Sei kubva pakuva alkane alkane? Chiizve kunogona kuwanikwa kubva alkane?

Kudzidza maumbirwo Organic yeimwe, makemikari ehupfumi hwakaratidzwa dzavo siyana, kubvumira kuti pave nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana zvinhu uye nenhumbi chete mbishi zvinhu. Kubudiswa Mahydrocarbon anobudiswa anogadziriswa matambudziko akawanda. To wokuti: "How kuti kubva alkane chinhu alkane" zvemakemikari sayenzi kuita mafuta cracking walnut kupa mhinduro inogutsa. Ngationgororei dambudziko ukama zvidzidzo akasiyana Mahydrocarbon uyewo avo nomukaka. Rinonyanya maindasitiri nzira processing carbonaceous zvinhu.

Genetic relatedness Organic zvinhu

Mukutanga nzendo kudzidza uye kugadzirwa Mahydrocarbon uye Dérivés mishonga vaifunga kuti mapoka aya kure nomumwe. Zvishoma nezvishoma vaunganidza mashoko anojekesa majini ukama huru makirasi zvinhu. Huru takawana nezvezvandaifanira kutsvaka nzira mamiriro, kuwedzera chisungo murayiro. Matambudziko kukosha yokungotaura yokutsvakurudza uye kwacho:

• sei kuti kune alkane alkane;
• sei kuti ironge marasha, oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo negasi;
• sei kuitisa dehydrogenation ose zvine Mahydrocarbon;
• zvose kubva alkane kuwana alkyne (acetylene).

Vatsvakurudzi uye vanoita makaona kuti kune yakawanda yakawiriranwa kuchinja kubva kune dzimwe Mahydrocarbon.

The hunoshanda kukosha masero ukama hunokosha marudzi yeimwe

Kubatana yeHydrocarbon yeimwe kwave nekusimba mukati kuita makemikari kemisitiri sechinhu sayenzi uye kugadzirwa indasitiri. Kukura dambudziko iri - sei kubva alkane alkane - rakakura chinoitirwa Russian uye Soviet Organic mishonga. Vazhinji dzinoshandiswa zvinangwa izvi, maitiro-kuchinja zviri CATALYTIC pezvakaitwa yaitwa pamusoro dzakaoma ruzivo. Close ukama uye dzekuno transformations kuti makemikari yeimwe inoshandiswa kugadzirisa dzakasiyana-siyana zvinobatsira mabasa kusanganisira:

• kugamuchira kubva mhando mbishi zvinhu pakubhadhara siyana nezvinhu;
• kugadzirwa kunzwisisa zvigadzirwa mu sezvamunoita kubva nyore yeimwe, ndiEzekieri;
• kusunungurwa dzakasiyana-siyana nenhumbi, vane yakakwirira kudiwa;
• kuchengetedza zvikuru Kuparadzwa rwokuzvarwa yeHydrocarbon mari;
• pfungwa Kushandisa mafuta-marasha tara, mafuta shale, peat.

Zvinoumba rwokuzvarwa kabhoni zvinyorwa

mhando dzose Mahydrocarbon kuwanikwa sezvingatarisirwa mu zvinokosha zvizhinji. Vanoshanda sezvo kutanga zvokuvakisa kubudiswa uye kugadzirira Organic yeimwe ose nziyo siyana. Zvinotisimbisa kukosha alkanes uye alkenes:

1. Negasi. The zviri muganhu methane yeHydrocarbon muminda siyana rinosvika 80-98%. The yeimwe vasara senitrogen, carbon dioxide, ethane, propane, butane.
2. Oil. The kwomuzvarirwo musanganiswa isomeric Mahydrocarbon kubva deposits siyana yakasiyana sezvamunoita. Mune dzimwe mhando "ndarama dema" akatonga alkanes, vamwe akaumbwa cycloparaffins uye nhandare. Dome mafuta anopfuura magasi dzinewo paraffins.
3. Cox. Kugadzirwa anodiwa marasha kuti simbi pamwe kupa marasha tara ine zvinoumba 400, chikuru ndivo - munhandare.
4. Muriwo uye zvokudya mbishi zvekushandisa - guru uye siyana boka, zvinosanganisira huni, mbeu uye zvibereko maindasitiri zvirimwa, mhuka kwemafuta.

