Peter Chaadayev munyori weRussia, muzivi uye mufungi

Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadayev, vaverengi vanozivikanwa havazivi chimwe chinhu kunze kweshamwari uye addressee yePushkin, kune uyo munyori mukuru anopa zvinyorwa zvemashoko ake akanaka. Hunhu huno hunyanzvi hwakasangana muzhizha ra1816 pakushanyira Karamzins. Alexander Pushkin ane makore gumi nemaviri akanga achiri kudzidza kuRyceum, uye Pyotr Chaadayev, ane makore 23, akanga atova mukuru mukuru wemauto, achipfura pfuti muhondo yeBorodino uye kupinda mune dzimwe nyika dzehondo. Petro akashumira muVarindi Voupenyu veHussar Regiment, vakamira muTsarskoe Selo. Vakashamwaridzana zvishoma gare gare, apo Pushkin akapedza kudzidza kwake kuRyceum.

Chaadaev Petr Yakovlevich naAlexander Sergeevich Pushkin

Chaadaev akagamuchira dzidzo yakanaka kwazvo, aive nemafungiro akasiyana-siyana uye naizvozvo akakonzera kuumbwa kwenyika yepasi pose yevechirwere wechidiki. Vaiva nehurukuro dzakawanda dzakachenjera uye kukurukurirana kukuru, pakupedzisira zvose zvakabikwa kusvika kuRussia yepamusoro nezvose zvayo zvisina simba - kusasununguka kwekusununguka, serfdom, yakamanikidzwa uye yakamanikidzwa iyo yakatonga kwose kwose panguva iyoyo. Kumunyika yavo yekune shamwari shamwari freethinkers vakange vakagadzirira chero nguva yekupa "mweya yavo inofadza" ("To Chaadayev, 1818).

Havanawo kubva murugare uye mafilosofi uye magwaro. Kushamwaridzana kwavo Ya I. Saburov vakati Chaadaev anoshamisa zvinoshamisa Pushkin, achimumanikidza kufungisisa zvakadzama, nefilosofi. Peter Yakovlevich akava mumwe wepedyo shamwari dzeAlexander Sergeevich uye akatotora chikamu mukuedza kuderedza chirango chake paakazununguswa neTsar. Munyori wenheyo aida kuendesa kuSiberia pakutanga kana kuSolovetsky Monastery, asi chiitiko chisingatarisirwi chaiva nechokumaodzanyemba nekuendesa kushanda muBessarabia.

Tendeuka shure

Ushamwari hwevanhu vaviri vakakurumbira hwakaramba huri mumakalata, umo Pushkin aigara achibvuma kuti ushamwari neCaadaev hwakamuisa iye nemufaro uye kuti mweya wehutu unotadza ungamuda iye oga. Muna 1821 Alexander Sergeyevich anopa nhetembo dzake kwaari "Munyika yandakakanganwa matambudziko emakore akapfuura ...", "Sei mibvunzo inotonhora?" (1824). Zvisikwa zvose izvi uchapupu hwehukama hwePushkin hunofadza kune shamwari yake yepamusoro uye mubatsiri, uyo waakadana kuti mupore we simba rake rezvemweya.

Chaadaev aifanira kuita basa rakanaka, asi mushure mokusiya basa reSemenov, akarega (saPetro Yakovlevich akaratidza nzvimbo yake yokupikisa). Makore maviri akatevera aakapedza mukusakwanisa kuita, ndokuenda kunatsiridza utano hwake muEurope, uye izvi zvakamuponesa kubva munaDecember dutu. Kwemakore ose aya ainzwa kushushikana kwepfungwa, dambudziko guru remweya, kusuruvara kwakaoma, kwakakonzerwa nokuodzwa mwoyo nezvose zvakapoteredza. Aigara achifunga nezvekuguma kweRussia. Akadana vose vanokudzwa, vanokudzwa uye vafundisi chiokomuhomwe-vanotora, vasingaamusi, vashandi vakaipa uye zvinokambaira muuranda.

Mukutanga kwekuvamba kwa1826, Alexander Pushkin naPyotr Chaadayev vakadzokera kuMoscow pamwe chete. Shamwari dzakasangana neshamwari yake yaaida SA Sobolevsky, apo mudetembi akaudza munhu wose nhetembo yake "Boris Godunov", ndokubva vashanyira salon yeZinaida Volkonskaya. Kwapera zvishoma, Pushkin achapa shamwari yake Peter basa iri guru.

Petr Chaadaev: "Philosophical Letters"

Muna 1829-1830, achitsoropodza vanhu, mutori wenhau akarwisa Nikolayevskaya Russia ndokunyora mukurumbira wake "Philosophical Letters." Mutsamba wokutanga wakadaro-kunyorwa naPeter Chaadayev waiva muPushkin, pamusoro pezvo munyori wenhetembo anotaurwa mumutsamba yake kune shamwari pakati pezhizha ra1831. Ichazobudiswa kare muna 1836 muTelescope, uye AI Herzen akanyora kuti chiitiko ichi chaiva pfuti yakazonzwika muusiku husiku.

