The ano Arab nyika. Nhoroondo vechiArabhu nyika

Chii nyika Arabhu, uye sei kuva? Munyaya ino, tichakurukura kukura tsika dzayo uye nesayenzi, nhoroondo uye maitiro maonero. Sezvo kwaiva emakore mashoma apfuura, uye sokunge ano Arab nyika? Chii ano mamiriro anoreva izvozvo nhasi?

Musimboti pfungwa "vechiArabhu nyika"

Pasi pfungwa iyi zvinoratidza mumwe nenzvimbo nharaunda, zvinosanganisira kunyika dzokumusoro uye kumabvazuva Africa, kuMiddle East, muArabhia vagari (boka avanhu). In nomumwe wavo Arabic ndiwo mutauro unonyanya (kana mumwe mukuru sezvo iri Somalia).

The zvachose nzvimbo vechiArabhu nyika anenge mamiriyoni 13 km ^2, zvichiita chechipiri pakukura ndima geolingvisticheskoy dzaishandiswa munyika (mushure Russia).

The Arab nyika haisi kuvhiringidzwa rokuti "nyika Muslim" rinoshandiswa kungotaurwa mune zvechitendero, uyewo international sangano rinonzi "The League pamusoro Arab States", akasikwa 1945.

Jogirafi of Arab nyika

Chii mamiriro yepasi akasarudza kusanganisira munyika dzechiArabhu? Photo, Hamubvumirwi pazasi, inopa muchidimbu yawo jogirafi uye chivako.

Saka, munyika dzechiArabhu ine 23 inotaura. Maviri ayo zvishoma kuzivikanwa vomunyika dzakawanda (ari pasi apa vari anozivikanwa ne asterisks). In inoti izvi, musha vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 345, nekurangarira kuti asingasviki 5% yevanhu nyika zvachose.

All vechiArabhu nyika venyika dziri pasi apa iri achiburuka sezvakarayirwa kuwanda kwavo vagari. Ivo:

1. Egypt.
2. Morocco.
3. Algeria.
4. Sudan.
5. Saudi Arabia.
6. Iraq.
7. Yemen.
8. Siriya.
9. Tunisia.
10. Somalia.
11. Jordan.
12. Libya.
13. Brazil.
14. Rebhanoni.
15. * Palestine.
16. Mauritania.
17. Oman.
18. Kuwait.
19. Qatar.
20. Comoros.
21. Bahrain.
22. Djibouti.
23. Western Sahara *.

The guta pakukura munyika dzechiArabhu - ndiye Cairo, Dhamasiko, Baghdad, Mecca, Rabat, Algiers, Riyadh, Khartoum, Alexandria.

Rondedzero pamusoro yekare nhoroondo vechiArabhu nyika

Nhoroondo vechiArabhu nyika yakatanga kare kare kuwedzera Islam. Munguva idzodzo dzekare, marudzi kuti nhasi tiri chinokosha ino, uye vakataura zvakawanda mumitauro yavo (kunyange vakanga chokuita Arab). Information kuti raiva nhoroondo vechiArabhu nyika kare, tinogona kuswedera kubva Byzantine kana Roman zvinyorwa. Chokwadi, maonero kubudikidza prism nguva inogona zvikuru akavhiringika.

Arab nyika yekare kunonzwisiswa zvikuru dzakabudirira (Iran, Roman uye Byzantine Empire) kuvarombo uye Semi-dzomusango. Mukuona kwavo, yaiva dongo navaduku uye anongofamba kwevanhu. Kutaura zvazviri, muArabhu vaiva rakakura vashoma, uye ruzhinji navaArabhu akatungamirira aivapo mararamiro, achirapa nokumipata nzizi duku uye oases. Mushure domestication nengamera karavhani kutengeserana akatanga kuumba pano, nokuti vanhu vazhinji munyika vasina mureza (template) nzira munyika dzechiArabhu.

