Simple gudzazwi transistors noruoko. Gudzazwi mumwe chete transistor: anorimwa

Gudzazwi transistors, pasinei kwayo kare kare, ndiko kufarira nyaya dzokudzidza, zvose beginners uye seane uchenjeri hams. Uye ichi zvinonzwisisika. It chinhu chiri chikamu chakakosha zvikuru vakawanda mudzidzi redhiyo mano: redhiyo vagamuchiri uye amplifiers zvishoma (sonic) maitikiro. Tinotarisa kuvaka sei nyore amplifiers yakaderera maitikiro transistors.

Kakawanda kwaiita gudzazwi

Chero terevhizheni kana redhiyo, ose mimhanzi pakati kana gudzazwi transistor angawana makaseti amplifiers (yakaderera maitikiro - LF). Kusiyana okuteerera transistor amplifiers uye dzimwe mhando ndiyo maitikiro yavo unhu.

Audio gudzazwi transistors ane sandara Frequency mhinduro iri kakawanda bhendi kubva 15 Hz 20 kHz. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vose mazano anonongedzera ine kakawanda mukati-siyana ichi, kuti gudzazwi vatendeuki (kunowedzera) anenge zvakafanana. The mufananidzo pazasi inoratidza Coordonatele "pfuma gudzazwi Ku - Inzwa Zvinotaurwa maitikiro" munyonga inoratidza dzakanakira Frequency hunhu nokuda zvakarekodhwa gudzazwi.

munyonga Izvi anenge sandara kubva 15 Hz 20 kHz. Izvi zvinoreva kushandisa simba kuti chaizvoizvo chiyamuro anonongedzera frequencies pakati 15 Hz uye 20 kHz. Nokuti chiyamuro anonongedzera frequencies kupfuura 20 kHz uye pasi 15 Hz kunyatsoshanda uye unhu basa rake nokukurumidza kudukupiswa.

Type Frequency chakanangana gudzazwi iri pakutsvaga yemagetsi zvinoriumba (ichigere) mudunhu raro, kunyanya transistors pachavo. Audio gudzazwi transistors kazhinji akaungana pamusoro dzinonzi pasi uye svikiro Frequency transistor ane zvachose bandwidth kuti chiyamuro anonongedzera kubva vemakumi uye mazana Hz 30 kHz.

vanoshanda kirasi gudzazwi

Sezvazvakanyorwa anozivikanwa, zvichienderana mwero chamazuva ose ano chokubuda panguva kuburikidza transistor gudzazwi rwakazara (gudzazwi) kusiyanisa huchishanda anotevera zvidzidzo: "A", "B", "AB", "C", "D".

In oparesheni kirasi ano "A" runoyerera kuburikidza kupindana pamusoro ane 100% chiyamuro chiratidzo nguva. Pazvinoitika basa mukirasi iyi inotevera inoratidza mufananidzo.

In vekirasi nokushanda gudzazwi pechikuva "AB" iyezvino Rwako therethrough anopfuura 50% asi asingasviki 100% mazano nguva (ona. Figure pazasi).

In boka Pazvinoitika "B" iyezvino Rwako therethrough chaizvo 50% kubva mazano chiratidzo nguva, sezvino mufananidzo.

Uye pakupedzisira ari kirasi Pazvinoitika "C" kuitika runoyerera therethrough mu asingasviki 50% kubva mazano chiratidzo nguva.

LF gudzazwi transistors: mikuru kururama mukirasi basa

In munda transistor gudzazwi uchishandisa Zvinokonzerwa "A" ane pasi azvipire harmonic kusarurama. Asi kana chiratidzo ane voltage kupomba choutsi, zvichiita kuti saturation pakati transistors, dzakanga harmonics (kusvika maminitsi 11) kuonekwa kumativi nomumwe "dzose" harmonic goho. Izvi zvinokonzera kuti Chiitiko paiya inonzi transistor, kana esimbi inzwi.