Pushkin yakasarudzwa kupindura uye yakanyora tsamba yemhinduro kumunyori, uyo akasara asina kuziviswa. Mukati iye akati kutsoropodza kweChaashiev pamusoro pehupenyu hwevanhu veRussia huri mumamiriro mazhinji echokwadi zvechokwadi uye kuti iye, zvakare, haafariri zvikuru zviri kuitika zvakamupoteredza, asi Pushkin anopika nerukudzo rwake kuti haazoshandura Baba vake pane chimwe chinhu uye haana kuda Aizodai ane nyaya yakasiyana, kunze kwenyaya yemadzitateguru ake, ayo Mwari akavatumira.

Somugumisiro, teresikopu yakavharwa, mhariri weNI Nadezhdin akaendeswa kuSiberia, uye Chaadaev akatumidzwa kuti akazvidza uye akaregererwa pasi pehutano hwepamusoro hwehutano uye hwemapurisa. Chaadaev aigara achikoshesa zvikuru Pushkin sewe shamwari yake yepamusoro, aive anozvikudza, aikoshesa ushamwari hwavo uye akadana Pushkin "nyanzvi inofadza." Mumakore akatevera, kunyange zvazvo vakaramba vachingosangana kuMoscow, asi vakanga vasati vava neukama hwakanaka.

Biography

Petr Chaadayev, ane biography inowanikwa munyaya yacho, akanga ari munharaunda yemhuri yakaisvonaka uye aiva muzukuru wezvakaitika kare uye munyori wezvidzidzo M. M. Shcherbatov pamusoro pemwana wechizvarwa. Akaberekwa musi waMay 27, 1794 uye nherera yakatanga, baba vake vakafa zuva rakatevera mushure mokuberekwa kwake, uye amai vake-muna 1797.

Petra, pamwechete nemukoma wake Mikhail, vakatora tete vake, Princess Anna Mikhailovna Scherbatova, kubva kuNizhny Novgorod Province kuMoscow kuti adzidzise dzidzo. Mutariri wevana aiva murume wake, Prince Dmitry Shcherbatov. Vaigara muSirivha Lane, paArbat, pedyo neSt. Nicholas Church.

Career

Muna 1807-1811, akapinda misangano kuMoscow University, akatungamirira ushamwari naA AS Griboyedov, Decembrists NI Turgenev, ID Yakushkin nevamwe. Akanga asingazivikanwi chete neuchenjeri hwake uye tsika dzepanyika, asiwo nemukurumbira wemurume ane dandy uye akanaka. Muna 1812 akashanda muna Semenovsky, iye zvino muAkhtyrsky Hussar Regiment. Vakabatanidzwa muHondo yeBorodino, uye mushure mokunge hondo yakatanga kushanda pamatare edzimambo uye muna 1819 yakagamuchira nzvimbo yevakuru.

Mushure memhirizhonga muSenenovsky regiment, akarega uye muna 1821 akabatana nesangano reDecembrists, muna 1823 akaenda kune imwe nyika. Ikoko akaenda kuhurukuro dzefilosofi Schelling, akaita shamwari naye uye akavandudza maonero ake nemaonero.

Opal

Paakadzokera kuRussia muna 1826, Pyotr Chaadaev akararama zvakakwana muhote. Ndizvo chete ipapo iye achanyora mukurumbira wake "Philosophical Letters", iyo yaiva masere masere. Tsamba yake yokupedzisira mushure mokudhinda muTelescope muna 1836 ichakurukurwa zvakanyanya muimba imwe neimwe. Zvarinoreva ndezvekuti kuRussia kwakaparadzana nehutsika hwemagariro evanhu, kuti vanhu veRussia vasati vari mukana wehupenyu huripo hwevanhu. Herzen aiva mumwe wevashomanana vakatsigira mafirosofi efilosofi pamusoro peRussia. Chaadaev akashandura kutsamwa kwevane masimba, uye akafanirwa zvakashata kuti anonyengedzera.

Izvi zvinoitwa nevane zviremera uye kutongwa kwevanhu pamwe chete zvakamanikidza Chaadaev kuti aongorore maonero ake, uye gore rinotevera iye achanyora "Apology yeMadman", uko kune kakatova netariro yakawanda yehupenyu hwemangwana reRussia.

Makore ekupedzisira aigara muNova Bas Basayaaya Street zvinyoro uye zvakasununguka, musangano weMoscow, kunyange zvazvo zvaireva kwaari kushamisika kusinganzwisisiki, asi panguva imwe chete, vanhu vazhinji vaityisa mutauro wake wakaoma.