Pedzidziso dzekutanga wehurumende wekutanga yakabuda nechokuchamhembe muArabhiya Peninsula. Pakuvamba, maererano dzekare, akaberekwa wekare mamiriro Yemen, kumaodzanyemba Peninsula. Zvisinei, kutaura nedzimwe inoti dzidzo akanga usingashandi nokuda kuvapo mugwenga rakakura zviuru zvakawanda makiromita.

nyika Arab-vaMuslim uye nhoroondo yaro zvakanaka nezvayo mubhuku naGustave Le Bon "History of Arab Civilization". Rakabudiswa muna 1884, yakanga mumitauro yakawanda, kusanganisira Russian. Bhuku pazvikanganiso akazvimirira kufamba munyori pamusoro Middle East neNorth Africa.

The Arab nyika iri kuMiddle Ages

Muna VI remakore navaArabhu kunge chakaita kuti vakawanda chavagari muArabhiya Peninsula. Nokukurumidza pane kuchimuka vechiIslam chitendero, ipapo Arab kukunda kutanga. Muzana VII remakore anotanga kuumba itsva Hurumende - Arab Caliphate, iyo chakatasanurwa pamusoro yakakura expanses pakati reIndia kuna Atlantic, kubva Sahara kusvikira kuGungwa reCaspian.

madzinza akawanda uye vanhu kuchamhembe Africa nokukurumidza anyatsopinda Arab tsika, nemafungiro mutauro wavo uye chitendero nyore. Uyewo, navaArabhu kunge kunyura zvimwe zvinhu tsika dzavo.

Kana muEurope Ages yaitonga pakataurwa kuderera sayenzi, zviri kushingaira yakatanga panguva ino munyika dzechiArabhu. It kunetseka akatarirwa awo. Kunonyanyisa chiitiko Ages Arab nyika yakasvika nemasvomhu, zvepfungwa, nezvenyeredzi, kemisitiri, jogirafi uye mishonga.

Arab Caliphate anyanya hwakanyatsorwisa refu. Muzana remakore rechigumi anotanga nedanho feudal kusabatana masimba makuru. Pakupedzisira, kamwe chete Arab Caliphate vakaputsa akakwidzwa dzakawanda mumwe nyika. Vazhinji vavo vari XVI remakore, yakava rutivi humwe humambo - hweOttoman. Muzana XIX remakore Arab nyika kuva mapoka nyika dzokuEurope - Britain, France, Spain uye Italy. To musi, vose kamwe zvakare kuzvimirira uye changamire nyika.

Zvakakurukurwa tsika munyika dzechiArabhu

Arab tsika hakusi pasina chitendero Islamic, razova chinokosha ayo chikamu. Saka, kusingachinji kutenda muna Mwari, kunamata muporofita Muhammad, achitsanya minamato nezuva, uye kunonamata Mecca (huru neKijuni ose Muslim) ndiyo huru "mbiru" upenyu vose vagere munyika dzechiArabhu dzechitendero. Mecca, panzira, yave nzvimbo tsvene navaArabhu kunyange pre-Islamic nguva.

Islam, maererano nevaongorori, zvikurukuru rakafanana Protestantism. Zvikurukuru, iye chete harirambidzi upfumi uye vezvokutengeserana basa munhu hunoyerwa kubva pfungwa etsika.

KuMiddle Ages raiva mutauro Arabic rakanyorwa yakawanda mabhuku enhoroondo .. muNhoroondo, yaMakoronike, oupenyu maduramazwi, etc. With kuvhunduka panguva imwe tsika vaMuslim zvakaipa (uye) mashoko mufananidzo. Vanonzi manyorero Arabic - haisi calligraphic manyorero. Kunaka tsamba yakanyorwa navaArabhu akaenzana akanaka kunaka dzemuviri.

No zvishoma kunakidza uye zvinokosha netsika dzechiArabhu mapurani. The klassiske mhando mosques Muslim temberi rakaumbwa muna VII remakore. Chinhu kuvharwa (pakunzwa) muchivanze rectangular chimiro, mukati yaiva akaisa maberere pamusoro Maberere. In chikamu pachivanze, rakatarisana kurutivi Mecca, akavaka luxuriously yakashongedzwa uye rakapamhamha munamato imba, korona pamusoro idenderedzwa rising. Above temberi, sezvo mutemo, pamire mumwe kana kupfuura chakasimba shongwe (minareeteissa), yakaitirwa kunoshevedza vaMuslim kuti munamato.

Pakati Zvivako dzakakurumbira Arabic mapurani anganzi Umayyad Mosque muna reSiriya Dhamasiko (VIII c) uye Ibn Toulon Mosque, Cairo, Egypt, mapurani zvinhu zviri norupo yakashongedzwa zvakanaka maruva muenzaniso.

