Public-private Kudyidzana - rudzi kungoreva kunobatsira pamwe pakati pehurumende uye private mabhizimisi. mienzaniso

Muhupfumi hwenyika dzakawanda hukama hunokosha hwehukama pakati pemabhizimisi emabhizimisi uye zviremera zvakaonekwa. Kuratidzira kushamwaridzana uku, pfungwa yehuruzhinji-yevamwe kubatana inoshandiswa. Ngationgororei muzvidimbu pasi apa.

General information

Bhizinesi rezvematongerwe enyika uye yega yega inogadzira kubatana kwekushandiswa kwemapurogiramu ekukosha kwevanhu munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzebasa. Kubatana kwesimba uye zvivako zvekutengesa zvino zvasvika pane imwe nzira. Parizvino, yakagadzirirwa pahutano hwepamutemo mu 224-FZ. Izvi hukama hunogona kunyatsoongororwa sechinhu chinokosha chehupfumi hwakakanganiswa.

Zviratidzo

Kubudirira kwehuruzhinji-hurumende kubatanidzwa kunokurudzira kuumbwa kwemashoko makuru ekubhadhara mari, maitiro ekugadzirisa, hukama hwehukama hwehupfumi. Muchiitiko ichi, nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana maererano nekugadziriswa kwemasimba kunowana kukosha kwakakosha. Vanomuka sechikonzero chisingadzivisiki chekuwedzera kwekubatana pakati pezvigadzirwa zvemabhizimisi uye zviremera. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti mune dzakawanda zviitiko zvehurumende-zvepabonde zvakabatana, pane imwe nzvimbo, kubhadharira kana kushandiswa kwakakwana. Mhedziso yakadai, somuenzaniso, inotaura pamusoro pemvumo. Zvichakadaro, zvakakosha kuziva kuti hurumende-hurumende kushamwaridzana inzira chaiyo yekugadzirisa zvikamu zvebasa, zvakagara zvichienderana nekutsika kwesimba. Zvisinei, zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa mukubatana hazvivatungamiri kupfuura mamiriro ekutonga kwenyika.

Kudzorerwa kwemasimba

Ruzhinji-runyararo pamwe chete kubatana kunosanganisira kwete mikana yose yepamutemo, iyo iyo kodzero yekodzero yemuridzi wekushambadzira kwezvemari inoparadzaniswa, asi imwe chete chikamu chavo. Izvo zvine chokuita nekodzero yekugadzirisa, kuchinja kukosha kwekukosha kwezvinhu zvenyama, kupiwa kwemamwe masimba kune vamwe vanhu. Nenzira yakazara ruzivo rwakakura rwekugoverwa kwemikana yepamutemo pakati pezviremera uye zvivako zvekutengeserana zvinowanikwa munzvimbo dzebasa revanhu, kureva, maindasitiri emagetsi. Vakagara vakagadzira tsika dzekutarisa kwenyika kune mamwe masimba ezvokutengeserana kumabhizimusi ega. Vane masimba ndivo vane mhosva kumasangano nekuda kwekugamuchira kwakapiwa kwezvinhu zvepachena. Izvi zvinoreva chido chekuchengetedza mamwe matavi ehurumende. Panguva imwecheteyo, mabhizimusi ega ega anozivikanwa nekukwirira kwepamusoro, kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakanaka. Mukuwedzera, zvivako zvekutengeserana zvinowanzogadzirisa. Ruzhinji-runyararo kubatana inzira yekushandisa zvinyorwa zviviri zveimba kunze kwekuchinja kukuru munzanga.