Kana simba amplifiers LF transistors vane unregulated simba, ravo goho anonongedzera vari modulated mu amplitude pedyo mains maitikiro. Izvi zvinotungamirira kuna Rigidity inzwi riri kuruboshwe kumucheto kakawanda apindure. Various nzira nokuti Kudzikamiswa pamusoro voltage gudzazwi inoita magadzirirwo zvikuru kunzwisisa.

Typical kunyatsoshanda chete dzakaguma kirasi A gudzazwi hakurevi pfuura 20% nokuti nguva dzose rakavhurika transistor uye chinoramba aibuda kugara kuitika zvinoriumba. Unogona kuita kirasi A kusunda-muedzo gudzazwi, ari kushanda zvakanaka zvichawedzera zvishoma, asi hafu-wave chiratidzo huchava kunyanyisa. Shanduro padariro basa mukirasi "A" mubasa kirasi "AB" kunowedzera kakapetwa runa harmonic kusarurama, kunyange kushanda kwayo zano iri nyaya inowedzerwa.

In amplifiers kirasi iyoyo "AB" uye "B" kururama kuwedzera sezvo chiratidzo chechetere rutapudzo. Involuntarily kerf ndinoda kwazvo BSN kupedza kutekenyedzwa simba uye emuchina wokuimba, asi kazhinji hapana zvazvinobatsira.

Zvenguva makirasi basa

In kushanda kirasi "A" ane mutsa - kirasi "A +". Saka, pasi-voltage chiyamuro transistors iyi kirasi gudzazwi unoshanda mukirasi "A" uye mukuru-voltage goho transistors zviri gudzazwi iri kupfuura apo avo chiyamuro anonongedzera kuyambuka pamwero ari makirasi "V" kana "AB". Mari Cascades dzakadaro nani pane wakachena kirasi "A", apo nonlinear kusarurama shoma (0.003%). Zvisinei, ivowo kuridza "esimbi" nokuda pamberi yepamusoro harmonics vari goho chiratidzo.

Mune imwe kirasi amplifiers - "AA" pamwero harmonic kusarurama kuri kunyange kudzika - vanenge 0,0005%, asi yakakwirira harmonics vari kuuyawo.

Dzokera transistor gudzazwi mukirasi "A"?

Nhasi, nyanzvi dzakawanda mumunda yepamusoro kurira kubereka vanotsigira kudzokera chubhu amplifiers, sezvo huwandu harmonic kusarurama uye harmonics hwakatangwa navo kuva goho chiratidzo, pachena kudzika kudarika transistors. Zvisinei, zvakwakanakira aya zvaizopedza ne hombe papi kudiwa pamusoro enzanirana transformer pakati mukuru nemishonga chubhu goho rwakazara uye pasi impedance Audio vakurukuri. Zvisinei, zviri nyore uye simba transistors zvinogona kuitwa chete transformer goho, kucharatidzwa sezvo pazasi.

Panewo maonero kuti kurira unhu chaicho kunogona chete kupa vakaberekwa chubhu-transistor gudzazwi, zvose zvacho chete-kutenderera matanho asina kufukidzwa akaipa inofambiswa , uye kushanda kirasi "A". Kureva, mumwe repeater ane simba gudzazwi mumwe chete transistor. The Dunhu angava ayo kunonyanyisa panotirwadza kunyatsoshanda (mu mukirasi "A") haasi kupfuura 50%. Asi kana simba kana gudzazwi kunyatsoshanda vari anoratidza unhu inzwi kubereka. Kunyanya kukosha kwakunoitwa yakambomira uye linearity kuti Ere mudunhu.

Sezvo matunhu kuroora-apera muri maonero akadaro, tinofunga pazasi zvavo kuita.

Single-kwakaguma gudzazwi mumwe chete transistor

Scheme nayo, akaita chimwe emitter uye RC-zvisungo pamusoro mazano uye goho anonongedzera kirasi "A" riri pasi apa.