The zvinobvira kuchinja pakati Organic yeimwe

Senzira deposits kuti "ndarama dema" kakawanda chipo cycloalkanes kana naphthenes. Processing mbishi zvinhu anopa shoma cyclic Mahydrocarbon vane 5-7 C maatomu ari mhete, vane mukuru kubatsira. Sei kubva pakuva alkane cycloalkane kana naphthenes reserves kwezvinoshandiswa? Nokuti vakaomerwa cyclic yeHydrocarbon yeimwe kubva zvine acyclic dehydrocyclization nzira inoshandiswa. Chain of 4 kana kupfuura C maatomu dzakavharika, pane akatsiga kutenderera. Other transformations muenzaniso wakanaka Organic zvinhu zvinogona zvinoratidzwa nyore mazano:

• Petroleum Mahydrocarbon → → → alkane carboxylic acid.
• Negasi zvakakangwa Mahydrocarbon → → carboxylic acid.
• Coal Mahydrocarbon → → → alkanes → unsaturated yeHydrocarbon Polymers.
• Petroleum Mahydrocarbon → → → nhandare isopropyl-benzene → benzene → acetone, phenol.
• Negasi → → panyaya iyi unsaturated Mahydrocarbon.
• Coal → methanol.
• Petroleum Mahydrocarbon → → → alkenes butadiene uye isoprene.

Ngatikurukurei kuti makemikari remubatanidzwa chingawanikwa majini ukama Organic zvinhu.

Sei kubva pakuva alkane alkane

In indasitiri inenge siyana zvine Mahydrocarbon vakawana kubva mafuta uye gasi pfuma. Achinatsa - nzira ano kuti pakuwana alkanes kubva alkanes:

A) Liquid Paraffin Mahydrocarbon anopa zvakananga DISTILLATION kuti oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo (pasi zvibereko kubaya chigadzirwa).

B) Thermal uye CATALYTIC Cracking mafuta rinoshandiswa kuti kuwedzera chikamu chiedza miromo, chekunatsiridza Mahydrocarbon (peturu, neparafini). The mafuta chakapatsanurwa aripo solyarovoe hexadecane, aunopiwa kuora dodecane uye butylene. Dodecane atova eparafini chakapatsanurwa iri pasi vange disintegration, zvinonzi akawana kubva yakazara yeHydrocarbon nonane uye propene (alkene). Akaramba Cracking kungaita kuti paumbwe heptane uye ethylene.

Isomerization uye alkylation

CATALYTIC isomerization pamusoro alkanes kubvumira vakakwana chivako mapazi kugamuchira: N3S- (CH2) 3 -CH 3 → CH (CH3) 2-CH2-CH3. Zvinobikwa izvi - isopentane. Normal butane huri magasi cracking walnut tiwedzere ari isomerization maitiro ari dzikwanise isobutane. The zvichiguma chigadzirwa kunogona alkylated pamwe isobutylene pamberi anowedzera uye kugamuchira isooctane - yepamusoro mafuta. Kana isu kutora sezvo alkylating mumiriri, ari ethylene, maitiro pamwe isobutane vakawana chakaita zvokugadzirwa mafuta neohexane.

Sei kubva alkane alkene uye alkadienes

In indasitiri unsaturated acyclic Mahydrocarbon chete chisungo miviri vari kuwanikwa peturu cracking walnut. Panguva dzakakwirira tembiricha kuti manyowa kubva alkanes (pyrolysis). Alkenes akapora kubva zvachose kurema zvenguva uye yokupedzisira kuita zvinhu. Ethylene yaunganidzwa dehydrogenation kuti ethane pamusoro nickel tiwedzere: C2H6 + C2H4 → H2 ↑. Butane pasi ezvinhu akafanana anopa 2-butene, panguva imwe chete paumbwe ethane uye ethylene. Dehydrogenation tikwanise kuwana zvinogadzirisa dambudziko sei kuti kune alkane alkadienes. Kana stepwise kusukwa mamorekuru maviri rehydrogen kubva yeHydrocarbon, rinosvika 4 kabhoni maatomu, zvinotevera transformations kuitika: butane butene → → butadiene. The chokupedzisira chigadzirwa kunokosha kuti pagadzirwe chakaita zvokugadzirwa rabha. Saizvozvowo akagadzirira butadiene imwe polymer iyo mimics yepanyama ishamwari zvinokosha ehupfumi: isopentane → → isoprene isoprene rabha.

Sezvo ari alkane kuwana acetylene

YeHydrocarbon ane imwe chisungo nekatatu - acetylene - zvikuru kukosha maindasitiri nemauto, kuvaka uye dzimwe nzvimbo upfumi basa. Mukuru kwacho achigadzirira nyore alkyne Rinobatanidzwa ne kuitwa mvura yakasimba zvidimbu calcium carbide. In nzvimbo nzira iyi yakauya Cracking rwokuzvarwa gasi. Zvino makemikari indasitiri emakambani vanoziva sei kuti kune alkane alkyne panguva rakadzika mutengo. In rinokosha rwokugadzira mano panguva mukuru tembiricha kana pasi pokudzora ane zvemagetsi kubuda kunoitika dehydrogenation zviri methane - the koshesa zvacho negasi: 2SN4 → HC≡CH + 3H2. Acetylene rinoshandiswa nevakawanda, ndezvevakazvigadzirirwa kubva acetaldehyde iro mamwe kushandiswa pakugadzira acetic acid, chakaita zvokugadzirwa Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti, mapurasitiki, chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers, rubbers uye rubbers.