Kubatanidzwa kwehurumende

Hurumende inoramba inobatanidzwa muhukama hwehutungamiri huri pasi pemitemo ipi zvayo. Ichi chiitiko chinokosha zvakare kune hukama hwepamutemo hwehurumende umo simba semutongi haisi mutemo unowanzo mutemo. Panyaya iyi, hatigoni kutaura nezvekutanga kwehutano hwevamwe nevanoshamwaridzana nevamwe. Izvo zvichauya chete kana, maererano nekodzero dzekutonga kwezviremera, mazwi uye zvakananga zvekushandiswa kwehukama hwezvematongerwe enyika zvicharondedzerwa muchibvumirano chekubatana. Mune mamwe mazwi, hurumende ichava hurukuro inokosha. Izvi zvinonyanya kuratidzwa mukuti hurumende pachayo inogadzira hurongwa hwemitemo umo vamwe vose vanotora chikamu vanofanira kuita. Mukuwedzera, inoramba iine masimba ekutarisira uye ekutungamirira, kunyange kana ichipinda muhutano hwekuenzana muhukama. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nechiremera chekutora mabasa ehurumende. Ivo, ivowo, havana hanya nekuenzana uku. Pakutanga, zvinofungidzirwa kuti hurumende inopinda munharaunda yehurumende isingaiti kuti iwane zvido zvayo zvakananga, asi ndeyekushanda kunobudirira kwehurumende.

Basa remasimba

Mishonga inogamuchirwa pasi pePPP haisi kungosanganiswa kwezvinhu. Izvo zvakagadziriswa zvakakosha zvemasimba zvakagadzikana uye zvido zvekubatanidza masangano. Chokutanga pane zvose, hurumende, inoshanda semumwe wemapato ekubatana, ndiye mutakuri wezvinangwa zvinokosha zvevanhu. Mukuita kudaro, inoita basa rekuita. Chechipiri, sechikamu chekutengeserana kwehupfumi, hurumende haina kufarira chete muhukuru hwekushandira pamwe, asiwo pakuvimbisa kushandiswa kwayo kwekutengeserana. Mukuwedzera, kufanana nemumwe mutengesi wezvemabhizimisi, munhu anobatanidzwa muukama hwakadaro anowedzera kuwedzera purofiti. Panyaya iyi, mune zvekutengeserana nzvimbo pakati pemapato zvakakodzera, uye pane dzimwe nguva zvinokosha kutengesa pamusoro pekuparadzanisa kwezvimwe zvinetso, mararamiro emakambani akawedzerwa, maitiro ekugadziriswa kwavo uye kushandiswa.

Property Relationships

Sezvo chiitiko chenyika dzakawanda chinoratidza, chiyero chekubatanidzwa kwezviremera uye zvigadzirwa zvemabhizimisi, mamiriro ezvinhu ekubatanidzwa kwavo angasiyana, uye mune dzimwe nguva zvakanyanya zvikuru. Saka, masangano anogona kuita sangano pachibvumirano. Semitemo, idzi zvibvumirano zvehurumende zvekugoverwa kwezvigadzirwa kana hutano kune zvinodiwa nehurumende, zvekutungamira, nekupa rubatsiro rwekambani, nezvimwe zvakadaro. Munyaya iyi, kodzero dzepfuma dzinojekeswa zvakajeka. Kune dzimwe maitiro umo hutano hwakasununguka-hurumende hunoonekwa. Mienzaniso yeiyi kugoverwa kwekugoverana zvibvumirano nekubvumirana kwemari. Mukati yehutano hwekubatana, kushandiswa kwechikamu chekodzero dzekodzero kunogona. Kazhinji, zvinosanganisira kukwanisa kushandisa, kutarisira uye kuva nepfuma. Kubatana kwakadaro kunoitika kana kugumisa zvibvumirano zvekubvumirana. Mukuwedzera, pane kuenzana kana kugoverana nemugove wevashandi vezvemabhizimusi mumatunhu enyika. Masangano ehurumende-ehurumende ndeyekuratidzira kwepamusoro-soro yekubatanidzwa kukuru mukati mehutano hwekubatana pakati pezvematongerwo enyika nehurumende.

Zvinhu zvinokosha

Chimiro uye mienzaniso yehuruzhinji-yehukama pamwe chete yakasiyana zvikuru. Zvisinei, kune zviitiko zvakawanda zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kusarura iyi sangano muboka rakasununguka. Chokutanga pane zvose, zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti PPP yakasikwa sechinhu chakasungirirwa kushandiswa kwezvokutengeserana uye zvematongerwe enyika. Iko kunopindirana kwakadaro kune chinangwa chekuzadzisa zvinangwa zvakananga uye inobva pakurongwa kwakakodzera kwevatori vechikamu. Kufungisisa zvakaitika kune dzimwe nyika, tinogona kuona zvinhu zvinotevera zvekubatana:

