Sei makomo dziri kuumbwa uye ndezvipi?

Mountain hurongwa - zvichida chimwe chezvinhu akakura uye anoyevedza zvaakasika zvakasikwa. Kana kutarisa chando-dzavhara Nhongonya, vakamiswa mumwe shure mumwe kwemazana makiromita, nokusaziva vanonyepera mubvunzo: chii mhando zvikuru simba rokusika kwavari?

nguva dzose Mountain vanhu sokuti chinhu chisingaperi, zvekare sezvo nokusingaperi pacharo. Asi izvi zvemaumbirwo ano zvakakwana zvinoratidza sei kuvimbika zvakazorodza pepasi. Makomo anogona riri apo kamwe gungwa lapped. Uye ndiani anoziva Pasi chichava yakakwirira ane makore mamiriyoni, uye chii chichaitika mi- Mount Everest ...

Zvigadziriswe pakati inotungamirwa neeSultan gomo

Kuti tinzwisise kuti makomo dziri kuumbwa, unofanira kunzwisisa zvakanaka izvo lithosphere. Izwi rinoreva chokunze goko Nyika, iyo ine heterogeneous chaizvo marongerwo. Inogona kuwanika pamusoro chiuru metres, uye zvakadzamisisa canyons, uye mapani guru.

goko The Earth wacho chakaumbwa hofori lithospheric mahwendefa, izvo zviri kugara inofamba, uye panguva nenguva chiso micheto. Izvi zvinotungamirira chokuti zvimwe zvikamu vavo dzinoputika, ndokusimudza uye zvimwe kuchinja mamiriro. Somugumisiro, makomo aumba. Chokwadi, kuchinja nzvimbo kwamahwendefa chinono chaizvo - mashomanana masendimita pagore. Zvisinei, chaizvo nemhaka iyi zvishoma nezvishoma kuchinja pamusoro mamiriyoni emakore paNyika vakaumba yakawanda migodhi enyika.

Nyika ine zvikamu zviviri basa (kunyanya munzvimbo yavo pamapani kukuru kuumbwa, dzakadai reCaspian) uye zvakakwana "akatambudzika" nharaunda. Kunyanya mundima yavo taimbova gungwa yekare. Pane imwe nguva mukati kunyatsodzidza mberi kwebasa lithospheric mahwendefa uye kuuya kumanikidzwa magma. Somugumisiro mugungwa, nenhumbi dzayo dzakasiyana-siyana sedimentary pamatombo kunobuda pemvura. Saka, Somuenzaniso, paiva Ural makomo.

Panongotanga gungwa pakupedzisira "dzakachengeteka" panguva akaoneka panyika padombo guru vari kutanga kukanganisa kwemvura, mhepo uye tembiricha kunyanyisa. Zviri ngaavongwe kwavari ose gomo hurongwa ane pachake inokosha, nemamwe mamiriro enzvimbo yacho.

Sezvo makomo akaumba tectonic

Masayendisiti anodavira kufamba tectonic Mahwendefa ari truest tsananguro sei kuumba akapeta uye misa makomo. Kana pachikuva kusuduruka, kuti goko mune dzimwe nzvimbo anogona batwa, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange kupunza, achifumira pamugumo. Kana akatanga kuumbwa akapeta makomo (vasina nzvimbo yavo inogona kuwanikwa eHimalaya); Rinotsanangura mumwe mashandiro blocky chitarisiko (semuenzaniso, Altai).

Vamwe hurongwa vane hombe, pamawere, asi kunyanya kuparadzaniswa dzakatenuka. Izvi maitiro chinhu nechigumbuso makomo.

Sezvo akaumba kuputika makomo

Pfungwa inotungamirwa kuputika nenhongonya rakasiyana Kuumbwa akapeta makomo. On kwakabva zita ravo rinoti zvakajeka vakanaka. Volcanic makomo mune nzvimbo magma rinoputika pamusoro pechiso - dombo wakaumbwa. Inogona nepa rimwe makatsemuka panyika nechepasi uye kuunganidza akapoteredza.

