Postnonclassical sayenzi nzvimbo yaro iri uzivi sayenzi

The pezana remakore rechimakumi maviri rakava Kurondedzera munguva nokuda zvesayenzi zvinogona kuitwa nevanhu. Pane chikonzero kuona basa sayenzi iri magariro zvinhu, uyewo zvinoguma zvaitika izvo zvakazoita mberi mune zvesainzi. Izvi zvakaita kuti reorientation pamusoro uzivi sayenzi, uyewo kuti akatanga kuumba chinhu chakadai post-nonclassical nesayenzi. A rakakura kukanganisa kwaro chidzoke aiva kwouzivi uye pfungwa nemaonero uye yepakutanga pfungwa dzakasiyana siyana epistemological uye kwesayenzi mabasa, zvakafanana nezvaiitwa vamwe post-hondo kumwedzi. Uye musoro uye Conceptual midziyo iyi chaiyo mirayiridzo akaumbwa panguva imwe nguva kukura uzivi sayenzi, uye tiri nyaya mubereko kwouzivi uye ongororo.

At pakuguma XIX remakore dzekare muenzaniso sayenzi dzakabudirira nheyo kuunza epistemological basa maererano methodological yakanaka, iyo kwakaguma Standardization mamwe ruzivo yesayenzi, uyewo chimiro yokutevedzera mu kwemasvomhu zvisingarambiki, izvo akabvumira kujekesa STRUCTURAL zviri ruzivo yesayenzi. Panguva iyoyo Zvakazoitika kuti kukura ruzivo urwu ndiko akarondedzera dambudziko, uye kuti Zvinotaurwa dzekare sayenzi kuwana Mhedziso ruzivo, asingadi kufungawo kuvapo vanonzi kuzviitira nezivo rakasiyana-siyana rationality uye vakagwinya kwendangariro. Saka akatanga Danho, iro rakatanga kupfeka rakakodzera zita: post-dzekare nesayenzi.

Zvisinei, kuedza kuvaka rakabatana sayenzi mberi pahwaro mutauro wefizikisi uye masvomhu. Panoperera kuma1960, Neo chirongwa izvi normativist musoro-kwemasvomhu wakakonzera kugumbuswa kuti chokwadi munzanga riri zvinogoneka zvose chero nokugoverwa epistemological rikurumidze. Izvi Ichibatsirwa postnonclassical uzivi, akadai post-structuralism uye postpositivism, vanoisa mberi yokuti maitiro positivism kunofanira kutsiviwa pluralism pamusoro methodological pfungwa, tichitsoropodza mumwe uye nokudaro kusvika chokwadi. Pakati nezvedzidziso izvi anganzi Pfungwa falsification Karla Poppera, pfungwa nokumukirana kwesayenzi Kuhn, nzira kwesayenzi zvirongwa Lakatos, pfungwa tacit ruzivo Polanyi, uye vazhinji nevamwe.

Postnonclassical sainzi ine maitiro ayo. Chokutanga, hazvina kunoratidzwa kare akataura pfungwa yacho relativity wokuziva mitemo mumunda sayenzi uye anoenderana nemiitiro. Uyezve, sezvo chikamu sayenzi womuenzaniso vakaparadzira kutsoropodzwa inonzi kwesayenzi fundamentalism, izvo oedza akanyatsosiyana kuderedza zvose huripo ruzivo mujinga vamwe mhuka dzaro. In epistemology uye nzira kwayo inopa pfungwa yokuti pane imwe chete nguva anogona pamwe siyana aikwikwidzana dzidziso uye "maonero nyika" uyewo kukwikwidzana purogiramu yakasiyana. Panyaya iyi, kukoshesa kusiyana ukama pakati akasiyana dzidziso uye mapoka avo, kunyange vari kungoreva zvakaita munhu nechomukati, zvinosanganisira makwikwi, Uyezve, kutsoropodza uye zvichingodaro. Panguva iyoyowo, musoro ndiko kudikanwa kuwirirana nevavengi uye vavengi uye waidzora kurwisana murunyararo nzira, kuburikidza nekubvumirana - kwete chete tsvakurudzo asiwo mumagakava zvakatipoteredza.

Mumwe anokosha pfungwa, izvo inoshanda postnonclassical sayenzi ndiyo paradigm. Rinoreva kutendeka dzidziso, tsika uye nzira nevamwe munharaunda masayendisiti uye kuti ave nechokwadi chamazuva ane tsika. Tinogona kutaura kuti paradigm ndiko kutanga rinounza pamwechete vaya rakava pakati masayendisiti. Rinotaurawo inorondedzera siyana avanosangana nadzo. Kana paradigm ari kuchinja, pane nesayenzi chimurenga uye rakazara kana rushoma kutendeutsa mufananidzo nyika, iyo chinofananidzira sainzi, kunyange zvazvo ari zvinosiyana kwete chete musoro, asi axiological zvinhu.

Postnonclassical sainzi iri dzinoratidzwa pamberi Mubatanidzwa. Uyu multidisciplinary zvakawanda zvidzidzo zvakasiyana kuti vari kutsvaka huripo mumuviri, zvemakemikari, utachiona, zvoupfumi, zvemagariro uye dzimwe gadziriro dzavo kuzvidzora sangano. Nokuti Mubatanidzwa kunorevawo pfungwa nyonganyonga sezvo zvikuru kunzwisisa kuti, iyo inogara angangoita takagadzirira unooneka nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana akarayira zvivako. Kunoreva kurega mufananidzo wenyika, iyo yakavakwa, wakafanana zvidhinha zvokutanga nezvimedu, vachida runyararo sezvo chine kwendangariro.