1. Zvimwe, kazhinji nguva refu kwenguva yakajeka yezvibvumirano. Zvinogona kuva makore gumi nemakumi maviri, uye mumatambudziko ekubvumirana - kusvika kune makumi mashanu. Zvibvumirano zvehurumende zvinoumbwa kune chimwe chinhu chakanaka. Semuenzaniso, inogona kuva mugwagwa, chikepe, chivakoti. Kuitwa kwehutano kunopera zuva chaiyo.
2. Mhando dzakasiyana dzehupfumi hwezvirongwa. Kuziva kwemapurogiramu kunoitwa nekubhadhara kwekutsvaga kwemasangano ezvemabhizimisi, kubhadharwa nezvinhu zvehurumende yehurumende. Ikoko kunewo masangano ekubatanidzwa kwevadzidzi vanoverengeka.
3. Kumanikidzika kuwanikwa kwekukwikwidzana. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, pane imwe sangano kana chibvumirano chekubvumirana, pane kurwisana pakati pevangabatanidzwa.
4. Mutoro pakati pemapoka akaparidzirwa mune mamwe maitiro. Hurumende inogadzirisa zvinangwa kubva pane chinzvimbo chevanhu vanofarira, inotanga zviratidzo zvepamusoro uye zvinodhura, inotarisa kushandiswa kwezvirongwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, shanduro yekutengeserana inotakura basa rekushanda pamatanho akasiyana-siyana - kukura, mari, kutarisira, kuvaka, kushanda, uye kugoverwa kwebasa kune vashandisi.
5. Njodzi pakati pemapato akaparadzaniswa pamusana pezvibvumirano.

Mupiro wevatori vechikamu

Zvivako zvemabhizimisi zvinopa ruzivo ruzivo, rubatsiro rwemari, hutungamiri hunoshanda, hunobudirira uye hunochinja muhutano hwokugadzira, kuratidzira kukwanisa kuumba. Mukati mehutano hwehutano hutsva nzira dzebasa dzinoshandiswa, zvigadzirwa zvinoshandiswa mazuva ano, teknolojia inovandudzwa. Mukugadzirisa kubatirana maitiro matsva ehurongwa hwekugadzira kuoneka, makambani anoumbwa, kusanganisira nekunze kwekune dzimwe nyika, kubatana kwakabatana nevatengesi nevatengi vanoumbwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, chido chekubhadhara zvakakwana nevashandi vane unyanzvi chiri kukura mumusika webasa.

Izvo, iyo iyo, inopa humwe masimba emuridzi, inopa rubatsiro rwemitero, zvivimbiso, mari uye nzira dzezvinhu. Vane masimba, mukati mehutano hwekubatanidzwa nevatengesi vezvematengesi, vane mukana wekuona mabasa avo zvakananga - kutonga, mutemo, kuchengetwa kwevanhu vanofarira. Sezvo kubatana kuri kuitika, hurumende inogona kushandura zvakanyanyisa kukoshesa kwezvinetso zvakasiyana zvekugadzirwa nekushandiswa kwezvivako kune mabasa ekutungamirira uye ekutungamirira. Kusangana nehuwandu hwemabhizimisi ezvemabhizimisi kunowanikwa zvakare kune zvekutengeserana. Kukosha kwehurumende kwehupambisano ndeyokuti nekuda kwekuti, hurumende inobatsira sevashandi vehutano hwepamusoro.

Kushandira pamwe panzvimbo yepamunharaunda

Kunyanya kukosha kwepurogiramu yehutano hwevanhu-yega huri mumasita. Midzi nemisha zvinotakura mutoro mukuru wekuzadzikisa mabasa evanhu anoshanda mumatunhu akasiyana-siyana ekutungamirira. Iyi nharaunda, kunyanya, dzinosanganisira kutakura, zvishandiso, kuchengetedzwa kwezvisikwa, kuvaka dzimba, gesi uye magetsi. Dambudziko guru rinotarisana nezviremera zvekunze nekushaiwa mari. Munyaya iyi, kukokwe kweguta guru rezvigadzirwa zvemabhizimisi, maererano ne 224-FZ, rinova tsika yakajairika.