Sei munhandare yose zvine Mahydrocarbon

By Paraffin cheni Zvinoitwa kutungamirira benzene nezvinogadzirwa nomukaka. uhwiro kwacho vakadzidza Russian uye Soviet mishonga iri XX remakore. Musimboti basa ravo musi "sei kuwana kubva alkane, benzene uye homologues ayo" kunoderedza kuti dehydrocyclization hexane, heptane nezvimwewo zvine Mahydrocarbon: S6N14 → C6H6 + 4H2; S7N16 → C6H5-CH3 + 4H2. Imwe nzira iri nokuda kwetunhu acyclic Mahydrocarbon cycloparaffins zvichiteverwa kupera mvura mumuviri: hexane → → cyclohexane benzene.

How kuwana ethyl nezvimwe alcohols kubva alkanes

Munguva dzekare, mubvunzo: "Sei kuwana kubva alkane doro" haasi kufunga, namadzibaba edu kushandiswa chete nzira chidhakwa chinovira shuga tubhokisi zvigadzirwa pasi zvinoitwa mbiriso makemikari. Urefu hwokugadzira kukosha panyaya iyi kwakaguma kutsvaka kuti mhando itsva nezvinhu asiri chikafu kubereka panyaya iyi. Muhafu yokutanga yezana remakore rapfuura razova chinhu chinokosha mbishi mashoko kugadzirwa rabha Lebedev nzira. Imwe nzira yave zvafanotaurwa A. M. Butlerovym, uyo akarota kuti yakachipa pashiri nzira kubudisa ethylene pave "chokuwana doro." The manyuko unsaturated Mahydrocarbon vari zvivezwa epetroleum Cracking uye CATALYTIC dehydrogenation pamusoro alkanes. Yakagadzirirwa kubvira ethane, ethylene, riri oxidized pamberi sulfuric asidhi: C2H6 C2H4 → → C2H5OH. Hydration dzimwe alkenes, izvo vanoitwa yaunganidzwa achinatsa anopa homologs chakaita zvokugadzirwa panyaya iyi. Zvazvakaipira vari kwakunoitwa Mari patsva kuti asidhi uye kudzivirira Namano kubva ayo kungatikanganisa nemigumisiro. Industry vakatamira nzira yakananga hydration ose alkenes umo catalysts zvakasimba dzinoshandiswa. Methanol anobudiswa panguva oxidation kuti methane. Ethylene aro homologs vave mbishi zvokuvakisa pagadzirwe alcohols.

Sezvo kubva alkanes kuwana aldehydes uye carboxylic acids

Mushure kugadzirisa dambudziko zvakachipa mbishi zvinhu nokuti doro indasitiri mishonga vanoziva sei kuti kune alkane aldehyde panguva rakadzika mutengo. Imwe nzira kuwana acetaldehyde - hydration kuti acetylene. The yose muitiro anotora nzvimbo maererano anorimwa: negasi → CH4 → → C2H2 CH3-COH. Zvakawedzera kushandiswa dzinongoitika Mahydrocarbon kuti kugadzirwa ethyl doro. The fuma iri mbishi mashoko kugadzirwa carbonyl uye carboxyl yeimwe. Acetaldehyde chingawanikwa dehydrogenation kuti ethane chete matambudziko paumbwe panyaya iyi iri zvakaitwa oxidation kana dehydrogenation. Mumwe nzira - the oxidation pamusoro ethylene: C2H6 → C2H4 → C2H4O. Sei kubva pakuva alkane carboxylic asidhi? The mubvunzo kuti yaiva nguva refu vari muchikwata che dambudziko. Acetic asidhi achiumbwa panguva chinovira zvokudya mbishi zvinhu apo yakaoma DISTILLATION huni. Kuva iripo alkane zvinyorwa anobvumira butane oxidation uye kugamuchira zvakachipa acetic asidhi: C4H10 2 + ½ O2 + H2O → 2SN3SOON. Akaronga kugadzirwa dzimwe carboxylic acids, zvine uye unsaturated Mahydrocarbon.

The upfumi ano zvakaoma kufungidzira pasina negasi, mafuta uye marasha zvinhu. Of izvi zvakasikwa wemisanganiswa emit alkanes siyana inoshandiswa pagadzirwe vakawanda makemikari kwetunhu.