Pane kunoratidzwa munhu transistor Q1 npn mamiriro. nemuteresi Its Via kuitika vakaomerwa resistor R3 zvakabatana zvakanaka chinouraya + Vcc, uye ane emitter - kuna -Vcc. Power transistor pnp mamiriro vachava remudunhu chete, asi simba rive zviteshi swapped.

C1 - ichivharira capacitor, zvawakabudiswa nazvo AC chiyamuro chiratidzo anosiiwa ari DC voltage Vcc. Muchiitiko chino, C1 hachidzivisi ndima AC chiyamuro pari kuburikidza mhesano "hwaro -. Q1 transistor emitter" Resistors R1 uye R2 pamwe yezwi nemishonga "E - B" kuumba voltage mugoveri Vcc kusarudza uchishandisa pfungwa transistor Q1 iri kunofambira mberi rudzi. Typical nokuti dunhu iri kukosha R2 = 1 kohm, uye nzvimbo uchishandisa pfungwa - Vcc / 2. R3 ndiye mutoro resistor uye nomuteresi redunhu inoshandiswa kusika muteresi AC goho voltage.

Vachifunga kuti Vcc = 20 V, R2 = 1 kohm, uye magetsi amplification chinhu H = 150. The voltage pamusoro emitter kuti vakasarudzwa Ve = 9 V, uye voltage donhwe mhiri mhesano "E - B" Vanzveri akaenzana Vbe = 0,7 V. ukoshi izvi rinoenderana anonzi nesilicon transistors. Kana isu vaiona gudzazwi pamusoro negermanium transistors, kuti voltage donhwe panguva rakavhurika kuchinja "E - B" zvaizova akaenzana Vbe = 0,3 V.

emitter Kuyerera anenge akaenzana ano nomuteresi

Kureva = 9 B / 1 K = 9 Ma ≈ IC.

Base pari Ib = IC / h = 9 Ma / 150 = 60 ua.

The voltage donhwe mhiri resistor R1

V (R1) = Vcc - Vb = Vcc - (Vbe + Ve) = 20 V - 9.7 V = 10.3 V,

R1 = V (R1) / Ib = 10,3 V / 60 Ma = 172 Ohm.

C2 zvinodiwa kusika ngetani nepamahofisi AC chezvinonhuwira ari emitter (nomuteresi kuitika chaizvoizvo). Kana akanga asiri, ipapo resistor R2 kurambidzwa zvakasimba kuna AC chazvo, saka kuti nyaya simba nechirwere transistor aizova pasi kuitika inopfumisa.

In Masvomhu zvedu isu vakafunga kuti IC = Ib H, apo Ib - chawo razvino inoyerera mariri kubva emitter uye kunoitika apo kureva kutsvetera chawo. Zvisinei, nguva dzose kuburikidza zvitsigiro (sezvo pamberi misha, uye pasina izvozvo) makabva zvakawanda uye leakage kwazvino Icb0 nemuteresi. Naizvozvo, chaiye nomuteresi Kuyerera IC = Ib H + Icb0 H, i.e. leakage kuitika mudunhu pamwe MA yakakura 150 nguva. Kana isu vaiona gudzazwi pamusoro negermanium transistors, chokwadi ichi aizofanira kufungwa iri Masvomhu. Chokwadi chokuti negermanium transistors kuchikosha Icb0 hurongwa ane microamps shoma. In nesilicon, iye mirairo matatu unokosha zvidiki (anenge akawanda Na), saka vari kazhinji kuteerera mune Masvomhu.

Single-yakapera gudzazwi pamwe mos-transistor

Kungofanana gudzazwi FET, vaiona zano rine ishamwari yayo pakati amplifiers pamusoro nedambudziko transistors. Naizvozvo, isu funga rapfuura analoginen matunhu ane nevakawanda emitter. Zvinonzi kubva rwakafanana tsime uye RC-zvisungo pamusoro mazano uye goho anonongedzera kirasi "A" uye riri pasi apa.