Chaadaev akafa musi waApril 14, 1856, akavigwa mumakuva eDonskoy Monastery muMoscow.

Mabasa efilosofi

Akazviti "muzivi wechiKristu". Ifilosofi yePyotr Chaadaev inogona kunge yakanzwisisika, hazvibviri kuinzwisisa zvachose, sezvo iine imwe chete yemabasa ake. Nokuda kweizvi zvinotarisirwa kuverenga zvakazara zvakakwana zvezvinyorwa zvake uye tsamba dzepachivande. Shure kwaizvozvo, ichakurumidza kuonekwa kuti chinhu chikuru muchinzvimbo chake chaiva chechitendero chenyika, iyo yakanga isiri muchechi yeKaturike, Protestantism kana Orthodoxy. Kubva pakuona kwechidzidzo chimwe chete chechiKristu, aida kupa tsanangudzo itsva yezvakaitika kare uye mafilosofi. Akatora zvidzidzo zvechitendero zvefilosofi kuti dzive chitendero chemangwana, chaidiwa nemoyo unopisa nemweya yakadzama, uye yakanga isingapindirani nemachechi evadzidzisi vezvebhaibheri. Pano inova yakafanana naTolstoy, Lev Nikolaevich, uyo nenzira chaiyo yakanga yakaoma zvikuru uye zvakashata zvakapona dambudziko rake remweya.

Peter Chaadayev aiziva Magwaro Matsvene zvakanaka uye ainyatsoziva. Zvisinei, mubvunzo mukuru waaida kuwana mhinduro yaiva "chakavanzika chenguva" uye zvinoreva nhoroondo yevanhu. Mhinduro dzose dzaaitsvaka muchiKristu.

"Ziso retsitsi chete ndiro rakanyatsojeka - iyi ndiyo huzivi hwose hwechiKristu" - sezvakanyorwa naPeter Chaadayev. Nhaurwa dzake dzinobatsira kuzarura unhu hwake zvakadzama, mune imwe yei iye anotarisa semuporofita, nokuti anonyora kuti socialism ichakunda, mumaonero ake, kwete nokuti iye akarurama, asi nokuti vadzivisi vake havana kururama.

Rimwe Chechi

Akatenda kuti pfungwa huru uye chinangwa choga chevanhu chinofanira kuve kusikwa kweHumambo hwaMwari pasi pano kuburikidza nekuvandudzwa kwayo kwetsika, uye iyo nzira yaMwari inotungamirirwa nehuMwari huripo. Kunze kwechiKristu, haaimiriri chisikwa chechiitiko uye chimiro cheMambo hwaMwari pasina chechi. Uye pano tinofanira kufungidzira kuti pano Chaadaev akataura nezvechechi imwe chete, isina kugoverwa muzvipikiso zvakasiyana-siyana. Yaiva mune izvi izvo zvaakaona zvarinoreva zvechidzidzo chekutenda mune imwe kereke - kuburikidza nekuvakwa kwenyika yakakwana pasi, inonzi Umambo hwaMwari. Iyo inofanira kunge yakakurumidzwa kuyeuka kuti mukutenda kweOrthodox umambo hwaMwari ndedzeiro inofanirwa inomuka mushure mokupedzwa kwehupenyu chaihwo hwepasi (shure kweApocalypse).

Chaadaev aidavira kuti kutenda kweMuslim hakusi chokwadi. Chechi imwe chete yechiKristu iyo yakakamurwa kuva chibvumirano ndiko kunowanikwa kwechokwadi kweMwari. Pamasangano ose, anosarudza kamwe kereke yeKaturike, iyo inonzi inofambisa bhizimisi raMwari. Akadana nharo huru yekusimudzira kwakakwirira kwekuMadokero tsika. Mukuona kwake, Russia haina kupa chinhu kune tsika dzepasi uye "yakarashika nzira yayo pasi". Anopomera vanhu vokuRussia izvi uye anoona chikonzero chekuti Russia inotora Orthodoxy kubva kuByzantium.

Mhedziso

Asi pano zvakanyatsonaka kuziva kuti izvozvi zvose zvaanofunga ndezvinyorwa zvakasikwa, sezvo akazviona seOrthodox muupenyu hwake hwose uye kunyange akatsamwa zvikuru apo paiva nenhema dzekutendeukira kwake kune kutenda kweKaturike.

Mushure mokunge zvinyoro zvinyorwa muhurukuro yake yefilosofi mushure mekurambwa kweWenience mune remangwana reRussia, muna 1837 akangoerekana akanyora basa rinonzi "The Apology of a Madman", umo akataura pamusoro pechiitiko chikuru cheRussia, pamusoro pebasa rayo rinokosha rakapiwa naIshe pachake.