Rehydrogen oxide: kugadzirira uye zvivako

Anokosha uye zvakajairika fuma pamusoro yedu Chokwadi, mvura. Chii chinogona enzanisa nawo kukosha? Zvinozivikanwa kuti upenyu Panyika anoitwa zvinogoneka chete nokuuya emura. Sezvo mvura iri (rehydrogen oxide), kubva makemikari pfungwa maonero? Chii iri uye chii ehupfumi? Edza kunzwisisa nyaya ino.

Rehydrogen chacho yeimwe

Nyore atomu rose periodic ino - rehydrogen. Iye akabata hunyambiri chinzvimbo, akarara subgroup kuti halogens, uyewo boka rokutanga uye kuti alkali simbi. Chii anotsanangura kudaro zvinhu? Its goko zvemagetsi sechivako imwe atomu. Ane Erekitironi rimwe chete, izvo zvinogona nyore sezvo ngavabude, uye batanidza amene mumwe, pova mbiri, uye kupedza chokunze rukoko.

Ndokusaka huru uye chete ukuru oxidation ose okunze 1 uye -1. It nyore zvaanoita pamwe simbi nokuumba hydrides - involatile hwakasimba munyu-kufanana remubatanidzwa wenyika chena ruvara.

Zvisinei nyore zvinowanisa rehydrogen mamorekuru uye kugadzikana zvinhu kuwadzana nonmetals. Somuenzaniso:

• rehydrogen sulfide H ₂ S;
• methane CH _4;
• silane SiH ₄ uye nevamwe.

Kazhinji, ivo yeimwe rehydrogen zvinowanisa zvakakwana. Zvisinei, chinonyanya kukosha fuma, icho iripowo, ndiyo rehydrogen oxide vane nzira iri H ₂ O. Iyi anozivikanwa remubatanidzwa iro anoziva nzira kunyange puraimari mudzidzi, asati aiziva kemisitiri. Mushure mvura (uye ichi ndicho chikuru oxide rehydrogen) - kwete chete vanhuwo zvinhu, asi tsime roupenyu riri redu.

The zita chinhu kunoratidza ayo chikuru zvinoreva - rehydrogen, kureva "achisununguka mvura." Kufanana mimwe oxide, kushingaira ndiyewo munhu binary remubatanidzwa ane nhamba mumuviri uye namakemikari zvivako. Uyezve, pane chinokosha maitiro ayo kusiyanisa mvura kubva zvose dzimwe yeimwe.

Chimwe kirasi anokosha yeimwe izvo vanoumba rehydrogen vari acids, zvose Organic uye chicherwa.

Chemical ehupfumi rehydrogen

Mukuona reactivity, rehydrogen - zvakakwana simba achidzikisa pomutumwa. In zhinji siyana zvinoratidza ehupfumi chete kwakadaro. Zvisinei, kubata mumwe nesimbi hwakasimba, zvinova oxidant.

Very zvinokosha indasitiri ndiwo maitiro rehydrogen rine simbi oxides. Ndizvo nzira imwe kuwana ichangoburwa mune yakachena chimiro. Vodorodotermiya - nzira metallurgia nokuda kwetunhu yakaisvonaka simbi oxides nokuda rutapudzo pamwe rehydrogen.

The maitiro pamwe rehydrogen oxide ane zvinotevera talk chimiro: Me _X O _and + H ₂ = H ₂ O + Me.

Chokwadi, ichi hachisi nzira chete nokuda kwetunhu simbi yakachena. Kune vamwe. Zvisinei, hydrogen rutapudzo pamusoro oxides - zvakakwana zvinoshingaira zvakanaka uye nyore kugadzira muitiro iyo akawana rakafara kushanda.

Uyewo dzinonakidza ndiro chinowanika kuti kana hwakakanyiwa mhepo, rehydrogen gasi zvingaite chinhu panhamo zvakasimba. zita rayo riri detonating gasi. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, vaiitawo zvinofanira kuitwa panguva mwero mavhoriyamu maviri rehydrogen mumwe oxygen.

