivo mukufamba kuferefeta.

Vanodzidza kare

Munhu wose anoziva kuti, pasina kuziva kare, haugoni kuvaka remangwana. Mumwe munhu hako kuziva akararama guta rake, nyika uye nyika panguva dzakasiyana. Kuti ibudise mashoko pamusoro kare anotora pamusoro rinozivikanwa nhoroondo sayenzi. Kuti iye ari kudzidza zvinyorwa kuti achiripo kubva kwokutanga nguva upenyu hwevanhu, pachishandiswa iyo hwakagara maitikiro. Kutaura zvazviri, chikuru zviri sayenzi zvayo nzira dzakaitika zviri kutevera mitemo nemirayiro kushanda pamwe chikuru zvinyorwa nezvimwe uchapupu akawanikwa panguva pakutsvakurudza uye idzidziso kuti mhedziso kuti inobvumira kuti kunyora akarurama munhoroondo basa. Kokutanga mitoo izvi dzave kushandiswa tsika kubudikidza Thucydides. Zvinonzi kushanda maererano enhoroondo nzira akabvumira kuti nhoroondo yakareba patsanura: pasi chinyakare nyika, yekare, kuMiddle Ages, uye ipapo itsva dzazvino. Kune dzakawanda zvenhoroondo anoranga, kushanda izvo zvinoita kwete chete kuziva kare asi mamiriro uye kukurukura nevanhu. The kukoshesa:

• Sayenzi Yezvinocherwa Mumatongo - sayenzi kuwana uye kudzidza zvinyorwa chaiye kare;
• dzinza - kudzidza ukama ukama vanhu;
• Chronology - sayenzi zvenyama kutevedzana yezviitiko zvinokosha.

Mumakwara Jules Verne

Popularization sayenzi inonzi chimwe chinhu asi kupararira pakati zvakawanda vanhu zivo yesayenzi mune anowanika kunzwisisa format. The chikuru basa remasayendisiti uye popularizers riri kubudiswa Data vane unyanzvi hwakasiyana mutauro nesayenzi pane mutauro muteereri wake, usina ukama kuti sayenzi. Vanofanirawo aome kunze zivo yesayenzi kusika inonakidza rondedzero kuti achamutsira chido sika wayo kudzidza.

Chimwe chikuru nzira popularization sayenzi vaiona renyaya. A rakakura basa kukura munharaunda iyi akaita favorite vakawanda Zhyul Vern. Zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti zvakawanda ukadyara ari popularization sayenzi, chikuru mukana wokuti vechidiki kuuya munzvimbo iyi. Masayendisiti vari kutamburira kuponesa basa ravo uye kubudirira, uye kuisa narwo kuchizvarwa chevechiduku. Asi pane munhu munhau, vanotenda kuti ruzivo rwesayenzi kunofanira kuwanikwa chete vanhu vakanga vari achidzora, sezvo ivo, mukusiyana akazara guru, ziva chaizvoizvo sei kuzvishandisa. maonero iyi vaiita Tiho Brage. Ludwig Fadeev, academician, anodavira kuti popularize zivo yesayenzi, Chokwadi, unofanira (somuenzaniso, taxpayer ose anofanira kunzwisisa nei pane mutero). Asi pane nguva asingagoni kuva nechokwadi kuoresa uye naizvozvo mashoko pamusoro quarks, hungiso, Yang-Mills minda rinouya vanhu navaduku mbambo unyengeri.

Sayenzi iri XXI remakore

The chidzoke nzvimbo itsva dzesayenzi, zvikurukuru chokuita chido ose sainzi kuwedzera unyanzvi. Panyaya iyi, iri remakore, nhamba nzvimbo itsva ruzivo yesayenzi:

1. Neyroparazitologiya - sayenzi kuti inodzidza makroparazitov kurarama kunyanya miviri katsi mhuri, asi kukwanisa kugara izvi kwoushamwari-ropa rechiJudha chairo sevanhu.
2. Quantum Biology - Biology nenzira iyo zvipenyu vanoonekwa ne quantum dzidziso.
3. Ekzometeorologiya - sayenzi kudzidza yezvakaita kwemasayendisiti kuitika munharaunda mamwe mapuraneti, achibatsirwa materesikopu simba.
4. Nutrigenomics - kudzidza kunzwisisa interrelationships pakati dzinotsanagura zvokudya uye kutaura pamusoro genome.
5. Cliodynamics - chirango nesayenzi kuti anosanganisa kunzwisisa maumbirwo nekuita macrosociology dzakaitika, nhoroondo kwoupfumi, akarongeka Modelling refu pezvakaitwa munzanga, systematization uye kuongorora nhoroondo mashoko.
6. Chakaita zvokugadzirwa zvipenyu - sayenzi pamasikiro uye kuvaka chitsva pakugadzira vanoshingaira gadziriro.
7. Computational evanhu - sayenzi kuti ndehwokuti kudzidza mananara uye nezvemaitiro evanhu vachishandisa zvigadzirwa kombiyuta kuti ibudise mashoko.
8. Recombinant memetics - ane zvichiitika chirango nesayenzi kuti kudzidza nheyo kuchinjwa pfungwa kubva kune mumwe munhu, nzira kugadziridzwa dzavo uye kudyidzana nedzimwe memes.