Administrative Agreements

Munyika ino tsika, maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekubatsirana pakati pezviremera uye makambani ekutengeserana ave akagamuchirwa. Zvibvumirano zvehurumende ndezvimwe zvacho. Izvo zvibvumirano zvehutungamiri zvinopedzerwa pakati pesangano rezvekutengeserana uye sangano rinotungamirira (federal, regional, local). Inonyanya kufambidzana-hurumende yehutano muhutano hwemagariro evanhu, mukuendesa kwezvigadzirwa zvemasimende kana zvehurumende dzinoda, hutungamiri, rubatsiro rwekambani. Mune zvibvumirano zvehutungamiri, hupfumi hahupi hupi hupi hupi hupi hupi hupi hupi hunopiwa kune sangano rezvekutengeserana Panguva imwe chete, njodzi uye mari zvinowira pasi rose. Kufarira kwezvigadzirwa zvekutengeserana ndezvokuti, maererano nesungano, inowana kodzero kune chikamu chakabvumirana chemari kana mari inotorwa. Sezvakaratidzwa zvinoratidzira, zvibvumirano izvi hazvibvumiri kuti kuwedzera mukurumbira wekambani, asiwo kugamuchira zvido zvinotsigirwa uye zvibatsiro, pfuma yakagadzikana uye kutora nzvimbo pamusika.

Leasing zvibvumirano

Mukati yehutano hwekubatanidzwa, maitiro awedzerwa pakuendeswa kwepfuma iri mumasimende kana hurumende yehurumende, kune imwe nzvimbo yekutengeserana kushandiswa kwekubhadhara. Inogona kuva chivako, chivako, chivako, nzvimbo yevhu. Kushandisa muhutsika hwechimiro kunoreva kudzoka kwechinyorwa chechibvumirano. Panguva imwecheteyo, muridzi ane kodzero yekurasikirwa neimba yacho, uye urongwa hwekutengesa hahupi hupi hupi hupi hupi hunogadziriswa kuguma kwechibvumirano. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, sangano rinogona kudzikinura chimiro, nzvimbo kana nzvimbo. Kushandisa mukana wokubhajisa nguva dzose inogadzirisa izvi.

Concession

Iyi maitiro ehuruzhinji-ehurumende pamwe chete ari kuwanda zvikuru panguva ino. Ihwo hukuru hwemvumo ndeyokuti masunisi kana hurumende dzemuhurumende dzinoramba dziine zvizere zveimba mukati mehutano hwekubatanidzwa, kubvumira sangano rebhizimisi kuti riite mabasa akataurwa muchibvumirano kweimwe nguva. Nokuda kweizvi, iyo yakasununguka inopiwa mikana yepamutemo inofanirwa kuti ione kushanda kwechipo chekutambira. Nokuda kwekushandiswa kwepfuma, sarudzo yezvekutengeserana ichabhadharwa mari nenzira uye pasi pemitemo yakagadzwa nechibvumirano. Panguva imwecheteyo, hupfumi hwechigadzirwa hunoshandiswa kumushandisi.

Zviratidzo zvechibvumirano

Kubvumirana kune zvinhu zvinotevera:

1. Chinhu chacho chiri nguva dzose masunisi kana hupfumi hwematunhu. Vanogonawo kuva basa roga roga rehurumende kana reUnited Ministre.
2. Sezvo mumwe wevatori vechibvumirano muchibvumirano iyi inogamuchirwa maguta kana sangano rehurumende.
3. Chinangwa chekutenderwa ndekugutsa zvido zvevanhu.
4. Chikonzero chehukama chinhu chibvumirano.
5. Mvumo inofanirwa kukurudzira kudzoka kwechinyorwa chebvumirano.

Pakugumisa zvibvumirano, zvibvumirano zvebhajiro, hurumende kana masisita inoita senyaya yemutemo wehurumende. Saizvozvowo, nokuda kwebasa ravo rinobudirira, zvigadziro zve Civil Civil zvakakwana. Nekubatana kwepabonde, hurumende inonyanya kushandiswa kwemutemo wevanhu. Mune basa iri, haisi kungoendesa chikamu chemasimba kumakambani ekutengeserana, asiwo nhume kune imwe nzvimbo yemabasa anoshandisa simba. Urongwa uhwu hunobvumirwa chete maererano nezvinoitwa normative. Pakati pezvinhu zvepamutemo zvepamutemo zvekutengeserana, zvakakosha kusimbisa kusimbisa kwezvido zvevanhu mukati mazvo, zvinomiririrwa nehurumende. Pasi pechibvumirano, shanduro yezvekutengeserana inofanira kuiteerera, kureva, kuvimbisa kuenderera mberi kwekugoverwa kwemashumiro, kutengesa kwekodzero, kubatikana, kusabatanidza rusarura rwevatengi.