Pane C1 - a ichivharira capacitor, zvawakabudiswa nazvo AC chiyamuro chiratidzo anosiiwa ari DC voltage Vdd. Sezvo chikazozikamwa, chero gudzazwi FET anofanira kuva gedhi zvinogona yayo mis transistors pazasi zvavanokwanisa zvinyorwa. Mudunhu iri suwo makateyiwa resistor R1, kuva kazhinji yakakwirira nemishonga (100 kOhm kusvika 1 MOhm), hazvina shunted kuti mazano chiratidzo. The kuitika kuburikidza R1 ari anenge asingadi kupfuura, saka pasuwo mukana kana pasina chiyamuro mureza akaenzana pasi mukana. Zvingakwanisa kunobva kumusoro pasi zvinogona nokuda voltage donhwe mhiri resistor R2. Saka, suo mukana dererei pane tsime mukana, iyo inodiwa kuti chakaipa nokushanda Q1. The capacitor C2 uye resistor R3 vane basa rakafanana sezvinoitwa yapfuura urongwa. Sezvo dunhu rino nevakawanda tsime, ipapo mazano uye goho anonongedzera vari kutotanga zvava pedyo 180 °.

Gudzazwi pamwe transformer goho

A yechitatu nyore chete-Danho gudzazwi transistors kuratidzwa nomufananidzo pazasi, anonziwo configured nokuda zvakafanana-emitter kushanda kirasi "A", asi ane pasi impedance mukurukuri hwakabatana kuburikidza enzanirana transformer.

The chikuru ichitenderera pamusoro transformer T1 ndiwo mutoro muteresi pakati transistor Q1 uye dunhu hwapedyo ane goho chiratidzo. T1 transmits ane goho mureza mukurukuri, uye anopa kwakakwana Kufambisa goho transistor pamwe yakaderera nemishonga (pamusoro ohms wandei) impedance mutauri.

Voltage mugoveri nemuteresi simba panobva Vcc akaunganidza resistors R1 uye R3, inopa kusarudzwa kubva uchishandisa pfungwa transistor Q1 (the kutsvetera voltage panguva yayo). Kudomwa yasara pezvokuvamba gudzazwi kwakafanana muzvirevo mazano.

The kusunda-muedzo Audio gudzazwi

Kusundira-muedzo gudzazwi LF transistors maviri rinotsemuka mazano okuteerera chiratidzo maitikiro zviviri antiphase hafu-wave, chimwe nechimwe dzinowedzerwa warwo transistor rwakazara. Apedza nehafu-wave amplification yakadaro ikashandiswa kuva musimboti harmonic chiratidzo, icho chinopfuudzwa kumutauri hurongwa. Kwakadaro yakaderera Frequency chiratidzo nokutendeuka (kukamurwa uye kuzodzosera kubatanidzwa nomumwe) sezvingatarisirwa kunokonzera kusingarapiki kururama imomo nokuda musiyano kakawanda uye simba zvivako maviri matunhu transistor. nokumonyaniswa aya akaderedzwa Audio unhu panguva gudzazwi goho.

Push-muedzo gudzazwi kushanda neboka "A" vasiri zvakanaka bereka zvakaoma inzwi anonongedzera, somunhu kugara kuitika ukoshi ichiwedzerwa anoramba runoyerera kupinda pamafudzi avo. Izvi zvinotungamirira kuti unbalance hafu mafungu chiratidzo, danho kusarurama uye pakupedzisira kuna nokurasikirwa intelligibility nokurira. By kudziyisa, vaviri simba transistors ichiwedzerwa kaviri pasi kusarurama uye subsonic Frequency chiratidzo. Zvisinei, chikuru mukana kusunda-muedzo redunhu iri kwayo zvinogamuchirika kunyatsoshanda uye kwakawedzera simba goho.

Kusundira-kudhonza simba gudzazwi redunhu transistors kunoratidzwa Fig.

gudzazwi Izvi zvinoshanda mukirasi "A", asi zvinogona kushandiswa uye kirasi "AB", uye kunyange "B".