Mune dzimwe nyika vanogona tarirai neeSultan yose iyi mhando - mugumisiro kuputika wandei anoputika pedyo. On sei makomo dziri kuumbwa, pane kubvuma: dombo yakanyauswa, vashayiwa nzira yokubuda, chete vomanikidza mukati pemvura goko paNyika, zvichiguma mariri kune hombe "kuzvimba".

A yoga nyaya - pemvura anoputika, riri pamusoro penyanza pauriri. Magma ichibuda kwavari, anokwanisa kuomesa, achiumba yose chacho. Countries akadai Japan uye Indonesia, riri munzvimbo kuputika mavambo nyika.

Young uye zvekare makomo

On nemakore pegomo hurongwa rinonyatsotaura kuzorodzwa kwayo. The rakapinza uye yakakwirira Nhongonya, asi gare gare akanga aumba. Young vaiona makomo, vakaumba makore asingasviki mamiriyoni 60 apfuura. boka iri rinosanganisira Somuenzaniso, Alps uye eHimalaya. Ongororo dzakaratidza kuti aibva anenge mamiriyoni 10 apfuura. Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vasati vachiri guru yakawanda nguva zvichienzaniswa nemakore yepasi iri dikisa nguva. Young zvakare vaiona Caucasus, Pamir uye Mountains Carpathian.

Muenzaniso makomo yekare - Ural Mountains (zera zviri anopfuura mabhiriyoni 4 makore). boka iri zvingasanganisirawo North uye South America Cordilleras uye eAndes. Maererano nemamwe mabhuku, makomo ekare munyika vari Canada.

Contemporary nokuumba makomo

In XX Vanodzidza remakore akasvika unequivocal mhedziso kuti norudo Pasi akapinda guru simba, uye paumbwe ayo kuzorodzwa hakumboperi. Young gomo dzose nguva "zvikure", kuwedzera kureba munenge 8 masendimita egore - kunoramba kuparadzwa nemhepo nemvura, zvishoma nezvishoma asi zvirokwazvo akatendeukira kupinda bani.

Muenzaniso unoshamisa ndechokuti muitiro kuchinja yepanyama nzvimbo hakumboperi - inongogara kuitika kwenyika uye kuputika kwemakomo. Chimwe kufurira kunoita sei makomo akaumba - kufamba nzizi. Kana nokusimudza imwe nzvimbo munyika yose inoshandiswa kuva zvakadzika uye akasimba kupfuura racherwa padombo, kazhinji tichigadzira yose mumupata. Kungoda nzizi kuwanika pamusoro yakatenuka, pamwe vakasara mumipata. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kuparadzwa ngetani gomo chokuita chete masimba kuti kamwe kuumbwa kusunungurwa kwavo: tembiricha, kwemvura uye mhepo, mazizaya uye pachivande zvinyorwa.

nesayenzi version

shanduro Modern orogenesis (mavambo makomo) hunomiririrwa hypotheses akawanda. Masayendisiti kuisa mberi sezvinobvira zvinokonzera:

• Dive yomugungwa nembiya;
• kukukurwa (slippage) makondinendi;
• subcrustal kuyerera;
• bundu;
• zvinoderedza pasi goko.

Mumwe shanduro sei makomo kuumbwa, chokuita zvinoitwa regiravhiti. Nekuti Pasi ari rinosvika, vose tudonhwe nyaya vanowanzotanga akaronga symmetrically pamusoro pakati. Mukuwedzera, zvose matombo dzinosiyana uremu uye kupenya vavo pakupedzisira vari "vasiyiwa" pemvura zvakaoma. Pamwe chete, izvi zvinoita kuti chimiro hadzina kufambiswa zvakanaka pamusoro goko.

sayenzi yemazuva ari kuedza kuona chiri mashandiro ose tectonic kuchinja maererano iro makomo dzakaumbwa somugumisiro imwe kwacho. With orogeny achiri kunosanganisira mibvunzo yakawanda achiri kuramba isina kupindurwa.