Mumatemberi Muslim hapana gilded mifananidzo kana chero zvifananidzo, nemapikicha. Asi masvingo uye maberere pamusoro chechi vari yakashongedzwa naka arabesques. Uyu tsika muenzaniso Arab pamusoro geometric mapatani uye chirimwa nezvishongo (zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mifananidzo waJudas mhuka uye vanhu anonzi anomhura mutsika Muslim). Arabesque, maererano European tsika zveBhaibheri, "kutya maturo." Ivo chose kufukidza pemvura uye kubvisa kuvapo chero ruvara background.

Philosophy uye Literature

Uzivi Arab hwakada chaizvo chokuita vechiIslam chitendero. Imwe yakakurumbira muzivi wechiMuzirimu chinhu muzivi uye chiremba Ibn Sina (980 - 1037). Iye anonzi munyori hapana asingasviki 450 mabhuku mushonga, uzivi, pfungwa, svomhu, uye vamwe minda ruzivo.

Yakakurumbira basa, Ibn Sina (Avicenna) - "The Canon of Medicine". Magwaro ari mubhuku rino zvave kushandiswa mazana emakore mumayunivhesiti siyana muEurope. Mumwe basa rake, "The Book Healing", uye chaizvo vaiisa kukura dzechiArab uzivi.

Yakakurumbira mabhuku Monument of Ages Arab nyika - dzakaunganidzwa dzechembere uye ngano "A Thousand uye Mumwe neusiku." Mubhuku rino, vaongorori vakawana zvinhu pre-Islamic Persian uye Indian misoro. Kwemazana emakore, Zvinoumba muunganidzwa uyu dzakachinjwa, chimiro chayo yokupedzisira nayo awana chete XIV remakore.

Kukura nesayenzi munyika yemazuva ano Arab nyika

In kuMiddle Ages vechiArabhu nyika vakaita aitungamirira chinzvimbo munyika mumunda pamabasa yesayenzi uye zvakawanikwa. Yakanga Nyanzvi muMuslim "akapa" nyika nemasvomhu, akaita achikwakuka yakakura kukura zvipenyu, mushonga, zvenyeredzi uye wefizikisi.

Nhasi, zvisinei, muArabhia nyika dziri kubhadharwa zvishoma pfungwa sayenzi dzidzo. Nhasi, munyika idzi hapana anopfuura chiuru kumayunivhesiti, uye 312 chete vavo vari kushanda masayendisiti vanobudisa nyaya dzavo mumagazini yesayenzi. In nhoroondo mbiri chete vaMuslim vakanga paakavapa Nobel Prize sayenzi.

Ndechipi chikonzero musiyano ichi yakasimba pakati "ipapo" uye "iye zvino"?

mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu Single hapana dzakaitika. Vazhinji vavo anotsanangura kuderera sayenzi feudal kusabatana kamwe yakabatana simba Arab (the Caliphate), uyewo kwaita Islamic nezvikoro, izvo makatsamwisa zvikuru gakava uye kunetsana. Chimwe chikonzero chingava chokuti navaArabhu akaipa zvakakwana sezvo vanoziva nhoroondo dzavo uye havasi kudada zvikuru nebudiriro madzitateguru avo.

Hondo uye ugandanga munyika ano Arab nyika

Sei maArab vari kurwisa? Islamists pachavo vanoti vari kuedza kudzorera simba rayo munyika dzechiArabhu nenzira iyi uye kuti awane rusununguko kubva Western kunyika.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti huru vaMuslim dzvene bhuku Koran hazvitadzise mukana kupambwa dzimwe nyika uye vakatora nyika mitero mutero (sezvinoratidzwa rechisere Sura "Mining"). Mukuwedzera, achibatsirwa zvombo kwagara nyore zvikuru kuparadzira chitendero chavo.

MaArab kubva kare dziri kukurumbira sezvo akashinga uye pachinzvimbo vanotyisa varwi. Havana kuzoshinga kurwa kana nevaPezhiya kana nevaRoma. Uye mumarenje Arabhia zvakare ndiye Akakwezva guru umambo. Zvisinei, varwi Arab akagamuchira kuzoshanda mauto eRoma.