Transformerless simba gudzazwi transistor

Transformers, pasinei nokufambira mberi mune miniaturization avo vose zvakafanana kura, rinorema uye zvinodhura ere. Saka, akanga awana nzira kubvisa transformer pamusoro kusunda-muedzo redunhu kuburikidza kubata nayo zviviri simba nopindirana transistors pakubhadhara siyana (npn uye pnp). Most ano simba amplifiers vachishandisa nheyo iyi uye vakasikwa kushanda mukirasi "B". The dhayagiramu akadai simba gudzazwi riri pasi apa.

Vose wake transistor vanosarudzirwa sehwakajairika-muteresi (emitter muteveri). Naizvozvo, dunhu Transfers mazano voltage kuti goho pasina amplification. Kana mazano chiratidzo asipo, zvose transistors dziri kumuganhu pamusoro-mamiriro, asi vari vakatendeukira kure.

Kana harmonic chiratidzo iri inputted kuti anovhura zvakanaka hafu-wave TR1, asi inoda pnp TR2 transistor zvizere cutoff muoti. Saka, chete zvakanaka hafu-wave iri yakakura iyezvino Rwako kuburikidza mutoro. The akaipa hafu-wave chiyamuro chiratidzo anovhura chete rinogumisa TR2 uye TR1, saka kuti mutoro simba rinopiwa kune akaipa hafu-wave kuitika. Somugumisiro, mutoro anosunungurwa zvizere simba pfuma (nokuda magetsi amplification) sinusoidal chiratidzo.

Gudzazwi mumwe chete transistor

Nokuti kuitwa pamusoro apa kuunganidza nyore gudzazwi transistors nemaoko avo uye kutarisa sei zvinoshanda.

In vanobatanidzwa inokosha wedunhu T. Kufudza pasi simba Dunhu mutoro transistor BC107 mhando T kusanganisira headsets ane nemishonga ine 2-3 ohms, mumwe kutsvetera voltage kuna pechingoro ichapa yakakwirira nemishonga ukoshi resistor R * 1 MOhm, kuti decoupling capacitance electrolytic capacitor C 10 microfarads kusvika 100 microfarads vachatitaka bhatiri 4.5V / 0.3 AA

Kana resistor R haina kubata, hapana nechigadziko pari Ib kana IC of ano nemuteresi. Kana resistor zvakabatana, asi voltage riri pangoro achisimuka 0,7 V, uye kuburikidza inoyerera kuitika Ib = 4 Ma. The kuitika pfuma transistor 250 akaenzana kuti anopa IC = 250Ib = 1 Ma.

Nokuuya nyore gudzazwi transistors nemaoko avo, tinogona ikozvino kuwana nayo. Chivhariso mu pamahedhifoni dzako uye nokuisa munwe wako pamusoro pfungwa 1 redunhu. Muchanzwa ruzha. muviri wako anoona nemwaranzi mains wedzerai ari kakawanda 50 Hz. The ruzha iwe wakanzwa kubva pamahedhifoni, uye nemwaranzi iyi chete simba transistor. Regai titsanangure izvi zvizere. AC voltage ane kakawanda 50 Hz zvakabatana mujinga transistor Via imwe capacitor C. The voltage pamusoro nechigadziko zvino kuenzana Verengai DC kutsvetera voltage (anenge 0,7 V), achibva resistor R *, uye AC voltage "nomunwe." Somugumisiro, kubva nomuteresi ano akagamuchira kubva AC chinoumba kakawanda 50 Hz. Izvi rakatumbuka razvino unoshandiswa kungochinja mukurukuri diaphragm neshure pamwe chete kakawanda, izvo zvinoreva kuti tichakwanisa kunzwa mataurire 50 Hz goho.

Play 50 Hz ruzha hakusi inonakidza chaizvo, saka inogona kwakabatana kuti pfungwa 1 ne2, neyamapani kakawanda chiratidzo panobva (CD-mutambi kana maikorofoni) uye kunowedzera dzonzwa kutaura kana mumhanzi.