Water - rehydrogen oxide

Chokwadi chokuti oxide kunokosha zvikuru, hatina kare kutaurwa kakawanda. Zvino, ngatiregei maitiro payo mazwi wekemisitiri. Ko remubatanidzwa ichi chinofanira kukirasi uku inorganic zvinhu?

Kuti aite izvi, edza kunyora zvishoma yakasiyana inonyatsoita: H ₂ O = HOH. Chinonyanya kukosha kwakafanana nokuwanda maatomu dzaiumba Zvisinei, iye zvino pachena kuti tasangana hydroxide. Chii ehupfumi unofanira kuva? Funga dissociation pamusoro yeimwe:

HOH = H ⁺ + OH ^-.

Somugumisiro, zvivako zviri acidic, nekuti hydrogen chipo iri mhinduro yacho cations. Kunze huru vanogona chete asina kuumbwa mushure alkali simbi.

Naizvozvo, rimwe zita rine rehydrogen oxide - oxyacid nyore chaizvo sezvamunoita. Kamwe vakadaro kunzwisisa micheka cho pamamiriro Morekuru, naizvozvo, ehupfumi ayo achava inokosha. Uye zvivako vanosemburwa kubva nemamiriro Morekuru, saka izvozvo uye ongorora.

Nemamiriro mvura Morekuru

Kokutanga pamusoro muenzaniso uyu akafunga Niels Bohr, uye iye ndohwaJehovha ushasha uye vakanyora nyaya iyi. Vakanga akaisa zvinotevera zvinhu.

1. The mvura Morekuru - munhu dipole, sezvo zvinhu mukati ayo mamiriro akasiyana zvikuru zvine musoro electronegativity.
2. Maumbirwe Its rine mativi, nechepasi - sehydrogen, uye pamusoro - yakachena.
3. Nokuda maumbirwo ichi, nefuma anokwanisa rokuumba rehydrogen kusungwa sezvo pakati chete mamorekuru, uye dzimwe yeimwe kuva sezvamunoita zvakasimba electronegative maatomu akafanana.

View uchiriona rehydrogen anotarira schematically oxide, inogona aimiririra pazasi.

ehupfumi Zvokunyama rehydrogen oxide

zvimwe dzinokosha mamirire zvinhu zvinogona kutsanangurwa.

1. Form: gaseous - mhute, mvura, yakasimba - chando, chando.
2. Achibika pfungwa - 100 ⁰ C (99.974).
3. Utsotso pfungwa - 0 ⁰ C.
4. Water anogona vanodzokera kana neshungu ari tembiricha kuwanda 0-4 ⁰ C. Iri anotsanangura paumbwe chando nechepamusoro, iro rine yakaderera arambe achirema uye upenyu pasi marongera rehydrogen oxide.
5. Kukoshesa kupisa vanokwanisa Zvisinei, pasi kwazvo chafariz conductivity.
6. In nemvura hurumende rehydrogen oxide Exhibits viscosity.
7. A Kunyanya pfuma anganzi pemvura makakatanwa uye paumbwe akaipa yemagetsi zvinogona pamusoro pemvura.

Sezvatambotaura kumusoro, kunyanya ehupfumi kuvimba chivako. Saka zviri pano. Kugona kuumba rehydrogen zvisungo zvakatungamirira zvakafanana zviri mukomboni.

Rehydrogen oxide: Chemical Properties

Mumaonero kemisitiri, mvura basa riri kumusoro zvakakwana. Kunyanya kana totaura wanda achiperekedzwa kudziyisa. Chii anokwanisa kuita oxide rehydrogen?