Nzvimbo dzekugoverwa kwemvumo

Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa munyika ino kuita zvibvumirano zvakadaro zvakange zviri mune zvinyorwa zvekugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Muzvikamu izvi, kushandiswa kwakanyanya uye kuwedzera kwevashandi vane unyanzvi kunodiwa. Panguva ino, pane mitatu mikuru mikuru yekubvumirana:

1. Pane zvinhu zvave zviripo.
2. Nekuvakwa kana kwemazuva ekugadzirwa kwezvivakoti.
3. Kudhindwa kwemasimende kana hupfumi hwehupfumi kune vatungamiri.

Mumagariro emhando idzi, mazano ekubvumirana anobva pamakwikwi akasiyana emakwikwi, pamwe chete nemiganhu inobvumidzwa yekutsvaga mari uye mabasa ebhizimisi, zvinogoneka.

Mamiriro ezvinhu muRussia

MuRussia, chiito chechimiro chechibvumirano chekubvumirana chakaiswa mukumanikidza muna 2005. Zvisinei, panguva ino kubatana kwakadaro hakuna kuumbwa. Chikonzero chikuru chechiitiko ichi nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti hazvikwanisi kuchengeteka kwekodzero dzemunhu. Dambudziko rinotakurwa nesangano rezvekutengeserana rinobatana zvakananga nemabasa ayo pasi pegvumirano rinoremerwa nebasa riripo rekubhadhara mari yakawanda yekubhadhara. Zvisinei, chirango chekutyora kwemashoko echibvumirano nemushandisi mubasa rekusimudzira haisi kusimbiswa. Parizvino, kukurukurirana kuri kuramba kuchigadziriswa kumutemo, izvo zvinogona kukurudzira kubuda kwehukama hwekubatana muRussia.

Chibvumirano Chakugovana Chigadzirwa

Iyi miitiro yehukama pakati pezvigadzirwa zvebhizimisi nemitemo yehurumende zvine zvimwe zvikamu zvekugamuchirika. Zvisinei, chibvumirano ichi chine zvinhu zvakawanda. Kusiyana kunonyanya kugadziriswa kwehukama hukama. Pasi pemvumo yekubvumirana, kodzero dzezvibereko zvakagadzirwa nemumwe munhu wega voga vanogara naye. Maererano nechibvumirano chekuparadzaniswa kwemigumisiro yemabasa, inoramba iine chikamu chavo. Nzira uye mamiriro ekutengeswa kwekodzero anotsanangurwa nesungano inokosha.

Akafambiswa

Razova zvikuru nevanhu pachena-private Kudyidzana mune dzidzo. Saka, iye zvino tiri kushanda Implementation pakati hunyambiri nokudzidziswa hurongwa. Kunosvika chimiro ichi PPP muSt Petersburg uye Moscow. Rinoratidza kunobatanidza mukugadzira makambani ari mubishi rokugadzirira revashandi zvikuru unyanzvi. Saka Education rinoitwa pasina dzongonyedzo kubva kugadzirwa mabasa.

Chimwe zvakafanana chimiro nekuita vachida paruzhinji-private kudyidzana mune zveutano. It achinyanya pavaraidzo zvivako, Spa zvekutepfenyura. Mumakore mashoma apfuura, marudzi paruzhinji-private kudyidzana vari kukura nokukurumidza. Pakutanga, tendero zvibvumirano dzaishandiswa pakuvaka dzinopakwa motokari, migwagwa, kuvapa kudziyisa. Nhasi, kuwedzera kupararira pamwe riri mumunda kudzivirira, chokufambisa mabasa kwemauto, tsika uye bhora edzidzo. Kana zvirongwa vanoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana nekuita pakati hurumende uye zvokutengeserana masangano. Vari kusiyaniswa maererano Vhoriyamu kodzero, mari nokubatira mapato, misimboti ngozi-kugoverana, uyewo basa kuti aurayiwe mamwe basa.