Mushure First World War uye kuparara hweOttoman Empire, muArabhia-vaMuslim budiriro mukusanzwisisa rakadzika dambudziko, izvo kare tichienzanisa Yemakore Makumi Matatu War of XVII remakore muEurope. Zviri pachena kuti chero dambudziko rakadai, pakupedzisira rinoguma dauka radicalization uye rinoita zvinodiwa ndiponesezve, vadzorere "yendarama zera" munhau yacho. chete izvi pezvakaitwa zvino kuitika munyika dzechiArabhu. Somuenzaniso, muAfrica, zvakapararira gandanga sangano "Boko harami" muSiriya uye Iraq - LIH. Hasha mabasa yokupedzisira dzidzo kare anoenda zvakanaka kupfuura nyika Muslim.

Modern Arab nyika waneta zvehondo, kurwisana uye kwemotokari. Asi kuti kudzima "moto", apo hapana anoziva.

Saudi Arabia

Mwoyo nyika Arab-vaMuslim nhasi, chinowanzoonekwa kunzi Saudi Arabia. Heano chikuru tsvene Islam - Mecca uye Medina. Huru (uye, chokwadi, chete) chitendero mune mamiriro ichi - Islam. Vamiriri kutenda zvakasiyana vanobvumirwa kupinda Saudi Arabia, asi muna Mecca kana Medina, vanogona kurasikirwa. Uyewo "Rwendo" iri zvaisambobvumirwa munyika kuratidza chero zviratidzo zvimwe zvitendero (somuenzaniso, kupfeka michinjikwa, uye zvichingodaro. N.).

In Saudi Arabia, pane kunyange chaiyo "yechitendero" mapurisa, ane Vavariro iri kudzivirira zvinobvira kutyorwa mitemo Islam. matsotsi Religious kumirira yakakodzera kurangwa - kubvira fines kurufu.

Kunyange zvakadaro pane zvataurwa, kuti vamiriri venyika Saudi Arabia zvinoshingaira panyika mudariro sezvinodiwa rokudzivirira Islam, akanga vaishanda pamwe West. An tsamwa ukama kubva ehurumende wedzera kusvika Iran, izvo Kunoisawo vanoti eutungamiri munharaunda.

Syrian Arab Republic

Siriya - mumwe muzinda zvinokosha vechiArabhu nyika. Pane imwe nguva (pasi Umayyads) iri muguta reDhamasiko raiva guta guru Arab Caliphate. Nhasi, ane hondo reropa yevagari (kubvira 2011) munyika mberi. Western dzevanhu masangano kakawanda vakatsoropodza Siria, achipomera hutungamiri aro kodzero dzavo, kutambudzwa uye yakawanda akavarambidza rusununguko rwokutaura.

About 85% yevanhu weSiria vaMuslim. Zvisinei, "inakovertsy" nguva dzose vainzwa vakasununguka pano uye runako panokwanisika. Mitemo Koran munyika panoonekwa nevagari vayo, asi kufanana tsika.

Arab Republic weIjipiti

The Kudeuka (by population) nyika munyika dzechiArabhu Egipita. 98% yevanhu - ndivo maArab, 90% vechiMuslim (Sunni chokubuda). MuIjipiti, pane akawandisa mumakuva yavatsvene Muslim uyo pamazuva mitambo yechitendero zvinokwezva ezviuru.

Islam muIjipiti nhasi ane chinokosha kukanganisa magariro. Zvisinei, mitemo wechiMuslim vakasununguka zvikuru uye rinoenderana zviri pakati XXI remakore. Zvinofadza kuona kuti vakawanda ideologists paiya inonzi "kukuru Islam" kunge akadzidza panguva Cairo University.

In mhedziso ...

Mukutonga Arab apanyika inokosha munhau nharaunda nehasha paakafungisisa muArabhiya Peninsula uye North Africa. mamiriro ayo rinosanganisira 23 inoona nezvenjodzi ano ezvinhu.

The tsika vechiArabhu nyika wakananga uye chaizvo chokuita netsika uye canons rechiIslam. Modern zvinoitika munzvimbo - kumwe, murombo kukura kwesayenzi uye dzidzo, kupararira kukuru pfungwa uye ugandanga.