1. With simbi dziri mumutsara voltages kuti rehydrogen. Saka chinonyanya basa (kuna Al) hakudi chaiwo ezvinhu, uye kuva repasi yokuderedza simba sei pamwe chiutsi chete. Avo vari, pashure rehydrogen, havagoni kuita mukukurukurirana dzakadaro.
2. Nevasiri simbi. Kwete zvose, asi vakawanda. Somuenzaniso, mune imwe mhepo ine fluorine mvura Violet murazvo unopfuta. Uyewo, maitiro zvinogona kuiisa chlorine, carbon, nesilicon nezvimwe maatomu.
3. With oxides simbi (zvinokosha) uye asidhi (nonmetals). Ko kuumbwa, ukuwo, alkalis uye acids. Pakati nesimbi kuti wanda zvakadai anokwanisa vamiririri mapoka subgroups okutanga huru mbiri, kunze beryllium uye magnesium. Non-nesimbi kuti pave acidic oxides vakaitei nemvura zvose. An Kunze ndiko remurwizi - Sio _2.

Mukana wokuti vanhu vanga Maitiro rehydrogen oxide somuenzaniso, sezvinotevera: SO ₃ + H ₂ O = H ₂ SO _4.

Distribution zvakasikwa

Takatodzidza vakawana kuti pfuma - rakajairika munyika. Kureva chikamu muzana zviri zvinhu.

1. About 70% of uremu womunhu muviri uye mhuka. Vamwe fauna of oxide anoumbwa rehydrogen anenge 98% (muramba).
2. 71% Nyika kufukidzwa nemvura.
3. Kunonyanyisa kurema mvura munyanza.
4. About 2% muRugwaro zvirimo mazitombo echando.
5. 0.63% iri kusimbiswa muvhu.
6. 0,001% kubva mumhepo (bvungapfunga).
7. chirimwa muviri ine 50% mvura, mamwe marudzi kunyange zvakawanda.
8. Vakawanda yeimwe inowanikwa crystalline muchimiro ine vakasungwa mvura.

Ramba zvawanyora zvinogona refu, nekuti zvakaoma kurangarira chinhu, chikamu usingabereki zvinosanganisira mvura kana kana chinhu haisi zvaisanganisira. Kana akaumba pasina nezvokupindira yacho oxide.

Nzira achigadzirira

Kugadzirira maindasitiri ukoshi haana rehydrogen oxide. Pashure pezvose, nyore kushandisa vakagadzirira akagadzirwa manyuko - nzizi, madhamu uye zvimwe zvitunha mvura pane kupedzera guru simba rakawanda uye nemakemikari. Saka, murabhoritari rinoshanda chete kuwana kwakadonhera, Ultra-rakaisvonaka mvura.

Zvinangwa izvi, nyatsosarudza apparatuses zvakadai waanogadzirirwa. mvura kwakadaro kunodiwa vazhinji nemakemikari, sezvo musoro rine yakawanda nouipi, munyu, ions.

The chaivo basa

Kuti mvura inoshandiswa kwose kwose, kwete kutaura chinhu. Hazvifungiki kufungidzira upenyu pasina ikoku. Kubva mangwanani kusvikira pousiku vanhu vari kuramba kuishandisa zvose mumhuri uye maindasitiri zvinangwa.

Properties rehydrogen oxide dzinosanganisira kushandiswa nayo zvakasikwa solvent. Uye kwete chete murabhoritari. Asiwo zvipenyu, kose rechipiri nzvimbo zviuru nokukanganisika siyana.

Uyewo, mvura pachayo ubatanidzwe Syntheses zhinji, uyewo anoshumira ne-chigadzirwa kunobva kwavari. Munhu wese munyika kwemakore 60, ichipfuura pacharo vanenge 50 matani zvinhu izvi zvinoshamisa!

Oxide rehydrogen inoshandiswa:

• mumaindasitiri zvose;
• mushonga;
• makemikari kwetunhu;
• marudzi ose maindasitiri;
• mhuri zvinodiwa;
• kurima.

Zvakaoma kuziva nzvimbo youpenyu munhu anogona kurarama pasina mvura. Chete zvipenyu asina rehydrogen oxide waro sezvamunoita uye kurarama ndisina, muri wanda. Ndokusaka murume akaoma kubata zvinenge izvi.